Nervous and muscle system development in Phascolion strombus (Sipuncula)

Recent interpretations of developmental gene expression patterns propose that the last common metazoan ancestor was segmented, although most animal phyla show no obvious signs of segmentation. Developmental studies of non-model system trochozoan taxa may shed light on this hypothesis by assessing possible cryptic segmentation patterns. In this paper, we present the first immunocytochemical data on the ontogeny of the nervous system and the musculature in the sipunculan Phascolion strombus. Myogenesis of the first anlagen of the body wall ring muscles occurs synchronously and not subsequently from anterior to posterior as in segmented spiralian taxa (i.e. annelids). The number of ring muscles remains constant during the initial stages of body axis elongation. In the anterior-posteriorly elongated larva, newly formed ring muscles originate along the entire body axis between existing myocytes, indicating that repeated muscle bands do not form from a posterior growth zone. During neurogenesis, the Phascolion larva expresses a non-metameric, paired, ventral nerve cord that fuses in the mid-body region in the late-stage elongated larva. Contrary to other trochozoans, Phascolion lacks any larval serotonergic structures. However, two to three FMRFamide-positive cells are found in the apical organ. In addition, late larvae show commissure-like neurones interconnecting the two ventral nerve cords, while early juveniles exhibit a third, medially placed FMRFamidergic ventral nerve. Although we did not find any indications for cryptic segmentation, certain neuro-developmental traits in Phascolion resemble the conditions found in polychaetes (including echiurans) and myzostomids and support a close relationship of Sipuncula and Annelida.

Redescription of adult and larva of Colasposoma sellaturn Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae): a pest of sweet potato in Australia

The genus Colasposorna Laporte is shown to be represented in Australia by a single species, C. sellaturn Baly (= C. barbaturn Harold, syn. conf.; = C. regulare Jacoby, syn. nov.). The adult and larva are described and lectotypes designated for C. sellaturn and C. regulare. Colasposoma sellaturn is recorded from the Northern Territory, northern Queensland and New Guinea. This species is a pest of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) in northern Queensland, where the adults damage stems and foliage and larvae may cause considerable damage to tubers. Its pest status is assessed and control measures discussed.

Inclusión de la harina de larva de mosca doméstica (Musca doméstica) en la dieta de pollos de engorde

El presente trabajo experimental "Inclusión de harina de Larva de Mosca Doméstica (Musca domestica) en la dieta de pollos de engorde, es un estudio que se efectuó en El Instituto Politécnico Agroindustrial del Norte (IPADEN) "Naciones Unidas", ubicado en el kilómetro 114 1/2 carretera panamericana, (San Isidro, Matagalpa) por un periodo de siete meses. Este se desarrollo en dos etapas: 1. Producción de larva de mosca doméstica, donde se obtuvo una producción d 13.202 Kg de harina de larva de mosca seca, obtenida de una producción aproximada de 24.23 g de harina de larva de mosca seca (promedio) por Kg de estiércol de cerdo, aportando el 60.93% de proteína bruta. 2- inclusión de la harina de larva de mosca doméstica seca en la dieta de pollos, llevándose a cabo por un periodo de seis semanas. En el estudio se evaluaron dos tratamientos TI 16.34% de inclusión de HMLS y T2 0% de inclusión de HMLS, donde le utilizaron 56 pollos de engorde, sin sexar ( Mixtos ) ,de la línea Petter Hubbard de un día de edad y con un promedio de 60 g. Cada tratamiento estuvo conformado por cuatro repeticiones y 7 Pollos por cada repetición. El análisis estadístico empleado fue el Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) donde se evaluaron las variables, Consumo, ganancia media diaria, conversión alimenticia y peso vivo final, obteniendo una GMD de 31.63 g y 23.96 g. no encontrando diferencia significativa al P>0.05 respectivamente, además se constató una utilidad económica de los tratamientos donde el T2 obtuvo la mejor utilidad con respecto al Tl.