En quête de Perceval. Étude sur un mythe littéraire

Après avoir proposé une définition opératoire du mythe littéraire, et suggéré, sous l'étiquette de « mytholectures », un mode d'approche de cet objet, le travail se subdivise en deux grandes parties.La première, diachronique, cherche à sonder le devenir historique du mythe de Perceval, de Chrétien de Troyes à nos jours ; il s'agit essentiellement d'observer comment la valeur et le sens du mythe se sont élaborés progressivement au fil de ses reprises - comment chaque période, chaque auteur a rencontré le mythe sous un rapport singulier, susceptible de lui fournir un « miroir » qui reflète certaines de ses préoccupations et lui permette, parallèlement, de configurer son expérience du monde. Les principales étapes de ce parcours (qui touche à environ quatre-vingts auteurs) sont Richard Wagner et Julien Gracq.La seconde partie propose deux approches thématiques du mythe de Perceval : l'une d'elles est centrée sur la problématique familiale et les enjeux relationnels qui, de reprise en reprise, ne cessent d'être réinterprétés sous divers angles (dont Oedipe, cet « anti-Perceval », n'est jamais très loin). L'autre axe thématique s'intéresse à la propension marquée du mythe de Perceval à fonctionner comme modèle des deux pôles de l'activité littéraire que sont la lecture (quête de sens) et l'écriture (quête poétique) : divers « arts poétiques percevaliens » (de Wagner à Perec, en passant par Proust ou Handke) closent ainsi le parcours.

[Illustrations de Très plaisante et très récréative hystoire du très preulx et vaillant chevalier Perceval Le Galloys, jadis chevalier de la Table ronde] / [Non identifié] ; Chrétien de Troyes, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Frontispice : éléments d'architecture, faunes, putti et griffons.] [Cote : Res Y2 74/Microfilm R 122300] ; [pl. en reg. folio ai : le chevalier Perceval le Gallois sur son cheval.] [Cote : Res Y2 74/Microfilm R 122300] ; [Fig. folio ai : l'auteur, Chrétien de Troyes, dans son studiolo de travail.] [Cote : Res Y2 74/Microfilm R 122300]

Symbolein rakennettu ritarius Chrétien de Troyes’n Lancelot, Yvain ja Perceval -teoksien nimikkosymbolit ideaalin ritariuden kuvaajina

Tutkielmani käsittelee Chrétien de Troyes’n Lancelot, Yvain ja Perceval -romanssien nimikkosymboleita. Tutkin miten hän rakentaa symboleiden avulla kuvaa ihanteellisesta ritarista 1100-luvun loppupuolen kulttuurisessa kontekstissa. Lähdeaineistona olen käyttänyt P BnF fr. 794 -käsikirjoituksen pohjalta laadittuja transkriptioita. Tutkin kontekstia, jossa nimikkosymbolit tulevat esille, sillä symbolit eivät toimi yksinään, vaan saavat merkityksensä vasta suhteessa muihin symboleihin. Havaitsin, että symboleiden konteksti määrittää ja ennakoi symboleiden välittämää viestiä. Muut symbolit voivat toimia vastakohtana nimikkosymbolille tai tukea sen merkitystä. Nimikkosymbolit sijoittuvat eri kohtiin juonessa. Lancelotissa kärryt suuntaavat heti alussa romanssin juonta tiettyyn suuntaan, kun taas Yvainissä leijona tulee esille vasta teoksen puolessa välissä ohjaten juonta uudelleen. Percevalissa Graalin kulkue taas on sankarin initiaatiopolun kulminaatiopiste. Havaitsin nimikkosymbolien viestivän ihanteellisen ritariuteen liittyviä uskonnollisia arvoja ja hyveitä. Lancelotin kärryt vertautuivat Kristuksen ristiin tehden Lancelotista nöyryyden esikuvan. Yvainissä leijona symboloi ritariutta ja sen hyveitä, kuten rohkeutta, hyvyyttä ja jaloutta, jotka Yvain valitsee itsekkyyden asemasta. Percevalissa Graalin kulkueessa kannettu verta valuva keihäs tarkoittaa Percevalin syyllisyyttä, jota hän ritarina ja väkivallan ammattilaisena kantaa. Graalin maljan tulkitsen tarkoittavan jumalallista armoa, anteeksiantoa ja lähimmäisenrakkautta, jotka hillitsevät väkivaltaa. Chrétien de Troyes asettaa Kristuksen kaltaisuuden ja hyveet ritareiden päämääräksi. Kärryjen häpeä varjostaa Lancelotia, mutta hän osoittaa olevansa täydellinen, nöyrä ritari. Lancelot asetetaan Kristuksen kaltaisena pelastajana esikuvaksi ritareille. Leijona symboloi Yvainin loppuosan taisteluissa Jumalan apua oikeuden puolesta taistelevalle ritarille, mutta myös täydellistä ritariutta, johon Yvain pyrkii. Graalin salaisuus aukeaa Percevalissa tarkoituksellisesti hitaasti. Näin lukija joutuu pohtimaan sen mysteeriä ja käymään Percevalin kanssa saman matkan tietämättömyydestä ymmärrykseen. Vasta tarinan lopussa paljastuu, että Graal on hengellinen esine. Tulkitsen Graalin ja verta valuvan keihään symboloivan hengellistä todellisuutta. Chrétien de Troyes asettaa siis kaikissa kolmessa romanssissa aikansa ritareille hengellisen päämäärän ja ihanteen.

Une femme dangereuse / L. Desnoyers et V. Perceval

Collection : Le Siècle ; XXXIX

Die Chrétien- und Wolfram-Überlieferung des Perceval-/Parzival-Romans und ihre textkritische Erschließung

This paper discusses the manuscript transmission of Chrétien’s Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graal and Wolfram’s Parzival in terms of their textual tradition and editorial criticism. It shows that the most recent edition of the Old French Perceval (K. Busby 1993) can be viewed as a landmark of the art of conventional editing that appeared at the peak of the discussion of ‘New Philology’ and took its own position in this context. At the same time, the Perceval was subject of critical studies based on the principle of ‘unrooted trees’ that questioned the genealogical concept of traditional ‘Lachmannian’ stemmatology. Conversely, a new edition of Wolfram’s Parzival, based on all known manuscripts, remained a desideratum for decades in German studies. Specific research on the textual tradition played a rather marginal role for a long time, but has been reinforced in the recent years in the context of a new critical edition presenting the totality of manuscripts as well as different textual versions in electronic form. The concept of ‘unrooted trees’ visualizing relationships of manuscript readings can be integrated in this concept. The article gives an overview of these methods, presents examples of editorial techniques, and develops ideas on how to combine the research on the manuscript tradition of both the German text and its French counterpart.

Chrétiens ›Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graal‹ und Wolframs ›Parzival‹. Ihre Überlieferung und textkritische Erschließung

This article discusses the manuscript transmission of Chrétien’s Roman de Perceval ou le Conte du Graal and Wolfram’s Parzival in terms of their textual tradition and editorial criticism. It shows that the most recent edition of the Old French Perceval (K. Busby 1993) can be viewed as a landmark of the art of conventional editing that appeared at the peak of the discussion of ‘New Philology’ and took its own position in this context. At the same time, the Perceval was subject of critical studies based on the principle of ‘unrooted trees’ that questioned the genealogical concept of traditional ‘Lachmannian’ stemmatology. Conversely, a new edition of Wolfram’s Parzival, based on all known manuscripts, remained a desideratum for decades in German studies. Specific research on the textual tradition played a rather marginal role for a long time, but has been reinforced in the recent years in the context of a new critical edition presenting the totality of manuscripts as well as different textual versions in electronic form. The concept of ‘unrooted trees’ visualizing relationships of manuscript readings can be integrated in this concept. The article gives an overview of these methods, presents examples of editorial techniques, and develops ideas on how to combine the research on the manuscript tradition of both the German text and its French counterpart.

Aortic valve replacement and concomitant procedures with the Perceval valve: results of European trials.

BACKGROUND The Perceval (Sorin Group, Milan, Italy) is a self-anchoring sutureless aortic valve prosthesis. We report the short- to midterm results of combined aortic valve replacement (AVR) with concomitant procedures in elderly patients undergoing operation as part of 3 consecutive prospective multicenter European studies. METHODS From April 2007 to February 2013, 243 patients (mean age, 79.7 ± 5.1 years; female patients, 61%; median EuroSCORE, 9%) underwent AVR with concomitant procedures. The concomitant procedures were coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (182 cases), septal myectomy (21 cases), CABG + other procedures (18 cases), and 22 other procedures. Primary and secondary end points included implant feasibility and safety (for mortality and morbidity) and efficacy (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class improvement and hemodynamic results) of the prosthesis at the different follow-up periods. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed for survival analysis. RESULTS Mean aortic cross-clamp and extracorporeal circulation (ECC) times were 50.7 ± 22.8 minutes and 78.9 ± 32.3 minutes, respectively. Thirty-day mortality was 2.1%. Mean postoperative gradient and effective orifice area were 10.1 ± 4.7 mm Hg and 1.5 ± 0.4 cm(2) and 8.9 ± 5.6 mm Hg and 1.6 ± 0.4 cm(2), respectively, at 1 year. There were early explantations, 4 of which resulted from paravalvular leaks. One additional valve explantation resulted from aortic root bleeding, probably caused by excessively extensive decalcification. In the late period, there was 1 mild paravalvular leak and no intravalvular insufficiency. No migration, dislodgement, or degeneration of the valve occurred during follow-up. Median follow-up was 444 days. CONCLUSIONS These trials confirm the safety and efficacy of the Perceval sutureless aortic valve, especially in elderly patients requiring AVR + concomitant procedures. In this patient group, sutureless valves may be advantageous compared to transcatheter valve implantations as concomitant procedures other than percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty are not always possible in the latter.

Clinical and haemodynamic outcomes in 658 patients receiving the Perceval sutureless aortic valve: early results from a prospective European multicentre study (the Cavalier Trial)†.

OBJECTIVES The aim of the Cavalier trial was to evaluate the safety and performance of the Perceval sutureless aortic valve in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). We report the 30-day clinical and haemodynamic outcomes from the largest study cohort with a sutureless valve. METHODS From February 2010 to September 2013, 658 consecutive patients (mean age 77.8 years; 64.4% females; mean logistic EuroSCORE 10.2%) underwent AVR in 25 European Centres. Isolated AVRs were performed in 451 (68.5%) patients with a less invasive approach in 219 (33.3%) cases. Of the total, 40.0% were octogenarians. Congenital bicuspid aortic valve was considered an exclusion criterion. RESULTS Implantation was successful in 628 patients (95.4%). In isolated AVR through sternotomy, the mean cross-clamp time and the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time were 32.6 and 53.7 min, and with the less invasive approach 38.8 and 64.5 min, respectively. The 30-day overall and valve-related mortality rates were 3.7 and 0.5%, respectively. Valve explants, stroke and endocarditis occurred in 0.6, 2.1 and in 0.1% of cases, respectively. Preoperative mean and peak pressure gradients decreased from 44.8 and 73.24 mmHg to 10.24 and 19.27 mmHg at discharge, respectively. The mean effective orifice area improved from 0.72 to 1.46 cm(2). CONCLUSIONS The current 30-day results show that the Perceval valve is safe (favourable haemodynamic effect and low complication rate), and can be implanted with a fast and reproducible technique after a short learning period. Short cross-clamp and CPB times were achieved in both isolated and combined procedures. The Perceval valve represents a promising alternative to biological AVR, especially with a less invasive approach and in older patients.

European multicentre experience with the sutureless Perceval valve: clinical and haemodynamic outcomes up to 5 years in over 700 patients†.

OBJECTIVES This report summarizes the 5-year clinical and haemodynamic data from three prospective, European multicentre trials with the Perceval sutureless aortic valve. METHODS From April 2007 to August 2012, 731 consecutive patients (mean age: 78.5 years; 68.1% females; mean logistic EuroSCORE 10.9%) underwent AVR with the Perceval valve in 25 European centres. Isolated AVR was performed in 498 (68.1%) patients. A minimally invasive approach was performed in 189 (25.9%) cases. The cumulative follow-up was 729 patients-years. RESULTS In isolated AVR, mean cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 30.8 and 50.8 min in full sternotomy, and 37.6 and 64.4 min in the minimally invasive approach, respectively. Early cardiac-related deaths occurred in 1.9%. Overall survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 92.1 and 74.7%, respectively. Major paravalvular leak occurred in 1.4% and 1% at early and late follow-up, respectively. Significant improvement in clinical status was observed postoperatively in the majority of patients. Mean and peak gradients decreased from 42.9 and 74.0 mmHg preoperatively, to 7.8 and 16 mmHg at the 3-year follow-up. LV mass decreased from 254.5 to 177.4 g at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS This European multicentre experience, with the largest cohort of patients with sutureless valves to date, shows excellent clinical and haemodynamic results that remain stable even up to the 5-year follow-up. Even in this elderly patient cohort with 40% octogenarians, both early and late mortality rates were very low. There were no valve migrations, structural valve degeneration or valve thrombosis in the follow-up. The sutureless technique is a promising alternative to biological aortic valve replacement.

La impronta de un maestro : homenaje a Julio Perceval

La historia de la música de Mendoza durante el siglo XX está marcada por la figura y la obra de Julio Perceval. Estas líneas tratan de evocar al director y organizador del Conservatorio de Música, al notable organista e improvisador y al destacado compositor. Para la elaboración de las mismas se ha contado con la valiosa colaboración de la esposa del maestro, señora Alejandrina Suárez de Perceval, con datos obtenidos de distintas fuentes del país y del extranjero y con testimonios aportados por amigos, profesores y colegas músicos en la década del 80.