999 resultados para Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica
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沙地樟子松天然分布于大兴安岭以西的呼伦贝尔草原红花尔基一带,分布范围虽然相对狭窄,但其具有重要的防风、固沙等生态功能,而且,该区沙地樟子松林的分布范围正呈现不断扩大的趋势。然而,在引种区(科尔沁沙地东南缘),20世纪70~80年代曾经引起国际关注的沙地樟子松人工林,自从90年代初以来,逐渐出现了以枯梢、生长下降,甚至死亡等为特征的衰退现象。与此同时,沙地樟子松人工造林仍在北方干旱、半干旱沙区大面积推广。面对如此具有重要防风固沙作用并在大范围推广的沙地樟子松人工林,解释其为何衰退,其机理如何,回答现存沙地樟子松人工林发展方向及培育等理论和实践问题,成为目前面临的巨大挑战。 本论文在对沙地樟子松天然分布区与引种区野外调查、气候差异性对比分析的基础上,结合对引种区沙地樟子松幼苗、幼树及中龄林的水分生理生态过程实验,研究了沙地樟子松在引种区自然条件和干旱胁迫下的光合生理和水分生理生态特征;重点分析了水势、气孔导度等生理因素和土壤含水量、光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度等生态因素对净光合速率、蒸腾速率的影响。结果表明: 1)较低、较长的低温和降雪覆盖有利于沙地樟子松更好的生长;运用De Martonne干燥度指数对气候类型进行划分,沙地樟子松引种区(科尔沁沙地东南缘)生态系统应为草地或疏林草地生态系统。 2)引种区近50 a来年平均温度存在着明显的线性上升,平均每10 a增温0.185 ℃;该区年平均降水量没有显著的变化趋势,但是,在过去的50 a里,该区平均每15 a 左右出现1次大旱。 3)在引种区多年年平均降水量条件下,沙地樟子松幼苗80%以上的时间处于受胁迫的状态,17%的时间处于不受水分胁迫的状态,而仅有1%左右的时间处于不能利用土壤水分的状态;在不同密度、不同年龄的沙地樟子松人工林中,土壤可溶性盐总量都很低,对沙地樟子松林木生长不会造成盐分胁迫;由于地下水位的急速下降,目前,引种区大部分地方地下水不能被沙地樟子松所利用。 4)随着模拟年降水量的减少,沙地樟子松幼苗的生长明显受到抑制,针叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率均有下降,各部分生物量积累明显降低;当模拟年降水量低于350 mm时就已经对沙地樟子松的生长产生了较大的限制。 5)在科尔沁沙地东南缘,影响沙地樟子松生理生态特征的主要因素为水分条件,特别是在树高生长旺季以及生长末期,而在生长中期,主要是光照和水分共同影响沙地樟子松的生长;在沙地樟子松天然分布区(红花尔基),影响沙地樟子松生长季节中期生理生态特征的主要因素也是水分和光照条件,这与在科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松生长中期观测到的结论一致。然而,与天然沙地樟子松相比,引种区沙地樟子松每天干物质的积累增加为天然分布区的3~13倍,每天蒸腾耗水量为天然分布区的7~19倍。 综合以上对引种区的生态气候、水分条件以及沙地樟子松本身生理生态特征的分析结果得出,引种区与天然分布区水、热差异导致引种区沙地樟子松在年内的生长期延长(与天然沙地樟子松相比),以及在生长季节每天蒸腾耗水量的剧增及耗水时间的延长;同时,在引种区由于年内降水分布极不均衡,冬季降雪覆盖少,导致4、5、9三个月份的水分极度亏缺,该季节引种区水分亏缺严重限制了沙地樟子松的生长。大面积营造纯林、地下水位急剧下降(目前,引种区大部分林地的沙地樟子松已不能利用地下水)以及引种区每15 a左右一次的特殊干旱是导致沙地樟子松死亡的最直接原因。从个体水平上来说,近50 a的引种驯化,沙地樟子松并没有完全表现出适应引种区生长环境的迹象。最后,基于以上对沙地樟子松人工林衰退分析的基础上,提出了对现存沙地樟子松人工林总体经营的方向及具体经营对策。
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工业革命以来,由于人口的快速增加和人类活动的强烈干扰(主要包括煤炭、石油等石化燃料的燃烧、化肥生产和使用)导致土地利用/覆被变化、大气CO2浓度升高、N沉降等一系列全球环境变化问题。有关陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环,尤其是陆地生态系统C、N循环及其耦合过程方面的研究成为全球变化科学研究领域的重要内容。 干旱/半干旱地区占地球陆地总面积的1/3。与湿润地区相比较,干旱/半干旱地区生态系统稳定性比较差,往往属于生态脆弱区。因此,全球变化对干旱/半干旱地区生态系统影响更加敏感。科尔沁沙地位于我国北方干旱/半干旱地区,是我国典型的农牧交错区和生态脆弱区。科尔沁沙地是世界上人口密度最高的干旱/半干旱地区之一,人类活动对其影响剧烈。然而,有关科尔沁沙地生态系统C、N元素生物地球化学循环过程对土地利用/覆被变化、N沉降等全球变化响应及其反馈机制的研究非常缺乏。因此,本文以科尔沁沙地退化沙质草地、农田、不同年龄樟子松和杨树人工林等生态系统为对象,开展了造林、模拟N沉降和凋落物管理对生态系统C、N元素循环过程影响的研究。 在科尔沁沙地东南缘,以退化沙质草地、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林(15、24和30年生)、杨树(Poplus xiaozhuanica)人工林(7、11和15年生)为对象,研究草地转变为林地对生态系统C、N储量影响;以退化草地、榆树疏林草地和32年生樟子松人工林为对象,比较草地造林对土壤C、N循环过程及其土壤微生物性状的影响;以农田和5、10、15年生杨树人工林为对象,研究退耕还林对生态系统C、N储量和循环过程影响;以35年生樟子松人工林为对象,模拟研究N沉降和凋落物管理对生态系统C、N循环过程影响。通过上述研究,得到以下主要结果: (1)草地生态系统总C储量为34.38 Mg ha-1,15、24和30年生樟子松人工林生态系统总C储量分别为43.56、60.45和66.59 Mg ha-1,7、11和15年生杨树人工林生态系统总C储量分别为34.54、48.26和78.77 Mg ha-1;与农田相比,退耕5年的杨树人工林生态系统总C库储量下降13%,而10年和15年杨树人工林分别增加了176%和5倍;随着人工林年龄的增加,地上植被生物量C库储量占生态系统总C库储量的比例逐渐增加,并主要分配在树干。草地生态系统总N库储量为2.54 Mg ha-1,15、24和30年生樟子松人工林生态系统总N库储量分别为1.96、2.10和2.19 Mg ha-1,7、11和15年生杨树人工林生态系统总N库储量分别为2.27、1.84和2.60 Mg ha-1;与农田相比,退耕5年的杨树人工林生态系统总N库储量下降32%,而10年和15年杨树人工林分别增加了47%和76%;农田和草地造林后生态系统N储量依然主要分配在土壤中。 (2)草地和农田造林后土壤C、N库储量的变化受多因子的影响,例如林龄、树种种类以及立地条件等。农田和草地造林初期,土壤C、N库储量表现出下降趋势,随着林龄的增加,土壤C、N储量逐渐恢复。草地营造樟子松人工林30年后,0–60 cm深度土壤C、N储量依然显著低于草地;与草地相比,15年生杨树人工林土壤C、N储量差异不显著。在立地条件较好的情况下,10年杨树人工林土壤C、N储量已显著高于农田;然而,在立地条件相对较差的情况下,15年杨树人工林土壤C、N储量仍然与农田相比差异不显著。 (3)土地利用变化能够强烈地改变土壤C、N循环过程。与草地或疏林草地相比,32年生樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P含量显著降低;土壤C、N矿化过程发生显著变化,并且受季节变化的影响;在不同季节,土壤微生物量碳含量、代谢熵(qCO2)、微生物熵(MBC/TOC)以及土壤酶活性等在不同土地利用条件下表现出规律不一致。同样,农田退耕杨树人工林能够显著影响土壤C、N矿化过程,土壤无机氮(铵态氮+硝态氮)含量,土壤微生物量碳含量以及土壤微生物活性。草地造林在一定程度上导致土壤质量下降。而农田造林有利于土壤质量改善,尤其在在立地条件较好情况下。 (4)N添加增加对沙地樟子松人工林地上和地下C、N元素含量影响不大;N添加1年后,仅林下植被C、N含量显著增加,高氮处理(N15)凋落物N含量显著增加。N添加抑制了沙地樟子松人工林凋落物的早期分解和N、P元素释放。5、6、8和9月份土壤无机N含量均随着N输入增加表现出一定程度的增加,然而,7月份N添加导致土壤无机N含量降低。N添加对土壤潜在N矿化速率影响不显著。7和8月份N添加影响土壤C矿化速率,而其它月份影响不显著。低氮处理(N5)有利于增加土壤微生物量碳含量,而高氮处理(N15)在一定程度上降低土壤微生物量碳含量。 (5)凋落物输入变化(凋落物添加和凋落物移出)在一定程度上改变了35年生沙地樟子松人工林生态系统C、N循环过程。凋落物移出(C0)增加了林下植被C含量,降低了树木叶片N含量。凋落物移出抑制了凋落物分解和P元素的释放,而增加了C元素的早期释放速率,对N元素释放过程影响不显著。凋落物输入变化对不同月份土壤无机N含量和土壤N矿化过程影响均不显著。仅在6月份凋落物移出显著抑制了土壤C矿化速率,其它月份差异均不显著。凋落物管理对土壤微生物量碳含量影响不显著。 以上研究结果表明,土地利用变化、N沉降和凋落物输入改变等能够影响半干旱地区沙地生态系统C、N储量和循环过程。尤其是土地利用变化强烈改变沙地生态系统C、N储量、分配格局和循环过程,并且受到多因子的影响。科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林生态系统C、N元素生物地球化学循环存在密切的耦合关系。今后有必要进一步结合3S技术、同位素技术、模型模拟以及分子生物学技术等,从微观-宏观不同尺度上,研究半干旱地区沙地生态系统C、N循环过程对全球变化的响应及其反馈机制。
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水分条件是影响植物生长最主要的限制因子,降雨量变化作为全球变化的一个重要组成部分,其对干旱半干旱区陆地生态系统的影响甚至超过CO2浓度和温度的升高以及它们的共同作用对生态系统的影响。樟子松人工林是科尔沁沙地东南部主要的防风固沙林类型,研究未来降雨量变化对会对樟子松人工林产生怎样的影响,对樟子松人工林的可持续经营和科学管理有重要意义。本研究以樟子松人工林为研究对象,通过搭建遮雨棚,铺设灌溉设施,野外原状样地模拟三个降雨量梯度:降雨量减少30%、天然降雨量和降雨量增加30%,从樟子松人工林下土壤生态系统、樟子松针叶生理特性、樟子松的生长和林下植被结构与生产力三个角度研究降雨量变化对樟子松人工林主要生态过程的影响,主要结论如下: (1)以土壤矿质N含量为土壤N有效性的指标,2007年的数据表明降雨量减少时土壤N有效性显著升高,降雨量增加时土壤N有效性显著降低,出现了“水、N有效性的不同时性”,即土壤水分有效性高时N有效性低,而N有效性高时水分有效性低,这可能是该地区植物生长的主要限制因子,而不是简单的水分限制或者N素限制。 (2)降雨量降低时,樟子松针叶的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,针叶N含量降低,樟子松光合速率下降,同时,樟子松针叶的叶绿素含量大部分月份不受降雨量减少的影响,而且针叶脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的升高,表明了樟子松对水分胁迫的生理生态适应机制。 (3)降雨量减少时樟子松林下植被总盖度显著降低,优势种由黄蒿和狗尾草演变为绿珠藜和黄蒿;降雨量增加时樟子松林下植被总盖度显著升高,优势种演变为艾蒿。降雨量减少和增加时物种多样性都显著降低,导致了生物多样性丧失。 (4)降雨量减少时樟子松和其林下植被的生长由于水分胁迫都受到了抑制,樟子松的高生长和粗生长速率减缓,林下植被的ANPP和地下部分生物量降低,进而导致樟子松人工林的地上部分C储量降低;樟子松的成长速率减缓和林下植被地上地下生物量的降低意味着生态系统凋落物量和死亡根系的减少,这直接导致了土壤有机碳含量的降低,即土壤有机碳储量的降低;综合降雨量减少导致的樟子松人工林的地上部分C储量降低和土壤有机碳储量的降低,我们的结果表明降雨量减少导致樟子松人工林C储量降低,同样的道理,降雨量增加导致樟子松人工林C储量升高。 (5)降雨量减少时,保护凋落物可以增加地表覆被,抑制地面水分蒸发,地表凋落物还能起到蓄水保水的作用,提高土壤水分有效性;降雨量增加时保护凋落物可以增加土壤养分(尤其是N)的输入,提高土壤养分的有效性。
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土壤氮素(N)转化是生态系统关键的生态学过程之一;而土壤N有效性是沙地生态系统生产力和稳定性的关键限制性因子。以科尔沁沙地东南缘樟子松(pinus sylvestris varmongolica)、赤松(P.densiflora)和小叶杨(populus simonii)固沙林以及草地为研究对象,采用野外试验和室内实验相结合的方法,全面系统地开展了凋落物分解、土壤N矿化、淋溶等过程及土壤N有效性的研究,旨在揭示半干旱区固沙林土壤N转化及其有效性的特征和机制,为沙地植被恢复、重建、管理和评价提供科学依据。主要结论如下:(1)采用网袋法进行凋落物的分解试验,结果表明不同类型凋落物乘量衰减、元索释放、质员变化均存在明显差异,分解第1年供N能力表现为小叶杨>草>樟子松>赤松;(2)采用PVC顶盖理管法和离子交换树脂袋法分别研究了林地和草地土壤N矿化过程,结果表明土壤N矿化速率表现为小叶杨川章子松七赤松>草地,N相对有效性表现为赤松>樟子松>草地全小叶杨;(3)草地和小叶杨林地土壤N潜在性淋济较高,而樟子松林地较轻;(4)土壤容重、pH值、养分、温度、水分、土壤微生物、土壤动物、林下植被等环境和生物因子反映区域土壤N转化及共有效性的一般特征,而强烈的人类干扰是引起生态系统问差异的关键因索:造林有利于提高沙地土壤N积累和有效性,但樟子松造林30年后才有明显效果:放牧地土壤N硝化速率及其有效性明显高于禁牧地,但质量下降,即NH4+-N/NO3--N失衡,不利于植物吸收、微生物调控和环境保护;(5)赤松、樟子松和小叶杨均为研究区固沙造林的可选树种,合理和科学管理有利于维护生态系统N平衡,实现.可持续经营。
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以科尔沁沙地典型固沙植物小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.5年生)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litrin,7年生)为研究对象,栽植于可渗漏式生长箱,应用TDR水分仪测定生长季节土壤水分变化,依据土壤水分平衡理论推算单位面积植被区的蒸散量。经2a研究,在相同栽植密度下(1m×1m),樟子松植被区土壤贮水量高于小叶锦鸡儿植被区;在不同栽植密度下,小叶锦鸡儿土壤贮水量以1m×2m密度区高于1m×1m密度区。生长季节单位面积土壤蒸散量以小叶锦鸡儿(1m×1m)最高,小叶锦鸡儿(1m×2m)其次,樟子松(1m×1m)最低。单丛/株蒸散量以小叶锦鸡儿(1m×2m)最高,小叶锦鸡儿(1m×1m)其次,樟子松(1m×1m)最低。在试验所涉及的特定年龄阶段,小叶锦鸡儿植被区蒸散耗水量高于樟子松区,土壤水分含量低于樟子松区。生产实践中应根据植物耗水特点选择适宜的固沙物种和栽植方式,以保证人工固沙植被区土壤水分的收支平衡。
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小兴安岭地区是我国重要的林区之一,预测该地区针叶树种的分布,在不同尺度上查找针叶树种分布最敏感的环境因子,是不同层次的林业部门制定森林恢复和植树造林方针的重要科学依据。该文以坡度、坡向、综合地形指数、海拔、坡位指数、年平均温度和年平均降水量作为环境因子,利用Logistic回归模型对红松(Pinus koraien-sis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、鱼鳞云杉(P.jezoensis)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)的分布进行了预测。并且采用相对运行特征(Relative operating characteristic,ROC),对模型进行了精度评价。其取值范围为0~1,如果ROC小于0.7,认为模型具有低精度;如果大于0.7且小于0.9,则模型具有较好的模拟精度;如果大于0.9,认为模型具有很高的预测精度。对每个树种的模型验证表明只有冷杉的ROC大于80%,红松、兴安落叶松和云杉的ROC在70%~80%之间,而樟子松的为67.9%。之后,把预测模型应用到丰林保护区,揭示局域尺度上树种分布最敏感的环境因子。经过树种分布预测图与环境因子之间的相关分析发现,在区域尺度(整个研究区)上,红松、冷杉、云杉和樟子松对年降水量最为敏感,而兴安落叶松对坡度最敏感。在局域尺度(丰林保护区)上,红松分布对坡度最敏感,冷杉和云杉对海拔最敏感,兴安落叶松对坡位最敏感。在不同尺度上,树种最敏感的环境因子的转移,引起了在不同尺度上树种分布类型的变化。红松在区域尺度上聚集分布(ROC=78.6%),而在局域尺度上其聚集程度有所减弱(ROC=74.4%),红松的分布范围增加。在区域尺度上,云杉和冷杉聚集分布,但在局域尺度上,它们的分布接近随机分布类型(ROC<60%),它们在丰林保护区内分布面积较大。与以上3个树种相反,兴安落叶松的ROC从71.7%增加到了82.0%,在区域尺度上聚集分布的兴安落叶松,在局域尺度上更加聚集,其分布范围局限于某个特定环境(谷底)。总的来说,在区域尺度上,多数树种分布对气候因子最为敏感,在局域尺度上,对地理因子最为敏感。不同树种对不同环境因子的敏感性,揭示了树种空间分布格局和分异规律。
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Time to first root in cuttings varies under different environmental conditions and understanding these differences is critical for optimizing propagation of commercial forestry species. Temperature environment (15, 25, 30 or 35 +/- A 2A degrees C) had no effect on the cellular stages in root formation of the Slash x Caribbean Pine hybrid over 16 weeks as determined by histology. Initially callus cells formed in the cortex, then tracheids developed and formed primordia leading to external roots. However, speed of development followed a growth curve with the fastest development occurring at 25A degrees C and slowest at 15A degrees C with rooting percentages at week 12 of 80 and 0% respectively. Cutting survival was good in the three cooler temperature regimes (> 80%) but reduced to 59% at 35A degrees C. Root formation appeared to be dependant on the initiation of tracheids because all un-rooted cuttings had callus tissue but no tracheids, irrespective of temperature treatment and clone.
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The objectives of this study were to analyze the impact of structural stand characteristics on ignition potential, surface fuel moisture, and fire behavior in Pinus sylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst stands in Finland and to explain stand-specific fire danger using the Canadian Fire Weather Index System and the Finnish Fire Risk Index. Additionally, the study analyzes the relationship between observed fire activity and fire weather indices at different stages of growing season. Field experiments were carried out in Pinus sylvestris or Picea abies dominated stands during fire seasons 2001 and 2002. Observations on ignition potential, fuel moisture, and fire behavior were analyzed in relation to stand structure and the outputs of the Finnish and Canadian fire weather indices. Seasonal patterns of fire activity were examined based on national fire statistics 1996 2003, effective temperature sum, and the fire weather indices. Point fire ignition potential was highest in Pinus clear-cuts and lowest in closed Picea stands. Moss-dominated surface fuels were driest in clear-cut and sapling stage stands and presented the highest moisture content under closed Picea canopy. Pinus sylvestris stands carried fire under a wide range of fire weather conditions under which Picea abies stands failed to sustain fire. In the national fire records, the daily number of reported ignitions presented its highest value during late fire season whereas the daily area burned peaked most substantially during early season. The fire weather indices correlated significantly with ignition potential and fuel moisture but were unable to explain fire behavior in the experimental fires. During the initial and final stages of the growing season, fire activity was disconnected from weather-based fire danger ratings. Information on stand structure and season stage would benefit the assessment of fire danger in Finnish forest landscape for fire suppression and controlled burning purposes.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests dominate in Finnish Lapland. The need to study the effect of both soil factors and site preparation on the performance of planted Scots pine has increased due to the problems encountered in reforestation, especially on mesic and moist, formerly spruce-dominated sites. The present thesis examines soil hydrological properties and conditions, and effect of site preparation on them on 10 pine- and 10 spruce-dominated upland forest sites. Finally, the effects of both the site preparation and reforestation methods, and soil hydrology on the long-term performance of planted Scots pine are summarized. The results showed that pine and spruce sites differ significantly in their soil physical properties. Under field capacity or wetter soil moisture conditions, planted pines presumably suffer from excessive soil water and poor soil aeration on most of the originally spruce sites, but not on the pine sites. The results also suggested that site preparation affects the soil-water regime and thus prerequisites for forest growth over two decades after site preparation. High variation in the survival and mean height of planted pine was found. The study suggested that on spruce sites, pine survival is the lowest on sites that dry out slowly after rainfall events, and that height growth is the fastest on soils that reach favourable aeration conditions for root growth soon after saturation, and/or where the average air-filled porosity near field capacity is large enough for good root growth. Survival, but not mean height can be enhanced by employing intensive site preparation methods on spruce sites. On coarser-textured pine sites, site preparation methods don t affect survival, but methods affecting soil fertility, such as prescribed burning and ploughing, seem to enhance the height growth of planted Scots pines over several decades. The use of soil water content in situ as the sole criterion for sites suitable for pine reforestation was tested and found to be a relatively uncertain parameter. The thesis identified new potential soil variables, which should be tested using other data in the future.
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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an asexual form of plant propagation that occurs in nature and mimics many of the events of sexual reproduction. Pinus sylvestris (L.) is an important source of timber in Northern Eurasia but it is recalcitrant to somatic embryogenesis. Several factors important for the success of the P. sylvestris embryogenic cultures have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of parental genotypes on the SE in P. sylvestris, the involvement of the gaseous plant growth regulator, ethylene in SE, and also biotic effects on somatic embryos as well as on seedlings. We tested parental effects on immature embryo initiation for different media, storage periods, and on the maturation process. Maternal effects were found to be crucial for SE in the absence of paternal effects. No maternal-paternal interaction was observed at any stage of somatic embryo production. Additionally the role of ethylene at different developmental stages of SE was investigated. Two ACC synthase genes, PsACS1 and PsACS2, were isolated and characterized. PsACS1 was expressed during the proliferation stage in all tested genotypes, whereas PsACS2 was only expressed in somatic embryos of each genotype. Ethylene production in embryos at stage 3 was significantly higher than the other stages. In a parallel study, the response of somatic embryos to fungal elicitors was investigated. Three fungi, a mutualistic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus (Suillus bovinus), a weak Scots pine pathogen (Heterobasidion parviporum) and a strong pathogen (H. annosum) were used. The gene expression patterns for embryos exposed to the H. parviporum elicitor were found to be similar to that documented for S. bovinus among the tested genes. By contrast somatic embryos exposed to the H. annosum elicitor had a different pattern of regulation which was marked by a delayed response, and in some cases death of the embryos. Furthermore, interaction without direct contact between P. sylvestris seedlings and microbes (mutualistic and pathogenic fungus, cyanobacterium) were investigated. Several novel genes expressed in seedlings treated with ECM fungus were isolated which suggested that physical contact is not necessary for elicitation of host responses. The results suggest that somatic embryos and seedlings of P. sylvestris are genetically well equipped to respond to fungal elicitor/exudates and could serve as a suitable model for reproducible molecular studies in conifer tree patho- and symbiotic systems.