Mining wheat germplasm collections for yield enhancing traits

The material in genebanks includes valuable traditional varieties and landraces, non-domesticated species, advanced and obsolete cultivars, breeding lines and genetic stock. It is the wide variety of potentially useful genetic diversity that makes collections valuable. While most of the yield increases to date have resulted from manipulation of a few major traits (such as height, photoperiodism, and vernalization), meeting future demand for increased yields will require exploitation of novel genetic resources. Many traits have been reported to have potential to enhance yield, and high expression of these can be found in germplasm collections. To boost yield in irrigated situations, spike fertility must be improved simultaneously with photosynthetic capacity. CIMMYT's Wheat Genetic Resources program has identified a source of multi-ovary florets, with up to 6 kernels per floret. Lines from landrace collections have been identified that have very high chlorophyll concentration, which may increase leaf photosynthetic rate. High chlorophyll concentration and high stomatal conductance are associated with heat tolerance. Recent studies, through augmented use of seed multiplication nurseries, identified high expression of these traits in bank accessions, and both traits were heritable. Searches are underway for drought tolerance traits related to remobilization of stem fructans, awn photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and pubescence. Genetic diversity from wild relatives through the production of synthetic wheats has produced novel genetic diversity.

Influência lunar sobre plantas hortícolas

The aim of this paper is the study of moon effects on ten different crops divided in four groups: 1) salad and cole crops (lettuce, endive, cabbage, cauliflower); 2) root crops (beet, carrot, radish, turnip); 3) bulb crops (onion); 4) solanaceous fruits (eggplant). The design of the experiment was randomized blocks, with four replications, the different treatments being the four phases of the moon. The analyses of variance are given in the work of Simão (1953) and the analises of the mean in tables 1 to 2. The main conclusions are: 1) No difference in production were found related to different moon phases, even it the crops supposed to be sensible to moon effects. 2) In a few cases, where some increase in production was observed, such increase could be atributed by other apents 3) The agents supposed to interfere with increase in production were temperature and photoperiodism, rather than moon phases. 4) The most sensible crops to low temperature, during the night, were: lettuce, endive, cauliflower, cabbage, carrots, turnips and radish. 5) The most sensible crops to both low temperature and photoperiodism were: onion and beet. 6) The moon phases supposed to have opposed effects, namely full-moon and half-moon, gave mixed results sometimes both giving the best yield simultaneously and sometimes giving the poorest crops. 7) As a final conclusion, no moon effects could be detectable in the present experiment.

Elintoimintojen tahdistaja

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Estudo de desenvolvimento de Viguiera robusta Gardn., uma Asteraceae do cerrado

RESUMO - (Estudos de desenvolvimento de Viguiera robusta Gardn., uma Asteraceae do cerrado). Com o objetivo de se conhecer alguns aspectos da fisiologia de plantas do componente herbáceo da vegetação de cerrado, foram estudados aspectos do desenvolvimento de Viguiera robusta. As plantas, obtidas a partir de sementes (aquênios), foram mantidas sob condições fotoperiódicas controladas, acompanhando-se seu crescimento vegetativo e floração, no subseqüente período de crescimento. Os aquênios germinaram melhor sob luz constantes e às temperaturas de 30ºC e 20/30ºC permanecendo viáveis após 12 meses de armazenamento a 5ºC em frascos de vidro fechados. Sob fotoperíodo de 8 h houve menor crescimento vegetativo. A floração ocorre inicialmente nos fotoperíodos mais curtos e, no decorrer do tempo, também nos fotoperíodos mais longos; sob dias longos-curtos a floração também foi constatada. Plantas em fotoperíodo de 8 h apresentaram maior número de capítulos desenvolvidos. Plantas jovens têm folhas opostas, havendo depois o aparecimento de folhas alternas, não estando esta alteração na filotaxia relacionada com a indução da floração. A ocorrência da floração provoca a liberação de gemas laterais, que formam novos ramos, especialmente nas plantas sob tratamento fotoperiódico de 8 h. Após a senescência da parte aérea, ocorre nova brotação, independente do tratamento fotoperiódico aplicado, estando esse processo provavelmente mais relacionados às condições bioquímicas e fisiológicas do órgão subterrâneo de reserva do que às condições fotoperiódicas de crescimento.

Efeito do fotoperíodo no crescimento e no padrão de acúmulo de frutanos em plantas aclimatizadas de Gomphrena macrocephala St.-Hil. (Amaranthaceae)

Gomphrena macrocephala é uma espécie herbácea perene, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, que apresenta propriedades medicinais e potencial ornamental. Como outras espécies do cerrado, apresenta fases fenológicas bem definidas. A espécie tem sido estudada em função do acúmulo de carboidratos do tipo frutano em sua raiz tuberosa, cujo padrão de variação está relacionado com as fases fenológicas. O presente estudo utilizou plantas micropropagadas e aclimatizadas, com o objetivo de investigar a presença de frutanos em raízes tuberosas, além de verificar se as condições fotoperiódicas interferem no crescimento, no comportamento fenológico e no acúmulo de frutanos dessas plantas. Dias curtos (8 h) proporcionaram menor crescimento vegetativo, induziram o aparecimento de caracteres de senescência e acúmulo de polissacarídeos, como já descrito para plantas em início de dormência. Dias longos (12 e 16 h), no entanto, estimularam maior desenvolvimento da parte aérea e resultaram em menor conteúdo de frutanos, semelhante ao observado em plantas em fase de crescimento vegetativo.

Relationship between photoperiod, plasma concentration of ionic calcium and the histology of the prolactin-secreting cells of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland, the corpuscles of stannius and the ultimobranchial gland in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. /

The relationship between photoperiod, plasma concentration of ionic calcium and the histology of the prolactin-secreting cells of the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland, the Corpuscles of Stannius and the Ultimobranchial gland were investigated. Neither the plasma concentration of ionic calcium nor histologically apparent prolactin cell activity could be correlated with photoperiod. Some evidence of a photoperiodic effect on both the Corpuscles of Stannius and the Ultimobranchial gland was obtained. The expected reciprocal relationship between the activity of these glands was not obvious at the histological level . Quantitative and qualitative analysis at the light microscope level revealed, however, that the hormone prolactin-secreting eta cells of the rostral pars distalis and the hypocalcin-secreting cells of the Corpuscles of Stannius may be arranged in a lamellar pattern comprized of synchronous bands of cells in like-phase of a secretory cycle consisting of four stages - synthesis, storage, release and reorganization. Such synchronized cell cycles in these glands have not heretofore been described in literature. It is suggested that the maintenance of at least 255? of the cells in any one phase of the cycle ensures a supply of the required hormone at all times.

Influence of temperature and photoperiod upon ionic regulation in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri

Interactions of photoperiod and temperature upon waterelectrolyte balance were examined in rainbow trout acclimated to six combinations of two photoperiods {18h light: 6h dark, o 6h light: l8h dark) and three temperatures (2, 10 and 18 C). The influence of temperature and photoperiod upon plasma, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and liver levels of sodium, potassium, magnesi.um, calcium, chloride, water content, water distribution and cellular ion concentrations was determined by a one way analysis of variance. Significant (p < 0.05 or better) temperature effects at common photoperiods were observed in 70% of the analyses performed, showing no bias toward either photoperiod. Significant photoperiod effects occured in 57% of the analyses performed at common temperatures. The influence of photoperiod was most prevalent at reduced temperatures. Potassium and magnesium appeared to be particularly thermosensitive, while sodium and calcium were the most photosensitive of the electrolytes. The ionic composition of all tissues studied were relatively thermosensitive, with liver apparently being the most sensitive. On the other hand; the ionic composition of skeletal and cardiac muscle appear to be the mos.t photosensitive of the tissues examined. Water content and distribution in skeletal muscle and liver were significantly influenced by temperature in 50% of the analyses performed showing a very strong bias toward UwinterU animals. Photoperiod effects were significant in 56% of the water parameters measured with a strong bias toward the two lower temperatures. Body weight was of significant influence in 16% of the 174 analyses performed. These data are discussed in terms of the effect of temperature upon ionregulatory mechanisms and the possible impact of photoperiod variations on endocrine systems influencing water-electrolyte metabolism.

Response rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri) blood gas transport system to temperature, oxygen availability and photoperiod

Hematological status in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, was examined in relation to eight combinations of three environmental fa ctors; temperature (5°, 20°C), oxygen availability «35%, >70% saturation) and photoperiod (16L:8D, 8L:16D) and evaluated by 3-factor analysis of variance. Hemog l obin and hematocrit , indicators of oxygenc arrying capacity increased significantly at the higher temperature, following exposure to hypoxia and in relation to reduced light period. Significant variations in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not detected. The effects of temperature and oxygen availability were more pronounced than that of photoperiod which was generally masked. Although oxygen availability and photoperiod did not interact with temperature, the interaction of the former fac tors was significant. Elec trophoresis revealed twelve hemoglobin isomorphs. Relative concentration changes were found in re lation to the factors c onsidered with temperature>hypoxia>photoperiod. Howeve r , in terms of absolute concentration, effects were hypoxia>temperature>photoperiod. Photoperiod effects were again masked by temperature and (or) hypoxia. Red cell +2 l eve ls of [CI ] and [Mg ], critical elements in the hemoglobin-oxygen affinity regulating system, were also significantly altered. Red cell CI +2 was influenced only by temperature ; Mg by temper ature and oxygen. No photoperiod influence on either ions was observed. Under nominal 'summer' conditions, these changes point to the likelihood of increases in oxygen-c arrying c apac ity coupled with low Hb-02 affinity adjustments which would be expected to increase oxygen delivery rates to their more rapidly metabolising tissues.

Photoperiod-dependent plasticity of circadian pacemaker center in the brain of the Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae

To various degrees, insects in nature adapt to and live with two fundamental environmental rhythms around them: (1) the daily rhythm of light and dark, and (2) the yearly seasonal rhythm of the changing photoperiod (length of light per day). It is hypothesized that two biological clocks evolved in organisms on earth which allow them to harmonize successfully with the two environmental rhythms: (1) the circadian clock, which orchestrates circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior, and (2) the photoperiodic clock, which allows for physiological adaptations to changes in photoperiod during the course of the year (insect photoperiodism). The circadian rhythm is endogenous and continues in constant conditions, while photoperiodism requires specific light inputs of a minimal duration. Output pathways from both clocks control neurosecretory cells which regulate growth and reproduction. This dissertation focuses on the question whether different photoperiods change the network and physiology of the circadian clock of an originally equatorial cockroach species. It is assumed that photoperiod-dependent plasticity of the cockroach circadian clock allows for adaptations in physiology and behavior without the need for a separate photoperiodic clock circuit. The Madeira cockroach Rhyparobia maderae is a well established circadian clock model system. Lesion and transplantation studies identified the accessory medulla (aMe), a small neuropil with about 250 neurons, as the cockroach circadian pacemaker. Among them, the pigment-dispersing factor immunoreactive (PDF-ir) neurons anterior to the aMe (aPDFMes) play a key role as inputs to and outputs of the circadian clock system. The aim of my doctoral thesis was to examine whether and how different photoperiods modify the circadian clock system. With immunocytochemical studies, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, standardization and Ca2+-imaging technique, my studies revealed that raising cockroaches in different photoperiods changed the neuronal network of the circadian clock (Wei and Stengl, 2011). In addition, different photoperiods affected the physiology of single, isolated circadian pacemaker neurons. This thesis provides new evidence for the involvement of the circadian clock in insect photoperiodism. The data suggest that the circadian pacemaker system of the Madeira cockroach has the plasticity and potential to allow for physiological adaptations to different photoperiods. Therefore, it may express also properties of a photoperiodic clock.

Aplicação exógena de artemisinina e indução floral em Artemisia annua L.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different artemisinin concentrations in the flowering induction of A. annua. Two genotypes of A. annua (CPQBA 239x1V and 3MxPOP) were atomized with four different artemisinin concentrations (0, 500, 5000, and 10000 mg L-1). The application of artemisinin didn't induce the flowering of both genotypes tested, in none of the used concentrations.

Comportamento do papagaio-do-mangue Amazona amazonica: gregarismo, ciclos nictemerais e comunicação sonora

Neste estudo foi realizado o censo de uma população de Papagaio-do-mangue Amazona amazonica em um dormitório, a Ilha dos Papagaios, nos arredores de Belém, PA. Através das contagens verificamos que o número total de papagaios, indivíduos sozinhos, casais, trios, grupos de quatro e de cinco indivíduos apresentaram uma flutuação, indicando sazonalidade reprodutiva, que influencia no número de indivíduos através da diminuição de sua participação nos bandos que dormem na ilha durante seu período reprodutivo, já que a espécie fornece cuidados parentais aos filhotes. Em relação ao ciclo nictemeral, avaliamos a influência de fatores abióticos nos horários de deslocamentos dos indivíduos dessa população no dormitório. Estabelecemos uma forma de registrar a freqüência de sua chegada ou saída de minuto em minuto e relacionamos os dados obtidos com o horário do ocaso e da aurora. Verificamos que a porcentagem média de indivíduos que chega e sai é significativamente maior depois do ocaso e antes da aurora, respectivamente, e que as condições climatológicas adversas influenciam significativamente na movimentação diária dos papagaios, mascarando o real posicionamento do Sol, adiantando ou atrasando sua chegada e saída do dormitório. Embora os Papagaios-do-mangue sejam aves diurnas, eles se deslocam em horários de pouca luminosidade, e o fotoperiodismo é o sincronizador de suas atividades. Quanto sua comunicação sonora, registramos 9 vocalizações em seu repertório vocal durante o período reprodutivo, relacionadas a três categorias comportamentais diferentes. Verificamos ainda diferenças inter-individuais em seu chamado de contato de vôo e dialetos vocais entre as populações estudadas.

Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals

In mammals the retina contains photoactive molecules responsible for both vision and circadian photoresponse systems. Opsins, which are located in rods and cones, are the pigments for vision but it is not known whether they play a role in circadian regulation. A subset of retinal ganglion cells with direct projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are at the origin of the retinohypothalamic tract that transmits the light signal to the master circadian clock in the SCN. However, the ganglion cells are not known to contain rhodopsin or other opsins that may function as photoreceptors. We have found that the two blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochromes 1 and 2 (CRY1 and CRY2), recently discovered in mammals are specifically expressed in the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers of the mouse retina. In addition, CRY1 is expressed at high level in the SCN and oscillates in this tissue in a circadian manner. These data, in conjunction with the established role of CRY2 in photoperiodism in plants, lead us to propose that mammals have a vitamin A-based photopigment (opsin) for vision and a vitamin B2-based pigment (cryptochrome) for entrainment of the circadian clock.

Day length and crop yields /

"Issued September 1942."