The flowering plants of Africa; an analytical key to the genera of African phanerogams.

"List of principal works consulted": p. [vii]-ix.

Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns:

Mode of access: Internet.

Florística e fitossociologia da Floresta Atlântica montana no Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande, RJ

Este estudo tem por objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a flora da Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, RJ, através da avaliação florística e fitossociológica da comunidade arbustivoarbórea, com Circunferência à Altura do Peito ≥ 15,7 cm (CAP ≥ 5,0 cm) em trechos de Floresta Atlântica montana. Foram alocadas 34 parcelas retangulares e permanentes de 10x30 m, totalizando uma área amostral de 1,02 ha. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbustivoarbóreos vivos, que tiveram aferidas a circunferência do caule, estimada a altura total, altura do fuste e realizada a coleta de material botânico. A identificação dos espécimes foi realizada através da análise das estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas, comparação em herbários, consultas a literatura especializada e, quando possível, com auxílio de especialistas. O material botânico coletado está sendo incorporado à coleção do Herbário da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HRJ). Procedeu-se a avaliação do status de conservação das espécies determinadas para identificar o grau de ameaça. A estrutura da comunidade inventaria foi analisada através do pacote estatístico FITOPAC 2.1. Inventariou-se 1.847 indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos vivos, subordinados a 225 espécies ou morfo-espécies de 27 gêneros e 53 famílias botânicas. Este estudo constatou que a Ilha Grande é uma nova área de ocorrência para 53 espécies fanerogâmicas. As famílias mais abundantes foram: Myrtaceae (391 indivíduos), Rubiaceae (337), Euphorbiaceae (100), Fabaceae (84) e Sapotaceae (72). Myrtaceae (69 spp.), Rubiaceae (14), Fabaceae (13), Lauraceae e Sapotaceae (11) foram as famílias que apresentaram as maiores riquezas. O índice de diversidade de Shannon & Weaver (H) obtido foi de 4,609 nats/indvs. e o de equabilidade (J) de 0,851. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos calculados indicaram que Amaioua intermedia Mart. (5,17%), Eriotheca pentaphylla (Vell.) A. Robyns (4,84%), Qualea glaziovii Warm. (2,74%), Vochysia bifalcata Warm. (2,69%), Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng. (2,48%), Heisteria silvianii Schwacke (2,43%), Coussarea nodosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (2,38%), Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz (2,37%), Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard (2,02%) e Inga lanceifolia Benth. (1,86%) são as espécies com maiores Valores de Importância (VI). Entre as táxons inventariados foi possível identificar 69 espécies raras, representadas na comunidade por um único indivíduo, e nove espécies com problemas de conservação, dais quais Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart., Micropholis crassipedicellata (Mart. & Eichler ex Miq.) Pierre e Manilkara subsericea (Mart.) Dubard estão categorizadas como dependentes de conservação; Eugenia prasina O. Berg como vulnerável; Myrceugenia myrcioides (Cambess.) O.Berg como futuramente ameaçada de extinção; Ocotea odorifera Rohwer como ameaçada de extinção e/ou vulnerável a extinção; Pradosia kuhlmannii Toledo como ameaçada de extinção; Solanum carautae Carvalho como espécie rara e Urbanodendron bahiense (Meisn.) Rohwer em perigo de extinção. A distribuição dos indivíduos em classes diamétricas apresentou uma tendência exponencial negativa, sugerindo que a comunidade possui capacidade de autoregeneração. Os resultados da composição florística e da estrutura da vegetação montana do PEIG evidenciaram expressiva riqueza e diversidade de espécies arbóreas, cuja preservação é fundamental para o funcionamento e o equilíbrio desta formação. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica. Floresta montana. Fitossociologia. Parque Estadual da Ilha Grande.

显花植物器官形成激素调控的分子机理研究

本论文以显花植物水稻和拟南芥为对象，研究植物器官形成激素调控的分子机理。发现拟南芥干细胞决定基因WUS和ABA信号关键调节因子ABI3间存在相互调节关系，它们对质体和根毛发育等具有调控作用；运用细胞学手段对OsAGAP和OsRMC调控根发育的机理进行了研究。这些结果为了解ABA、生长素和JA等激素对分生组织或根等器官的形成的调控机理提供了新资料。 拟南芥WUS基因是一个重要的干细胞决定基因。在茎尖分生组织和花分生组织的动态平衡调节中各存在一个反馈调节环：WUS促进CLV3的表达，而CLV3 反馈抑制WUS表达，它们共同决定干细胞的数目；在WUS+LFY 和AG之间也存在一个类似的反馈环，负责花器官的正常启动和终止。本工作发现在外源ABA 存在下，拟南芥WUS功能获得突变体sef (stem ectopic flowers)子叶黄化过程受到抑制，即sef突变体对ABA 的敏感性降低，而且在sef突变体中ABI3转录水平下调，说明WUS 抑制ABI3的表达。另一方面，在abi3突变体中WUS转录水平下降，启动子分析发现WUS是ABI3所在的B3结构域家族基因的靶基因，酵母单杂交实验表明B3家族蛋白FUS3可以与WUS调控区结合；外源ABA 处理pWUS::GUS植株发现ABA可使WUS异位表达，暗示受ABA信号诱导的B3类转录因子可与WUS调控区结合，从而促进WUS的表达。这些结果支持ABI3/WUS间的反馈调节机理，该调节环可能参与调控拟南芥质体和根毛发育等过程。 双子叶和单子叶植物的发育和器官形成高度依赖生长素极性运输（PAT）， 生长素输入和输出载体的准确定位对于极性运输的正常进行是必要的。在双子叶模式植物拟南芥中，生长素输出载体PIN1的转运和定位受小G蛋白ARF鸟苷酸转换因子GNOM介导。本实验室克隆到一个水稻ARF GAPase激活蛋白OsAGAP， 其超表达引起PAT改变且干扰主根和侧根的发生及发育。前期生理实验显示超表达植株侧根的表型可被膜渗透性生长素NAA恢复，但不能被载体依赖型生长素IAA和2, 4-D恢复。为了解释OsAGAP过表达引起根系发育受到抑制的表型，本工作主要从细胞学角度继续深入分析OsAGAP介导生长素运输的机理。实验发现，OsAGAP超表达植株中AUX1在细胞中分布改变；生长素输出载体PIN1和PIN2的定位不受影响；该基因的超表达使囊泡聚集，形成类似囊泡运输抑制剂BFA处理后的结构；OsAGAP与细胞转运系统中的高尔基体存在部分共定位。以上结果表明OsAGAP调节小G蛋白Arf的活性，参与调控生长素极性运输过程，进而调控根系发育。通过对JA诱导的OsRMC蛋白的膜定位分析及转基因植株根中JA合成水平的测定，为研究此蛋白参与JA信号、调控根系发育提供了直接证据。 此外，论文还对拟南芥STAR2基因的功能进行了一定的初探。

Una metodología para el estudio de las fanerógamas marinas en Canarias

[ES]Se presenta una metodología para el estudio de las fanerógamas marinas en Canarias. Ésta se basa en la aplicación de técnicas cartográficas, mediante la utilización de la totografía aérea y de un sistema de cámara de televisión. Se explica el estudio de los principales parámetros biométricos de las plantas que sirven para la evaluación de las poblaciones.

Effects of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis, growth, and nitrogen metabolism of the seagrass Zostera noltii

Seagrass ecosystems are expected to benefit from the global increase in CO2 in the ocean because the photosynthetic rate of these plants may be Ci-limited at the current CO2 level. As well, it is expected that lower external pH will facilitate the nitrate uptake of seagrasses if nitrate is cotransported with H+ across the membrane as in terrestrial plants. Here, we investigate the effects of CO2 enrichment on both carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the seagrass Zostera noltii in a mesocosm experiment where plants were exposed for 5 months to two experimental CO2 concentrations (360 and 700 ppm). Both the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pm) and photosynthetic efficiency (a) were higher (1.3- and 4.1-fold, respectively) in plants exposed to CO2-enriched conditions. On the other hand, no significant effects of CO2 enrichment on leaf growth rates were observed, probably due to nitrogen limitation as revealed by the low nitrogen content of leaves. The leaf ammonium uptake rate and glutamine synthetase activity were not significantly affected by increased CO2 concentrations. On the other hand, the leaf nitrate uptake rate of plants exposed to CO2-enriched conditions was fourfold lower than the uptake of plants exposed to current CO2 level, suggesting that in the seagrass Z. noltii nitrate is not cotransported with H+ as in terrestrial plants. In contrast, the activity of nitrate reductase was threefold higher in plant leaves grown at high-CO2 concentrations. Our results suggest that the global effects of CO2 on seagrass production may be spatially heterogeneous and depend on the specific nitrogen availability of each system. Under a CO2 increase scenario, the natural levels of nutrients will probably become limiting for Z. noltii. This potential limitation becomes more relevant because the expected positive effect of CO2 increase on nitrate uptake rate was not confirmed.

Consumers mediate the effects of experimental ocean acidification and warming on primary producers

It is well known that ocean acidification can have profound impacts on marine organisms. However, we know little about the direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification and also how these effects interact with other features of environmental change such as warming and declining consumer pressure. In this study, we tested whether the presence of consumers (invertebrate mesograzers) influenced the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming on benthic microalgae in a seagrass community mesocosm experiment. Net effects of acidification and warming on benthic microalgal biomass and production, as assessed by analysis of variance, were relatively weak regardless of grazer presence. However, partitioning these net effects into direct and indirect effects using structural equation modeling revealed several strong relationships. In the absence of grazers, benthic microalgae were negatively and indirectly affected by sediment-associated microalgal grazers and macroalgal shading, but directly and positively affected by acidification and warming. Combining indirect and direct effects yielded no or weak net effects. In the presence of grazers, almost all direct and indirect climate effects were nonsignificant. Our analyses highlight that (i) indirect effects of climate change may be at least as strong as direct effects, (ii) grazers are crucial in mediating these effects, and (iii) effects of ocean acidification may be apparent only through indirect effects and in combination with other variables (e.g., warming). These findings highlight the importance of experimental designs and statistical analyses that allow us to separate and quantify the direct and indirect effects of multiple climate variables on natural communities.

Photosynthetic activity buffers ocean acidification in seagrass meadows

Macrophytes growing in shallow coastal zones characterised by intense metabolic activity have the capacity to modify pH within their canopy and beyond. We observed diel pH changes in shallow (5-12 m) seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows spanning 0.06 pH units in September to 0.24 units in June. The carbonate system (pH, DIC, and aragonite saturation state (omega Ar)) and O2 within the meadows displayed strong diel variability driven by primary productivity, and changes in chemistry were related to structural parameters of the meadow, in particular, the leaf surface area available for photosynthesis (LAI). LAI was positively correlated to mean, max and range pHNBS and max and range omega Ar. In June, vertical mixing (as Turbulent Kinetic Energy) influenced max and min omega Ar, while in September there was no effect of hydrodynamics on the carbonate system within the canopy. Max and range omega Ar within the meadow showed a positive trend with the calcium carbonate load of the leaves, pointing to a possible link between structural parameters, omega Ar and carbonate deposition.

Seagrass ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent

We examined the long-term effect of naturally acidified water on a Cymodocea nodosa meadow growing at a shallow volcanic CO2 vent in Vulcano Island (Italy). Seagrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats growing at a low pH station (pH = 7.65 ± 0.02) were compared with corresponding habitats at a control station (pH = 8.01 ± 0.01). Density and biomass showed a clear decreasing trend at the low pH station and the below- to above-ground biomass ratio was more than 10 times lower compared to the control. C content and delta 13C of leaves and epiphytes were significantly lower at the low pH station. Photosynthetic activity of C. nodosa was stimulated by low pH as seen by the significant increase in Chla content of leaves, maximum electron transport rate and compensation irradiance. Seagrass community metabolism was intense at the low pH station, with significantly higher net community production, respiration and gross primary production than the control community, whereas metabolism of the unvegetated community did not differ between stations. Productivity was promoted by the low pH, but this was not translated into biomass, probably due to nutrient limitation, grazing or poor environmental conditions. The results indicate that seagrass response in naturally acidified conditions is dependable upon species and geochemical characteristics of the site and highlight the need for a better understanding of complex interactions in these environments.

Ocean acidification outweighs nutrient effects in structuring seagrass epiphyte communities

1. Developing a framework for assessing interactions between multiple anthropogenic stressors remains an important goal in environmental research. In coastal ecosystems, the relative effects of aspects of global climate change (e.g. CO2 concentrations) and localized stressors (e.g. eutrophication), in combination, have received limited attention. 2. Using a long-term (11 month) field experiment, we examine how epiphyte assemblages in a tropical seagrass meadow respond to factorial manipulations of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2(aq)) and nutrient enrichment. In situ CO2(aq) manipulations were conducted using clear, open-top chambers, which replicated carbonate parameter forecasts for the year 2100. Nutrient enrichment consisted of monthly additions of slow-release fertilizer, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), to the sediments at rates equivalent to theoretical maximum rates of anthropogenic loading within the region (1.54 g N/m**2/d and 0.24 g P m**2/d). 3. Epiphyte community structure was assessed on a seasonal basis and revealed declines in the abundance of coralline algae, along with increases in filamentous algae under elevated CO2(aq). Surprisingly, nutrient enrichment had no effect on epiphyte community structure or overall epiphyte loading. Interactions between CO2(aq) and nutrient enrichment were not detected. Furthermore, CO2(aq)-mediated responses in the epiphyte community displayed strong seasonality, suggesting that climate change studies in variable environments should be conducted over extended time-scales. 4. Synthesis. The observed responses indicate that for certain locations, global stressors such as ocean acidification may take precedence over local eutrophication in altering the community structure of seagrass epiphyte assemblages. Given that nutrient-driven algal overgrowth is commonly cited as a widespread cause of seagrass decline, our findings highlight that alternate climate change forces may exert proximate control over epiphyte community structure.

Prof. Dr. Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz.

Bd. IX-XII in two parts (abt. 1-2) each.

Plantes phanérogames qui croissent naturellement aux environs de Toulon.

Mode of access: Internet.

Festschrift zur feier seines 25jährigen bestehens

Mode of access: Internet.

Enumeratio stirpium phanerogamicarum circa Hamburgum sponte crescentium /

Mode of access: Internet.