Locus de controle e comparação social na atribuição de causalidade por crianças

o presente estudo constituiu-se na primeira tentativa de aproximação das teorias de comparação social de Festinger (1954) e de aprendizagem social de Rotter (1966), também, o primeiro estudo conhecido no Brasil investigando locus de controle e comparação social com crianças. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar as hipóteses de que: (a) o locus de controle dos sujeitos, a oportunidade de comparaçao social e o resultado de desempenho (sucesso e fracasso) afetam a atribuição de causalidade ao desempenho de uma tarefa; e (b) sujeitos de locus de controle interno, quer tenham sido bem ou mal sucedidos na tarefa experimental, têm expectativas futuras mais semelhantes a seu próprio desempenho do que ao desempenho do grupo, enquanto que sujeitos de locus de controle externo, quer tenham sido bem ou mal sucedidos na tarefa experimental, têm expectativas mais semelhantes ao desempenho do grupo de pares do que ao seu próprio desempenho. As conclusões deste estudo foram: (a) a atribuição de causalidade, de acordo com a formulação de Rotter (1966), aplica-se também a brasileiros, especialmente a crianças brasileiras; (b) no desempenho bem-sucedido internos e externos não se diferenciam na assunção do crédito pessoal pelo sucesso; (c) a comparação social funciona para internos como ratificadora na situação de sucesso e modificadora na situação de fracasso do locus de controle do sujeito, e o inverso se , dá com os externos; (d) é válida a aproximação entre os construtos de locus de controle e comparação social; e (e) na previsão de resultados futuros, o papel da comparação social é de ratificacão do locus de controle.

Los circuitos de la economía urbana y la difusión de las finanzas en el territorio : Un análisis en la ciudad de Olavarría, Buenos Aires

Los procesos sociales, económicos y productivos que tienen lugar en el territorio y en las ciudades de Argentina, en el actual periodo de la globalización, pueden comprenderse a partir de la teoría de los circuitos de la economía urbana (Santos, 1975, 1979). La coexistencia de divisiones territoriales del trabajo en la ciudad explicaría la presencia de un circuito superior y un circuito inferior que, de diferentes maneras, son resultado de la modernización tecnológica y cumplen un papel importante en el proceso económico y en el proceso de organización del espacio. Se analiza el papel del sistema financiero de crédito como un vínculo de unión entre ambos circuitos. Se examinan los diferentes instrumentos financieros que posibilitan la financierización de la sociedad y el territorio, junto a los diversos efectos del crédito y del consumo en la ciudad de Olavarría

Los circuitos de la economía urbana y la difusión de las finanzas en el territorio : Un análisis en la ciudad de Olavarría, Buenos Aires

Los procesos sociales, económicos y productivos que tienen lugar en el territorio y en las ciudades de Argentina, en el actual periodo de la globalización, pueden comprenderse a partir de la teoría de los circuitos de la economía urbana (Santos, 1975, 1979). La coexistencia de divisiones territoriales del trabajo en la ciudad explicaría la presencia de un circuito superior y un circuito inferior que, de diferentes maneras, son resultado de la modernización tecnológica y cumplen un papel importante en el proceso económico y en el proceso de organización del espacio. Se analiza el papel del sistema financiero de crédito como un vínculo de unión entre ambos circuitos. Se examinan los diferentes instrumentos financieros que posibilitan la financierización de la sociedad y el territorio, junto a los diversos efectos del crédito y del consumo en la ciudad de Olavarría

Los circuitos de la economía urbana y la difusión de las finanzas en el territorio : Un análisis en la ciudad de Olavarría, Buenos Aires

Los procesos sociales, económicos y productivos que tienen lugar en el territorio y en las ciudades de Argentina, en el actual periodo de la globalización, pueden comprenderse a partir de la teoría de los circuitos de la economía urbana (Santos, 1975, 1979). La coexistencia de divisiones territoriales del trabajo en la ciudad explicaría la presencia de un circuito superior y un circuito inferior que, de diferentes maneras, son resultado de la modernización tecnológica y cumplen un papel importante en el proceso económico y en el proceso de organización del espacio. Se analiza el papel del sistema financiero de crédito como un vínculo de unión entre ambos circuitos. Se examinan los diferentes instrumentos financieros que posibilitan la financierización de la sociedad y el territorio, junto a los diversos efectos del crédito y del consumo en la ciudad de Olavarría

Preventing consumer credit over-commitment and irresponsible lending in Australia

Mirroring the trends in other developed countries, levels of household debt in Australia have risen markedly in recent years. As one example, the total amount lent by banks to individuals has risen from $175.5 billion in August 1995 to $590.5 billion in August 2005.1 Consumer groups an~ media commentators here have long raised concerns about the risks of increasing levels of household debt and over-commitment, linking these issues at least in part to irresponsible lending practices. And more recently, the Reserve Bank Governor has also expressed concerns about the ability 'of some households to manage if personal or economic circumstances change.2

Political Risk in Credit Evaluation: Empirical Studies and Survey Results

Financing trade between economic agents located in different countries is affected by many types of risks, resulting from incomplete information about the debtor, the problems of enforcing international contracts, or the prevalence of political and financial crises. Trade is important for economic development and the availability of trade finance is essential, especially for developing countries. Relatively few studies treat the topic of political risk, particularly in the context of international lending. This thesis explores new ground to identify links between political risk and international debt defaults. The core hypothesis of the study is that the default probability of debt increases with increasing political risk in the country of the borrower. The thesis consists of three essays that support the hypothesis from different angles of the credit evaluation process. The first essay takes the point of view of an international lender assessing the credit risk of a public borrower. The second investigates creditworthiness assessment of companies. The obtained results are substantiated in the third essay that deals with an extensive political risk survey among finance professionals in developing countries. The financial instruments of core interest are export credit guaranteed debt initiated between the Export Credit Agency of Finland and buyers in 145 countries between 1975 and 2006. Default events of the foreign credit counterparts are conditioned on country-specific macroeconomic variables, corporate-specific accounting information as well as political risk indicators from various international sources. Essay 1 examines debt issued to government controlled institutions and conditions public default events on traditional macroeconomic fundamentals, in addition to selected political and institutional risk factors. Confirming previous research, the study finds country indebtedness and the GDP growth rate to be significant indicators of public default. Further, it is shown that public defaults respond to various political risk factors. However, the impact of the risk varies between countries at different stages of economic development. Essay 2 proceeds by investigating political risk factors as conveivable drivers of corporate default and uses traditional accounting variables together with new political risk indicators in the credit evaluation of private debtors. The study finds links between corporate default and leverage, as well as between corporate default and the general investment climate and measeures of conflict in the debtor country. Essay 3 concludes the thesis by offering survey evidence on the impact of political risk on debt default, as perceived and experienced by 103 finance professionals in 38 developing countries. Taken together, the results of the thesis suggest that various forms of political risk are associated with international debt defaults and continue to pose great concerns for both international creditors and borrowers in developing countries. The study provides new insights on the importance of variable selection in country risk analysis, and shows how political risk is actually perceived and experienced in the riskier, often lower income countries of the global economy.

Credit and community: working class debt in the UK since 1880

This book examines credit in working class communities since 1880, focusing on forms of borrowing that were dependent on personal relationships and social networks. It provides an extended historical discussion of credit unions, legal and illegal moneylenders (loan sharks), and looks at the concept of ‘financial exclusion’. Initially, the book focuses on the history of tallymen, check traders, and their eventual movement into moneylending following the loss of their more affluent customers, due to increased spending power and an increasingly liberalized credit market. They also faced growing competition from mail order companies operating through networks of female agents, whose success owed much to the reciprocal cultural and economic conventions that lay at the heart of traditional working class credit relationships. Discussion of these forms of credit is related to theoretical debates about cultural aspects of credit exchange that ensured the continuing success of such forms of lending, despite persistent controversies about their use. The book contrasts commercial forms of credit with formal and informal co-operative alternatives, such as the mutuality clubs operated by co-operative retailers and credit unions. It charts the impact of post-war immigration upon credit patterns, particularly in relation to the migrant (Irish and Caribbean) origins of many credit unions and explains the relative lack of success of the credit union movement. The book contributes to anti-debt debates by exploring the historical difficulties of developing legislation in relation to the millions of borrowers who have patronized what has come to be termed the sub-prime sector.

Irresponsible Lending?: A Case Study of a U.K. Credit Industry Reform Initiative

There are major concerns about the level of personal borrowing, particularly sourced from credit cards. This paper charts the progress of an initiative to create a Responsible Lending Index (RLI) for the credit industry. The RLI proposed to voluntarily benchmark lending standards and promote best practice within the credit industry by involving suppliers of credit, customer representatives and regulators. However, despite initial support from some banks, consumer bodies and the Chair of the Treasury Select Committee, it failed to gain sufficient support from financial institutions in its original format. The primary reasons for this were related to the complexity of building such a robust index and the banks trade body’s fear of exposing its members to public scrutiny. A revised alternative, the Responsible Lending Initiative, was proposed which took into account these concerns. However, the Association of Payment Clearing Service (APACS), the trade body of the credit industry, then effectively destroyed the proposal. This article describes an attempt to address the challenges in the credit card industry with the initiation of the RLI, reflected in stakeholder discourse and in the context of a wider concern expressed by the involved stakeholders in terms of the need for greater responsibility in the banking industry’s lending practices.

“Documentary Credit Law : An Indian Perspective"

This is a study in international trade law. Documentary credits are the most common method of payment for goods in international trade. In India also these instruments are used both in national and international trade. The law governing these transactions remains haphazard. This study identifies the deficiencies in the regulatory framework for documentary credits in India. It primarily focuses on those areas which exhibits a lack of equality and justice in its operation. An attempt has also been made to identify the rights and duties of parties involved in the transaction. The reasons for the increase of fraudulent activities associated with the documents executed in the documentary credit transactions are also examined. How far the law in India is sufficient to ensure fair business practice in international trade financing is also examined. Methodology adopted for the study is analytical. The statutory provisions, rules and case laws under these provisions have been examined. An empirical study by personal interview with the bankers is also made to ascertain the practice of bankers in India.

Plan de negocio para la comercialización de un producto innovador de cuidado personal en el mercado colombiano

Las relaciones comerciales entre países del mundo han venido aumentando recientemente, mejorando a través de tratados y acuerdos, entre estos países. China ha sido una potencia económica fuerte en sus relaciones comerciales y de negocios establecidos con países del mundo. En lo que a Colombia se refiere, se han venido planteando posibles negociaciones para el logro de acuerdos en un futuro cercano que permitan un intercambio libre de productos y servicios. Aprovechando las relaciones entre estos países surge la idea de un negocio para la importación de un producto chino novedoso orientado al sector de belleza en Colombia. Este producto es un aparato electrotérmico inalámbrico, el cual aun no existe en el mercado colombiano, razón por la cual podría tener una muy buena aceptación por parte de la mujer colombiana, pues es un producto que le permitirá ahorrar tiempo y eliminar la dependencia al uso de una toma corriente para utilizar este aparato electrotérmico. Para evaluar la factibilidad de negocio, se realizo un estudio de mercado del cual se obtuvieron buenos resultados, pues un porcentaje alto aceptaron que comprarían este producto al precio que esta dentro del rango del precio de venta en Colombia. Se estudiaron también las inversiones necesarias para iniciar el negocio y los costos de funcionamiento de este. Se realizo una proyección a cinco años del funcionamiento del negocio, y los resultados de este fueron que la empresa siempre tendrá liquidez para solventarse en el transcurso de estos cinco años. Para realizar la inversión inicial del negocio se requiere capital de los socios y obtención de un crédito por parte de estos. Un crédito que será pagado en su totalidad en el tercer año. Se realizo el cálculo del costo de venta del producto para determinar su precio final el cual, no resultó mayor al promedio de los aparatos electrotérmicos actuales del mercado con el valor agregado que el producto que se pretende importar es inalámbrico. Lo anterior es una ventaja del producto del mercado, junto con la garantía y calidad que se pretende tener en este producto. Dado que el negocio el viable, según lo descrito anteriormente, se investigaron los papeles y costos necesarios en cámara y comercio para la constitución de una empresa.

Credit borrowing constraints in a DSGE framework: income vs. housing

Credit market in Brazil distinguishes from advanced economies in many aspects. One of them is related to collaterals for households borrowing. This work proposes a DSGE framework, based on Gerali et al.(2010), to analyse one pecularity of Brazillian credit market: payroll-deducted personal loans. To original model, we added the possibility to households contract long term debt and compare to differents types of credit constrains: one based on housing and other based on future income. We callibrate and estimate the model to Brazil, using Bayesian technique. Results show that, in a economy where credit constraints are based on income, responses to shocks appear to be stronger, at first, but dissipate faster. This occurs because income responds quickly to shock than housing prices, so does amount available to loans. In order to smooth consumption, agents compensate lower income and borrowing by increasing working hours, restoring loans and debt in a shorter time.