An illustrated checklist of Bromeliaceae from Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with notes on phytogeography and one new species of Cryptanthus

A checklist of the 14 genera and 34 species of Bromeliaceae from the Parque Estadual do Rio Preto in Sao Goncalo do Rio Preto municipality, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil, is presented. The Tillandsioideae was the most diverse subfamily and was found to be concentrated in rocky field areas. Bromelioideae is also a species rich subfamily, but its taxa have shown a preference to forested areas and savannas at lower altitudes. Pitcairnioideae is highlighted by its level of endemism, but has only four species. Cryptanthus micrus, a new species found in this area is described and illustrated. Our cluster analysis indicated that the Rio Preto State Park has a Bromeliaceae flora more similar to that from Pico do Itambe and Grao Mogol State Parks. Taxa like Dyckia glandulosa, Orthophytum itambense and Vriesea medusa, which were previously considered to be endemic to Pico do Itambe, now have their area of occurrence extended to Rio Preto. These new occurrences highlight the importance to create a corridor joining these neighboring reserves to connect populations of narrowly ranged or rare species. In this work we present pictures of 19 species in their habitats within the park, and we hope that these illustrations will help in the identification and conservation of these taxa.

Phytogeography of northeastern Tasmania with a focus on bryophytes

Analysis of the distribution and ecology of bryophytes in the Flinders bioregion of Tasmania revealed a significant association between bryophyte composition and vegetation type. Variables important for predicting bryophyte richness and presence were identified at two spatial scales. A new census for Flinders Island comprises 223 species of which 21 are new records.

A System of Nomenclature for Phytogeography

By Frederic E. Clements

Phytogeography of New Guinean orchids: richness, turnover, collection density

The aims of this study were (1) to assess the spatial distribution of orchid species richness in New Guinea, and (2) to examine patterns of species turnover in the orchid community through phytogeographical regionalization. We aimed to achieve these goals using botanical collection records, species distribution models (SDMs) and partitioning around medoids (PAM) clustering.

The physico-chemical properties of plant saps in relation to phytogeography; data on native vegetation in its natural environment

Foreword signed: George O. Burr, Ross Aiken Gortner, C. O. Rosendahl, chairman.

Dutch N. W. New Guinea. A contribution to the phytogeography and flora of the Arfak mountains, & c.

"Read before the Newcastle meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, September, 1916."

Using a botanic garden collection to test a bioclimatic vegetation scheme

Vegetation maps and bioclimatic zone classifications communicate the vegetation of an area and are used to explain how the environment regulates the occurrence of plants on large scales. Many practises and methods for dividing the world’s vegetation into smaller entities have been presented. Climatic parameters, floristic characteristics, or edaphic features have been relied upon as decisive factors, and plant species have been used as indicators for vegetation types or zones. Systems depicting vegetation patterns that mainly reflect climatic variation are termed ‘bioclimatic’ vegetation maps. Based on these it has been judged logical to deduce that plants moved between corresponding bioclimatic areas should thrive in the target location, whereas plants moved from a different zone should languish. This principle is routinely applied in forestry and horticulture but actual tests of the validity of bioclimatic maps in this sense seem scanty. In this study I tested the Finnish bioclimatic vegetation zone system (BZS). Relying on the plant collection of Helsinki University Botanic Garden’s Kumpula collection, which according to the BZS is situated at the northern limit of the hemiboreal zone, I aimed to test how the plants’ survival depends on their provenance. My expectation was that plants from the hemiboreal or southern boreal zones should do best in Kumpula, whereas plants from more southern and more northern zones should show progressively lower survival probabilities. I estimated probability of survival using collection database information of plant accessions of known wild origin grown in Kumpula since the mid 1990s, and logistic regression models. The total number of accessions I included in the analyses was 494. Because of problems with some accessions I chose to separately analyse a subset of the complete data, which included 379 accessions. I also analysed different growth forms separately in order to identify differences in probability of survival due to different life strategies. In most analyses accessions of temperate and hemiarctic origin showed lower survival probability than those originating from any of the boreal subzones, which among them exhibited rather evenly high probabilities. Exceptionally mild and wet winters during the study period may have killed off hemiarctic plants. Some winters may have been too harsh for temperate accessions. Trees behaved differently: they showed an almost steadily increasing survival probability from temperate to northern boreal origins. Various factors that could not be controlled for may have affected the results, some of which were difficult to interpret. This was the case in particular with herbs, for which the reliability of the analysis suffered because of difficulties in managing their curatorial data. In all, the results gave some support to the BZS, and especially its hierarchical zonation. However, I question the validity of the formulation of the hypothesis I tested since it may not be entirely justified by the BZS, which was designed for intercontinental comparison of vegetation zones, but not specifically for transcontinental provenance trials. I conclude that botanic gardens should pay due attention to information management and curational practices to ensure the widest possible applicability of their plant collections.

木樨科丁香属的系统学研究

丁香属Syringa是木樨科Oleaceae中一个中等大小的属，大多数种类花形美丽，具有很高的园林观赏价值。本文以标本检查为主，结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和植物地理学几个方面对丁香属进行了分类研究。 一．形态学：丁香属分类的主要性状为：单叶或复叶、圆锥花序的着生位置、花冠管的长短。这些性状的演化趋势为：单叶--羽状深裂--羽状复叶，圆锥花序由顶芽抽生--圆锥花序由侧芽抽生，长花冠管，雄蕊不伸出花冠管--短花冠管，雄蕊伸出花冠管。 二．孢粉学：本文首次对丁香属的花粉形态作了较为全面而系统的研究。所取材料为各组、系、亚系的代表种。孢粉学的研究表明，本属花粉形态一致。均为近球形，极面观3裂圆形，三（拟）孔沟，沟边缘不加厚，外壁分层明显，外层厚于内层，半覆盖层，粗网状纹饰。扫描电镜观察结果表明，本属花粉的表面纹饰可区分为6种类型：1）．网眼小，网脊细、较直而使网眼呈多边形，网脊下小柱不明显，2).网眼稍大，网脊细、直，网脊下小柱不明显，3),网眼较大，网脊细、稍弯曲，网脊下小柱可见，4）．网眼大，网脊细而弯曲， 网脊下小明显，5).网眼小，网脊细、弯曲而使网眼呈不规则扁长形，6）．网眼较大，网脊粗、直，网脊下小柱不明显。顶生花序系Ser. Villosae (Schneid.) Rehd. 以1型为主，侧生花序系Ser. Syringa从2-4型，羽叶丁香系Ser, Pinnatifolia Rehd,为5型，短花冠管组Sect.Ligustrina Rupr.为6型。其变化规律与形态学上的系统演化关系相—致。 三，细胞学：本文对丁香属部分种进行了染色体数目的观察，初步的结果显示，本属的染色体基数为n=23或24，这两种情况在不同的组、系都存在。本属为异源多倍体起源，由陵花目中染色体基数为n=ll和n=12的祖先类群通过杂交形成，并由于染色体组在减数分裂过程中非整倍性变异，而产生n 2或n=24的变化。 四，分类修订及系统位置和演化趋势： 本文在查看了本所标本馆全部丁香属的标本、考证了约22个种的原始描述以及部分模式标本和模式照片的基础上，对该属分类作下列修订：1．将华丁香Syringa protolaciniata、花叶丁香S．x persica、 裂叶丁香S．x laciniata、阿富汗丁香S．afghanica 四个种从欧丁香亚系中移出，置于羽叶丁香系Ser. Pinnatifolia，2．改欧丁香系Set. Vulgares和巧铃花系Ser. Pubescentes为亚系等级，均置于侧生花序系Ser. Syringa中，3．恢复山丁香Syringa potaninii Schneid.、小叶丁香S．micropylla Diels、关东丁香s．patula (Palibin) Nakai、光萼丁香S．juliana Schneid.、朝鲜丁香S．dilatata Nakai，并作为种的等级，毛萼云南丁香S．yunanensis Franch.f．pubicalyx (Jien ex P.Y. Bai) M.C. Chang仍作变种处理。在此基础上，本文将丁香属分为2组3系2亚系： 组1．长花冠管组Sect.l. Syringa:系1．顶生花序系Ser.1．Villosae(Sch- neid.)Rehd.;系2．侧生花序系Ser.2. Syringa，亚系1．欧丁香亚系Subser.1．Syring，亚系2．巧铃花亚系Pubescentes(Schneid.)Rehd.;系3．羽叶丁香系Ser.3. Pinnatifoliae Rehd. 组2．短花冠管组Sect.2. Ligustrina Rupr. 各分类单元的命名，仍沿用已有的名称。 结合各方面的研究成果，表明丁香属是一个十分自然的类群。在木樨科中，本属与女贞属的关系密切，由女贞属裂果女贞组Sect. Sarcocarpion (Franch.)Mansf.衍生而来。属内演化趋势始为长花冠管组的顶生花序系，而后是侧生花序系、羽叶丁香系，短花冠管组为本属中进化程度较高的类群。 五．植物地理学：丁香属为旧世界温带分布型属，分布区连续。约28种5变种9变型。除2种产于欧洲，1种产于阿富汗、巴基斯坦，1种产于朝鲜，1种产于日本外，其余种类均分布于中国。其中，中国西南地区丁香属的种类、原始类型及其在该地区所占比例均显示是丁香属现代分布中心和起源演化中心，并由此沿三条主线向周围扩散。

豆科黄华属（Thermopsis）的系统学研究

本文重点分析了黄华属植物的形态变异，并结合微形态、植物地理及分子生物学的证据，对全世界黄华属植物首次进行了全面的分类学修订，承认全世界黄华属植物共5组、21种、6变种。对Czefranova (1954，1958，1970，1976)的分类系统／2亚属、4组、38种，及其他学者描述的种进行了修正。对7个种进行了归并处理：确认了3个种的分类学地位;新组合了两个变种;建立了1个新组。 考证了属的正确模式及一些种的合法学名。长期被误用的本属模式 Thermopsis lanceolata R．Br. (1811)实际上是根据Sophora lupinoides L．(1973)同 模式（轮生花）建立的一个多余名，这个命名法上的异名应当被废弃而代之以T. lupinoides (L.) Link (1821)。而长期被误用的东北亚互生花黄华的正确名称应当是T. fabacea (Pall.) DC. (1825). 本文首次较全面的研究了黄华属植物的地理学。黄华属基本上为东亚-北美间断分布属。东亚地区是黄华属植物的现代分布及分化中心。伊朗-土兰地区及落基山地区是次生分布和次生演化中心，该属的多倍性现象也出现在这二地区，而且自此二地区曾经描述了许多新分类群，同时也被归并了很多，然而，最近的分子生物学证据又揭示，在这些地区曾被归并的一些分类群应是不同的实体，这似乎也在提醒分类学家，对这些物种分化较活跃的区域进行分类处理时，无论是描述新分类群，抑还归并或新组合旧分类群都应持谨慎态度。 据黄华属植物的现代地理分布、形态演化趋势、现有的化石及地质历史资料推测，黄华属植物在中新世之前早已存在，并且很可能在早第三纪或晚白垩纪，起源于劳亚古陆上一个含羽扇豆生物碱的古槐成员。两大陆分离后，在不同的促进种化因子的影响下，形成了各自的演化格局。根据黄华属植物的系统演化趋势、原始类群的分布式样及特有现象分析，东亚地区的中国，日本亚区和北美的阿把拉契亚省可能是可能是本属现存植物的原始类型保存中心。

海南岛蕨类植物的分类、区系地理与保育

摘要 "基于形态－地理学方法，通过野外调查，结合大量标本研究，在前人研究的基础上，对海南蕨类植物的分类进行了进一步修订;主要根据蕨类植物的现代地理分布，结合古生物学等有关资料，初步探讨了海南蕨类植物的区系性质与起源;根据IUCN2001年红色名录的等级和标准，对海南濒危蕨类植物的现状进行了初步评估，讨论了海南蕨类植物的受威胁原因，提出了有关保护的对策。主要结果如下： 1. 海南现有蕨类植物56科140属439个种及种下分类群（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型），其中包括1个中国分布新记录和27个海南分布新记录，1新种――海南符藤蕨Teratophyllum hainanense;另有11个名称首次被处理为异名;澄清了海南假瘤蕨Phymatopteris hainanensis和圆顶假瘤蕨P. obtusa的模式问题，为滇桂三相蕨Ataxipteris dianguiensis、海南假瘤蕨P. hainanensis和浅杯鳞盖蕨Microlepia ampla指定了后选模式。 2. 海南蕨类区系具有以下特点：i. 以水龙骨科Polypodiaceae、金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae、铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae、叉蕨科Tectariaceae和观音座莲科Angiopteridaceae为表征科;ii. 明显的热带性质，科的97.5％、属的92.5％、种的83.6％为热带分布成分;iii. 很高的物种多样性与物种密度，但属内种系贫乏;iv. 与中南半岛的联系最为紧密，海南140个蕨类属中有136个与中南半岛共有，两地属的相似性系数达到87.2%;v. 海南蕨类区系就地起源于华夏古陆，起源时间可以追溯至早石炭世以前。 3. 海南439种蕨类（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型）中，183种为常见蕨类，113种属于资料缺乏的种类（DD），47种属于近危（NT），53种属于易危（VU），37种属于濒危（EN），6种属于极危（CR）。海南的受威胁蕨类植物有96种，海南的绝大部分受威胁蕨类植物都生于保护区以内或得到有效保护的林区之内，已初步得到保护。导致海南96种蕨类受威胁的因素，除了植物本身的生物生态学特性和地理分布上的限制外，主要是人类活动的影响，特别是海南森林在上个世纪被大规模砍伐。为了保护这些受威胁植物，应加强保护区和林区的管理，实施就地保护，积极开展迁地保护和人工繁殖。 "

东亚—北美间断分布类群的分子生物地理学研究—以莲科和菖蒲科为例

在洲际间断生物地理学研究中，东亚—北美间断分布类群的分子生物地理学研究一直是关注和研究的热点。在本论文中我们选取了水生和半水生的植物代表类群，莲科（Nelumbonaceae）和菖蒲科（Acoraceae）作为研究对象，通过来自叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组的DNA 序列分析和微卫星分析，一方面探讨莲科的系统位置、揭示其间断地理格局的形成过程、重建菖蒲科的系统发育及其地理格局的形成过程的同时，另一方面，在总结前人研究成果的基础上，总结东亚—北美间断分布的基本特点。主要成果总结如下。 1. 菖蒲科的系统发育和分子生物地理学 菖蒲科仅含一属，菖蒲属（Acorus），共5 种。其中北美菖蒲（A. americanus） 分布于北美，其余4 种（A. calamus, A. gramineus, A. tatarinowii and A. rumphianus） 分布于亚洲的东部和南部。北美菖蒲和菖蒲（A. calamus）叶片中间具有明显的中肋；其余3 种不具有明显的中肋。本论文的19 份材料包含了4 个种，（不含较狭域分布的长苞菖蒲A. rumphianus），利用4 个叶绿体基因片段（trnL-F, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnK, rbcL）和1 个核基因片段（ITS）的序列重建菖蒲属的系统发育。结果表明（1）具有中肋和不具中肋的物种各自聚为一支；（2）具有中肋的菖蒲和北美菖蒲亲缘关系最近，构成东亚—北美间断种对关系；（3）在不具有中肋的一支内部，来自台湾的材料与其它材料差异最大，其余的材料也明显的分为了两类。基于rbcL 序列，使用松散分子钟模型、贝叶斯算法估算菖蒲属起源时间约为135.17 百万年（mya），菖蒲和北美菖蒲的间断分歧时间约为3.72mya。该结果支持菖蒲属为古老的单子叶植物，但东亚—北美间断物种分化时间较年轻。我们推测间断的种对可能通过白令陆桥，从东亚扩散到了北美。 2. 莲科的系统位置和分子生物地理学 莲科仅含一属，莲属（Nelumbo），两个种莲（N. nucifera）和美洲黄莲（N. lutea），间断分布于东亚、澳大利亚北部和北美东部。莲科的系统位置在形态和分子证据不一致。本论文使用了核基因18S rDNA、26S rDNA，叶绿体基因atpB、rbcL，线粒体基因NAD1 的序列重新构建莲科的系统位置并进行了分化时间推算。结果为：（1）叶绿体和核基因构建的严格一致树的拓扑结构不一致，叶绿体数据支持莲科和山龙眼科、悬铃木科具有较近的亲缘关系，核基因数据显示莲科位于真双子叶植物的基部；（2）5 个基因片段的合并分析结果显示，莲科与山龙眼科、悬铃木科聚为一支但支持率不高；（3）基于核基因、叶绿体和5 个基因的分别合并数据，使用松散分子钟模型、贝叶斯算法估算莲科起源时间分别为，113.13 、109.38 和110.35mya ，两个间断物种的分化时间为，3.77、4.34、5.85mya；（4）根据间断的时间和两个物种的遗传差异程度，现存的两个物种应是来自于东亚或北美的冰期残遗，而不是来自于两个大陆祖先种的独立进化后裔。 3. 莲的分子谱系地理学研究 我们采集了37 份莲的材料，10 份美洲黄莲的材料，代表了两者的主要分布区。我们选取了叶绿体基因（trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, petB-petD 和psbA-trnH），线粒体基因COX1，以及11 个微卫星位点进行莲的分子谱系地理研究。DNA 序列显示莲和美洲黄莲均具有很低的遗传多样性；微卫星数据揭示了稍高于DNA 序列的遗传多样性。两物种相比，美洲黄莲的多样性较高。基于微卫星数据的遗传结构分析表明，莲存在明显的3 个地理分化区域，这三个区域的遗传分化显著（FST=0.542），说明莲远距离群体间基因交流有限。基于DNA 序列和微卫星数据的单倍型地理分布关系，我们推测东南亚地区是莲的避难所或冰期残遗区，冰期后群体分别向西和向北扩张。 4. 东亚—北美间断分布的一般特点 （1）东亚—北美东部间断分歧时间范围较长，从始新世中期甚至更早一直持续到1mya 左右；东亚—北美西部间断类群分化时间跨度相对小，集中在中新世时期；东亚—整个北美间断分化时间与东亚—北美东部间断类群一样经历较长时间；草本类群晚于木本类群形成间断分布式样，洲际间断分化时间与类群的起源时间并无相关性。（2）东亚与北美间断分布类群的起源地因类群而异。（3） 东亚与北美间断分布类群扩散方向呈不确定性。（4）东亚与北美间断类群扩散有三条可能的路径，即大西洋陆桥、白令陆桥和南半球跨洋长距离传播。

Biogeographic analysis of the woody plants of the Southern Appalachians: Implications for the origins of a regional flora.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: We investigated the origins of 252 Southern Appalachian woody species representing 158 clades to analyze larger patterns of biogeographic connectivity around the northern hemisphere. We tested biogeographic hypotheses regarding the timing of species disjunctions to eastern Asia and among areas of North America. METHODS: We delimited species into biogeographically informative clades, compiled sister-area data, and generated graphic representations of area connections across clades. We calculated taxon diversity within clades and plotted divergence times. KEY RESULTS: Of the total taxon diversity, 45% were distributed among 25 North American endemic clades. Sister taxa within eastern North America and eastern Asia were proportionally equal in frequency, accounting for over 50% of the sister-area connections. At increasing phylogenetic depth, connections to the Old World dominated. Divergence times for 65 clades with intercontinental disjunctions were continuous, whereas 11 intracontinental disjunctions to western North America and nine to eastern Mexico were temporally congruent. CONCLUSIONS: Over one third of the clades have likely undergone speciation within the region of eastern North America. The biogeographic pattern for the region is asymmetric, consisting of mostly mixed-aged, low-diversity clades connecting to the Old World, and a minority of New World clades. Divergence time data suggest that climate change in the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene generated disjunct patterns within North America. Continuous splitting times during the last 45 million years support the hypothesis that widespread distributions formed repeatedly during favorable periods, with serial cooling trends producing pseudocongruent area disjunctions between eastern North America and eastern Asia.