The incompatible interaction between Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae race 0 and tobacco is suppressed in transgenic plants expressing antisense lipoxygenase sequences

Nicotiana tabacum 46-8 cultivar displays an incompatible interaction with race 0 of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Ppn), a fungal pathogen of most tobacco cultivars. At the plant level, incompatibility is characterized by the induction of lipoxygenase (LOX, EC = 1.13.11.12) activity and localized hypersensitive cell death before defense gene activation. To evaluate the involvement of LOX in the onset of plant defense, tobacco 46-8 plants were genetically engineered using full-length or partial-length antisense (AS) tobacco LOX cDNA constructs. AS expression strongly reduced elicitor- and pathogen-induced LOX activity. Eight independent AS-LOX lines were selected and assayed for their response to Ppn. After root or stem inoculation with race 0, all AS-LOX lines but one displayed a compatible phenotype whereas control transformed plants, not containing the AS-LOX cassette, showed the typical incompatible reaction. The presence of the fungus in transgenic lines was demonstrated by PCR amplification of a Ppn-specific genomic sequence. A linear relationship was found between the extent of LOX suppression and the size of the lesion caused by the fungus. The AS-LOX plants also showed enhanced susceptibility toward the compatible fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrate the strong involvement of LOX in the establishment of incompatibility in plant–microorganism interactions, consistent with its role in the defense of host plants.

Use of a New Tetrazolium-Based Assay to Study the Production of Superoxide Radicals by Tobacco Cell Cultures Challenged with Avirulent Zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae1

The relationship between the production of reactive oxygen species and the hypersensitive response (HR) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) toward an incompatible race of the Oomycete Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae has been investigated. A new assay for superoxide radical (O2−) production based on reduction of the tetrazolium dye sodium,3′-(1-[phenylamino-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium)-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate (XTT) has enabled the quantitative estimation of perhydroxyl/superoxide radical acid-base pair (HO2·/O2−) production during the resistant response. Tobacco suspension cells were inoculated with zoospores from compatible or incompatible races of the pathogen. Subsequent HO2·/O2− production was monitored by following the formation of XTT formazan. In the incompatible interaction only, HO2·/O2− was produced in a minor burst between 0 and 2 h and then in a major burst between 8 and 10 h postinoculation. During this second burst, rates of XTT reduction equivalent to a radical flux of 9.9 × 10−15 mol min−1 cell−1 were observed. The HO2·/O2− scavengers O2− dismutase and Mn(III)desferal each inhibited dye reduction. An HR was observed in challenged, resistant cells immediately following the second burst of radical production. Both scavengers inhibited the HR when added prior to the occurrence of either radical burst, indicating that O2− production is a necessary precursor to the HR.

体细胞无性系变异与烟草抗黑胫病细胞突变体的筛选

体细胞无性系变异是植物组织培养过程中发生的一种较为普遍的现象，这种现象在遗传学理论和育种实践上都很值得研究。应用这种变异进行筛选人们已经获得了一大批生产上有广泛意义的细胞突变体。但对于无性系变异发生的机理，人们虽然也进行了详细研究，提出了不少假说，但一直未能给出一个较为全面的解释。有些解释仍然建立在推测的基础上，有待进一步的研究。在这些解释中，利用转座子活化进行解释是最使人感兴趣的一种，也是较有说服力的一种。我们的实验分为两个部分，一是对无性系变异发生与转座子的关系进行了初步的探索,一是利用体细胞无性系变异筛选烟草黑胫病细胞突变体的应用进行了研究。 对转座因子的转活性进行分析，通常采用标记基因的表型检测。本实验用农杆菌双元载体pSLJ721（Ac∷GUS）转化烟草（品种：红花大金元）， 然后对转基因烟草的愈伤组织进行GUS酶活性的组织化学分析。通过GUS活性变化来分析转座活性。结果表明组织培养可以增强转座子的活性。间接证明转座子活化是体细胞无性系变异的原因之. 本论文实验方面的另一部分是体细胞无性系变异在烟草抗黑茎病研究上的应用。烟草黑茎病是由烟草致病疫霉引起的一种烟草主要病害。首先从云南地区黑胫病病区分离、纯化黑胫病（Phytophythora parasitica via. Nicotina）病原菌，同时利用红花大金元为实验对象，以组织培养中自然发生的元性系变异为基础，以50％以及80％的黑胫病病菌粗毒素为选择压力，筛选出抗黑胫病毒素的烟草株系，用离体叶片法和茎部接种法进一步鉴定其对黑胫病病菌的抗性。最后进行田间检测以期获得综合性状优良的抗黑胫病细胞突变体。另外我们还利用随机引物扩增多态DNA（RAPD）分析技术，对选择到的九个抗病株系和六株对照的DNA进行分析。在使用的70种随机引物中，共有57个引物产生可检测扩增产物，产生306条搁增带，其中有多态性的条带数为51条，突变体的平均RAPD条带变异率为1.85％，其中有两个RAPD条带（CYA－17－100和Sangon03-350）为突变体所特有，可初步判断为抗黑胫病的RAPD标记。对突变体和对照植株叶片水溶性蛋白SDS电泳观察到一些条带的变异，但没有找到突变体特异的共同条带。

Diversidade de Phytophthora parasitica isolados de Citrus usando seqüências de nucleotídeos da região ITS-5.8S rDNA

Realizou-se estudo para caracterização e verificação da diversidade genética de Phytophthora parasitica, agente causador da gomose dos citros. Quatorze isolados de Phytophthora parasitica, provenientes do Estado de São Paulo, foram seqüenciados a partir das regiões internas transcritas (ITS1 e ITS2) do gene 5.8S. Obtiveram-se seqüências de 812 pb a 860 pb que foram comparadas com seqüências de outras espécies de Phytophthora spp depositadas no NCBI. Foram feitos estudos filogenéticos, utilizando-se o método neighbor-joining com 1000 bootstrap e construído o dendrograma mais representativo. Obtiveram-se os resultados de 98,88% a 100% de similaridade genética entre os 14 isolados paulistas, e 99,5% a 98,8% entre estes e a seqüência de P. nicotianae (gi| 8927482) obtida do GenBank NCBI.

Avaliação de métodos de inoculação de Phytophthora parasitica em plântulas e plantas jovens de citros

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar métodos de inoculação de Phytophthoraparasitica em plântulas e plantas jovens de citros (Citrus spp.) visando sua utilização em estudos de resistência de porta-enxertos à gomose de Phytophthora. Os métodos de inoculação testados foram: contato planta sem ferimento-patógeno, casca destacada, inserção de disco de meio de cultura contendo micélio sob a casca, método do disco e inserção de agulha e palito infestados em plântulas e plantas jovens de citros. A resistência de genótipos à gomose pode ser avaliada em plântulas in vitro, através de inserção de agulha infestada. O método do disco e o da inserção sob casca foram os melhores quando utilizados em plantas jovens. A medida da área total da lesão é a variável ideal para avaliação da doença. No entanto, o comprimento da lesão pode ser utilizado na avaliação da doença em plântulas, plantas jovens e no campo.

Phytophthora parasitica transcriptome, a new concept in the understanding of the citrus gummosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estabilidade de QTLs ligados à resistência dos citros a gomose, causada por Phytophthora parasitica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação de métodos de inoculação de Phytophthora parasitica e mapeamento de QTLs de resistência em híbridos de Citrus sunki vs. Poncirus trifoliata a gomose

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Isolamento e seleção de rizobactérias para promoção de crescimento e controle de Phytophthora parasitica em citros

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

Inoculum sources and Preservation in Soils of Phytophthora parasitica from Cherry Tomato in Continental Crop Areas in Southeast Spain

Inoculum sources and Preservation in Soils of Phytophthora parasitica from Cherry Tomato in Continental Crop Areas in Southeast Spain

Identification of QTLs associated with citrus resistance to Phytophthora gummosis

Citrus gummosis, caused by Phylophthora spp., is an important citrus disease in Brazil. Almost all citrus rootstock varieties are susceptible to it to some degree, whereas resistance is present in Poncirus trifoliata, a closely related species. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs linked to citrus Phylophthora gummosis resistance. Eighty individuals of the F, progeny, obtained by controlled crosses between Sunki mandarin Citrus sunki (susceptible) and Poncirus trifoliata cv. Rubidoux (resistant), were evaluated. Resistance to Phytophthora parasitica was evaluated by inoculating stems of young plants with a disc of fungal mycelia and measuring lesion lengths a month later. Two QTLs linked to gummosis resistance were detected in linkage groups I and 5 of the P. trifoliala map, and one QTL in linkage group 2 of the C sunki map. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs was 14% for C sunki and ranged from 16 to 24% for P. trifoliala. The low character heritability (h(2) = 18.7%) and the detection of more than one QTL associated with citrus Phytophthora gummosis resistance showed that inheritance of the resistance is quantitative.

The Top 10 Oomycete Pathogens in Molecular Plant Pathology

Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of plant pathogens that threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey to query the community for their ranking of plant pathogenic oomycete species based on scientific and economic importance. In total, we received 263 votes from 62 scientists in 15 countries for a total of 33 species. The Top 10 species and their ranking are: (1) Phytophthora infestans; (2, tied) Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis; (2, tied) Phytophthora ramorum; (4) Phytophthora sojae; (5) Phytophthora capsici; (6) Plasmopara viticola; (7) Phytophthora cinnamomi; (8, tied) Phytophthora parasitica; (8, tied) Pythium ultimum; and (10) Albugo candida. The article provides an introduction to these 10 taxa and a snapshot of current research. We hope that the list will serve as a benchmark for future trends in oomycete research.