Verbael gehouden door de Heeren H. van Beverningk, W. Nieupoort, J. van de Perre, en A.P. Jongestal, als gedeputeerden ... van de heeren Staeten generael der Vereenigde Nederlanden, aen de republyck van Engelandt.

Mode of access: Internet.

Jean Perréal dit Jean de Paris : peintre de Charles VIII, de Louis XII et de François Ier /

Includes bibliographical references.

Changes in wood-water relationship due to heat treatment assessed on micro-samples of three Eucalyptus species

Wood-water relationship of untreated and heat-treated wood was studied. Specimens of Eucalyptus grandis, E saligna, and E citriodora were submitted to five conditions of heat treatment: 180 degrees C and 220 degrees C with air; 220 degrees C, 250 degrees C, and 280 degrees C with N(2). The wood-water relationships were accurately studied in a special device, in which the moisture content (MC) of the sample was measured with a highly sensitive electronic microbalance placed in a climatic chamber. The dimensions of the sample were collected continuously without contact by means of two high-speed laser scan micrometers. Sorption curves and shrinkage-MC relationships were observed. To study the effects of heat treatment, the following parameters were also determined: fiber saturation point (FPS), wood anisotropy (T/R ratio), shrinkage slope, reduction in hygroscopicity, and anti-shrink efficiency (ASE). The physical properties were significantly affected only at 220 degrees C and above. At heat temperature levels higher than 220 degrees C, the reduction in hygroscopicity and ASE are higher than 40% and continue to be reduced with increasing temperature level. This work also demonstrates that heat treatment does not change the slope of the curves shrinkage vs. MC, proving that heat treatment affects the domain of alterations in wood properties, but not the behavior within this domain.

Alterations in energy properties of eucalyptus wood and bark subjected to torrefaction: The potential of mass loss as a synthetic indicator

Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process (usually up to 300 degrees C) that changes the chemical and physical properties of biomass. This process is a possible pre-treatment prior to further processes (transport, grinding, combustion, gasification, etc) to generate energy or biofuels. In this study, three eucalyptus wood species and bark were subjected to different torrefaction conditions to determine the alterations in their structural and energy properties. The most severe treatment (280 degrees C, 5 h) causes mass losses of more than 35%, with severe damage to anatomical structure, and an increase of about 27% in the specific energy content. Bark is more sensitive to heat than wood. Energy yields are always higher than mass yields, thereby demonstrating the benefits of torrefaction in concentrating biomass energy. The overall mass loss is proposed as a relevant parameter to synthesize the effect of torrefaction conditions (temperature and duration). Accordingly, all results are summarised by analytical expressions able to predict the energy properties as a function of the overall mass loss. These expressions are intended to be used in any optimization procedure, from production in the field to the final use. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The dynamic of shrinkage/moisture content behavior determined during drying of microsamples for different kinds of wood

This article presents the results obtained from an experimental device designed for the accurate determination of wood/water relationship on microsamples. The moisture content of the sample is measured with a highly sensitive electronic microbalance and two dimensions of the sample are collected continuously without contact using high-speed laser scan micrometers. The whole device is placed in a climatic chamber. The microsamples investigated were prepared with a diamond wire saw. The unique ability of this device to work with small samples allowed normal, opposite, and reaction wood to be characterized separately. Experiments were carried out on three wood species (beech, spruce, and poplar). In the case of beech, a deviation from the linear relation between tangential shrinkage and moisture content between 40 and 20% is particularly noticeable for the first desorption. A localized collapse of ray cells could explain this result. Compared to normal wood, an important longitudinal shrinkage and a low tangential shrinkage were observed in compression wood of spruce. Both the tension wood and opposite wood of poplar exhibit a high longitudinal shrinkage, but no significant difference between the three types of wood is noticeable in the tangential direction.

Multiphase flow in the vascular system of wood: From microscopic exploration to 3-D Lattice Boltzmann experiments

This paper provides insights into liquid free water dynamics in wood vessels based on Lattice Boltzmann experiments. The anatomy of real wood samples was reconstructed from systematic 3-D analyses of the vessel contours derived from successive microscopic images. This virtual vascular system was then used to supply fluid-solid boundary conditions to a two-phase Lattice Boltzmann scheme and investigate capillary invasion of this hydrophilic porous medium. Behavior of the liquid phase was strongly dependent on anatomical features, especially vessel bifurcations and reconnections. Various parameters were examined in numerical experiments with ideal vessel bifurcations, to clarify our interpretation of these features. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NMR imaging of fluid pathways during drainage of softwood in a pressure membrane chamber

An experiment was implemented to study fluid flow in a pressure media. This procedure successfully combines nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with a pressure membrane chamber in order to visualize the non-wetting and wetting fluid flows with controlled boundary conditions. A specially designed pressure membrane chamber, made of non-magnetic materials and able to withstand 4 MPa, was designed and built for this purpose. These two techniques were applied to the drainage of Douglas fir sapwood. In the study of the longitudinal flow, narrow drainage fingers are formed in the latewood zones. They follow the longitudinal direction of wood and spread throughout the sample length. These fingers then enlarge in the cross-section plane and coalesce until drainage reaches the whole latewood part. At the end of the experiments, when the drainage of liquid water in latewood is completed, just a few sites of percolation appear in earlywood zones. This difference is a result of the wood anatomical structure, where pits, the apertures that allow the sap to flow between wood cells, are more easily aspirated in earlywood than in latewood. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Avaliação da caracterização de lesões em mamografia com recurso a sistemas CAD (Diagnóstico Assistido por Computador)

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde. Área de especialização: Imagem Digital com Radiação X.

Avaliação da caracterização de lesões em mamografia com recurso a sistemas CAD (Computer-Aided Diagnosis)

Os sistemas Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) auxiliam a deteção e diferenciação de lesões benignas e malignas, aumentando a performance no diagnóstico do cancro da mama. As lesões da mama estão fortemente correlacionadas com a forma do contorno: lesões benignas apresentam contornos regulares, enquanto as lesões malignas tendem a apresentar contornos irregulares. Desta forma, a utilização de medidas quantitativas, como a dimensão fractal (DF), pode ajudar na caracterização dos contornos regulares ou irregulares de uma lesão. O principal objetivo deste estudo é verificar se a utilização concomitante de 2 (ou mais) medidas de DF – uma tradicionalmente utilizada, a qual foi designada por “DF de contorno”; outra proposta por nós, designada por “DF de área” – e ainda 3 medidas obtidas a partir destas, por operações de dilatação/erosão e por normalização de uma das medidas anteriores, melhoram a capacidade de caracterização de acordo com a escala BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) e o tipo de lesão. As medidas de DF (DF contorno e DF área) foram calculadas através da aplicação do método box-counting, diretamente em imagens de lesões segmentadas e após a aplicação de um algoritmo de dilatação/erosão. A última medida baseia-se na diferença normalizada entre as duas medidas DF de área antes e após a aplicação do algoritmo de dilatação/erosão. Os resultados demonstram que a medida DF de contorno é uma ferramenta útil na diferenciação de lesões, de acordo com a escala BIRADS e o tipo de lesão; no entanto, em algumas situações, ocorrem alguns erros. O uso combinado desta medida com as quatro medidas propostas pode melhorar a classificação das lesões.

Cambios en el estado ecologico de tres rios producidos por el vertido de depuradoras

En el marco del proyecto Sostaqua se ha llevado a cabo la evaluación del efecto de las aguas residuales tratadas en tres depuradoras (dos en la provincia de Barcelona y una en Andorra), sobre la comunidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos. En cada una de ellas se evaluó mensualmente el estado ecológico aguas arriba y aguas abajo del punto de vertido, utilizando varios índices biológicos. Mientras que en el río de andorra no se observó un efecto sobre los índices biológicos, en los ríos de la provincia de Barcelona (ríos ya perturbados y con una menor disolución del vertido) el efecto fue importante.

Recueil de documents concernant Chartres, Courbeville, St-Jean en Vallée, les monnaies sous Philippe le Bel de 1294 à 1307. Copies.

Contient : 1 « Ce est la chartre de la franchise de la cité de Chartres, donnée et otroiée de très excellent et puissant prince monseigneur Charles, filz de roy de France ». Acte de CHARLES, comte DE VALOIS, d'Alençon, de Chartres et d'Anjou, frère de Philippe le Bel, souscrit par sa femme MARGUERITE d'ANJOU, à Paris, en mars 1296-1297, et vidimé par le châtelain de Chartres, le mercredi 23 novembre, jour de St-Clément 1306 ; 2 « Ce est la franchise de la terre dou prieuré de Courbeville et de la joustice doudit prieuré que il ont à Courbeville et illeiq environ ». Acte de « GUILLEAUME DE VIEZPONT, escuier, seigneur de Courbeville », vidimé par PHILIPPE, roi de France, et par MICHEL DE BRAY, bailli de Chartres. La fin manque et par conséquent la date ; 3 « Acte par lequel JEAN DE CHATILLON, comte DE BLOIS et de Chartres, confirme et ratifie la composition accordée entre Mathilde, comtesse de Chartres et dame d'Amboise, et les religieux de St-Jean en Vallée de Chartres. Mars 1265-1266. Vidimé en 1294, le jeudi 9 septembre. En latin ; 4 « Ce est la composicion faite entre très haut et très noble prince monseigneur Charles, filz de roy de France, comte de Chartres, d'une part, et honorables hommes le doen et le chapitre de Chartres, d'autre part ». Chartres, le lundi après la fête St-Mathieu, 26 septembre 1306 ; 5 « Ce est le tencrist de la chartre des franchises aus bourgois de la rivière de Chartres ». Acte de JEAN DE CHATILLON, comte DE BLOIS et sire d'Avesnes. Avril 1268. Vidimé en 1278, « le vendredi après la St-Pierre aus Chevalier » (sic), par GUILLAUME DE St-MESMIN, châtelain de Chartres ; 6 « C'est le tencrist de la chartre des ordenances de la cendre et des dras as bourgois de la rivière de Chartres ». Acte de JEAN DE CHATILLON, comte DE BLOIS et sire d'Avesnes. 1268 en avril ; 7 « C'est le tencrist de la chartre de l'ordenance aus arçonneurs ». Acte de THIBAUT IV, comte DE BLOIS et de Clermont. Août 1214. En latin ; 8 « C'est l'ordenance aus marcheanz de Chartres alanz aus foires, et dou pois de la cendre ». Acte du même comte. Chartres, octobre 1214. En latin ; 9 « C'est l'ordenance des bourgois de la rivière et des dras ». Acte de JEAN, comte DE CHARTRES et seigneur d'Oisy. Mai 1222. En latin ; 10 « C'est le tencrist de la chartre de la mautoste ». Acte, en latin, du même comte. Chartres, janvier 1222-1223 ; 11 « C'est le tencrist de la chartre de la meison de Saint-Cristoffle ». Acte de JEAN « DE ALUYA, dominus Castellorum et Sancti Christofori ». Mai 1225. En latin ; 12 « Item. De la maison de Saint Christoffle ». Acte qui semble être un double du précédent. Mai 1205 (sic). En latin ; 13 « C'est l'ordenance et le tencrist de la chartre de la perrée aus marcheanz qui marchandent en la perrée de Chartres ». Acte de THIBAUT IV, comte DE BLOIS et de Clermont. Janvier 1213-1214. En latin ; 14 « Item. De la maison St-Cristoffle ». Acte de JEAN « DE ALEIA, dominus Castellorum et Sancti Cristofori », accordant aux marchands de draps de Chartres huit toises et demie pour l'augmentation de leur maison en largeur, moyennant 40 sous de cens annuel. Août 1235. En latin ; 15 « C'est le jugement que JEHAN LE BURELIER » chatelain de Chartres, « donna contre Jehan de S. Paier, bourgois d'Orliens ». Il déclare confisqués au profit du comte de Chartres les « aignelins » que ledit bourgeois d'Orléans avait apportés à Chartres ou fait apporter pour les faire teindre. Août 1268 ; 16 « Ce est le jugement que Guillaume de St-Mesmin », châtelain de Chartres, « fist contre Guillaume dou Coing, qui tenait les « molins foulerez ». Il le condamne à rendre à « Jourdain Des Autiex » une pièce de draps perdue. Le samedi après les Brandons, 16 mars 1279-1280 ; 17-19 Ordonnances de PHILIPPE LE BEL sur la valeur des monnaies ; 17 Adressée au sénéchal de Saintonge. Mesy, 4 décembre 1306 ; 18 Adressée « à touz jousticiers » du royaume. Paris, le lundi après la Circoncision N. S. 3 janvier 1306-1307 ; 19 Adressée à tous. Paris, le jeudi après les Brandons, 16 fevrier 1306-7 ; 20 « C'est le pris que le marc d'argent a valu depuis que les tornois doubles et les parisis furent fez ». De la veille de Pâques, 2 avril 1294-1295 au jour de Pâques, 18 avril 1305

L'imitation de Jesus-Christ : traduction nouuelle ... /

Mode of access: Internet.