Biomolecules produced in liquid-state fermentation by a marine-derived fungus, Penicillium roqueforti

Screening of biomass of a new marine-derived strain of Penicillium roqueforti, as produced by liquid-state fermentation, led to the identification of several volatile organic compounds active in the fatty acid pathway as well as fragments produced by their catabolism, terpenoids, and metabolites from the shikimic acid pathway. In addition, five non-volatile organic compounds, triolein, ergosterol peroxide, 9(11)-dehydroergosterol peroxide, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and d-mannitol, were isolated and identified by spectroscopy. The results showed that this fungal strain did not produce any mycotoxin in the culture conditions applied, and thus is useful for industrial applications, where high value-added biomolecules are generated.

Productos naturales de Schizochytrium aggregatum, Paecilomyces variotii y Penicillium roqueforti, hongos de interés acuícola

[ES]El estudio químico de un organismo, y la elucidación de las estructuras moleculares de sus componentes, puede dar lugar a descubrimientos que aconsejen una posterior producción industrial del mismo. Con este propósito, se seleccionaron tres microorganismos para ser investigadas químicamente, siendo estos: un hongo zoospórico, Schizochytrium aggregatum, y dos hifomicetos, Paecilomyces variotii y Penicillium roqueforti, estos últimos fueron aislados del medio marino del litoral canario. Los resultados demuestran que los tres hongos estudiados no son, en nuestras condiciones de cultivo, productores de micotoxinas; al contrario, producen importantes componentes nutricionales, lo cual supone que se pueden utilizar directamente para la nutrición animal en acuicultura. Por otra parte, también se pueden usar para producir industrialmente productos de alto valor añadido como oleína, peróxido de ergosterol, (9,11)-dehidroperóxido del ergosterol, p-hidroxi-benzaldehido, D- (-)-manitol y 2-deoxi-2-fosfamino-?-D-glucopyranosa. Esta última es nueva en la bibliografía

Approach to designing rotating drum bioreactors for solid-state fermentation on the basis of dimensionless design factors

The development of large-scale solid-stale fermentation (SSF) processes is hampered by the lack of simple tools for the design of SSF bioreactors. The use of semifundamental mathematical models to design and operate SSF bioreactors can be complex. In this work, dimensionless design factors are used to predict the effects of scale and of operational variables on the performance of rotating drum bioreactors. The dimensionless design factor (DDF) is a ratio of the rate of heat generation to the rate of heat removal at the time of peak heat production. It can be used to predict maximum temperatures reached within the substrate bed for given operational variables. Alternatively, given the maximum temperature that can be tolerated during the fermentation, it can be used to explore the combinations of operating variables that prevent that temperature from being exceeded. Comparison of the predictions of the DDF approach with literature data for operation of rotating drums suggests that the DDF is a useful tool. The DDF approach was used to explore the consequences of three scale-up strategies on the required air flow rates and maximum temperatures achieved in the substrate bed as the bioreactor size was increased on the basis of geometric similarity. The first of these strategies was to maintain the superficial flow rate of the process air through the drum constant. The second was to maintain the ratio of volumes of air per volume of bioreactor constant. The third strategy was to adjust the air flow rate with increase in scale in such a manner as to maintain constant the maximum temperature attained in the substrate bed during the fermentation. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Aspergillicins A-E: five novel depsipeptides from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus carneus

A search for new antiparasitic agents from a strain of the fungus Aspergillus carneus isolated from an estuarine sediment collected in Tasmania, Australia, yielded the known terrestrial fungal metabolite marcfortine A ( 1) as an exceptionally potent antiparasitic agent. This study also yielded a series of new depsipeptides, aspergillicins A - E ( 2 - 6) and the known terrestrial fungal metabolite acyl aszonalenin ( 7). Marcfortine A ( 1) and acyl aszonalenin ( 7) were identified by spectroscopic analysis, with comparison to literature data. Complete stereostructures were assigned to aspergillicins A - E ( 2 - 6) on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, together with ESIMS analysis of the free amino acids generated by acid hydrolysis, and HPLC analysis of Marfey derivatives prepared from the acid hydrolysate. The peptide amino acid sequence for all aspergillicins was unambiguously assigned by MSn ion-trap ESI mass spectrometry.

Roquefortine E, a diketopiperazine from an Australian isolate of Gymnoascus reessii

The new isoprenylated diketopiperazine roquefortine E (6) has been isolated from an Australian soil isolate of the ascomycete Gymnoascus reessii. The known fungal metabolite roquefortine C (1) was also recovered as the major antibacterial principle, and all structures were assigned by detailed spectroscopic analysis.

Enzymatic synthesis of monoglycerides by esterification reaction using Penicillium camembertii lipase immobilized on epoxy SiO(2)-PVA composite

Glycerol-fatty acid esterification has been conducted with lipase from Penicillium camembertii lipase immobilized on epoxy SiO(2)-PVA in solvent-free media, with the major product being 1-monoglyceride, a useful food emulsifier. For a given set of initial conditions, the influence of reaction was measured in terms of product formation and selectivity using different fatty acids as acyl donors. Results were found to be relatively dependent of the chain length of the fatty acids, showing high specificity for both myristic and palmytic acids attaining final mixture that fulfills the requirements established by the World Health Organization to be used as food emulsifiers. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Penicillium chrysogenum aclA gene encodes a broad-substrate-specificity acyl-coenzyme A ligase involved in activation of adipic acid, a side-chain precursor for cephem antibiotics

Activation of the cephalosporin side-chain precursor to the corresponding CoA-thioester is an essential step for its incorporation into the P-lactam backbone. To identify an acyl-CoA ligase involved in activation of adipate, we searched in the genome database of Penicillium chrysogenum for putative structural genes encoding acyl-CoA ligases. Chemostat-based transcriptome analysis was used to identify the one presenting the highest expression level when cells were grown in the presence of adipate. Deletion of the gene renamed aclA, led to a 32% decreased specific rate of adipate consumption and a threefold reduction of adipoyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid levels, but did not affect penicillin V production. After overexpression in Escherichia coli, the purified protein was shown to have a broad substrate range including adipate. Finally, protein-fusion with cyan-fluorescent protein showed co-localization with microbody-borne acyl-transferase. Identification and functional characterization of aclA may aid in developing future metabolic engineering strategies for improving the production of different cephalosporins. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Functional characterization of the oxaloacetase encoding gene and elimination of oxalate formation in the beta-lactam producer Penicillium chrysogenum

Penicillium chrysogenum is widely used as an industrial antibiotic producer, in particular in the synthesis of g-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. In industrial processes, oxalic acid formation leads to reduced product yields. Moreover, precipitation of calcium oxalate complicates product recovery. We observed oxalate production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of P. chrysogenum grown with or without addition of adipic acid, side-chain of the cephalosporin precursor adipoyl-6-aminopenicillinic acid (ad-6-APA). Oxalate accounted for up to 5% of the consumed carbon source. In filamentous fungi, oxaloacetate hydrolase (OAH; EC3.7.1.1) is generally responsible for oxalate production. The P. chrysogenum genome harbours four orthologs of the A. niger oahA gene. Chemostat-based transcriptome analyses revealed a significant correlation between extracellular oxalate titers and expression level of the genes Pc18g05100 and Pc22g24830. To assess their possible involvement in oxalate production, both genes were cloned in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast that does not produce oxalate. Only the expression of Pc22g24830 led to production of oxalic acid in S. cerevisiae. Subsequent deletion of Pc22g28430 in P. chrysogenum led to complete elimination of oxalate production, whilst improving yields of the cephalosporin precursor ad-6-APA. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Caracterização da dose letal mínima por irradiação gama para Penicillium citrinum

O uso das radiações ionizantes na destruição de microrganismos responsáveis pela deterioração de alimentos ou causadores de infecções ou toxinfecções alimentares, constituiu-se aplicação da energia nuclear, para fins verdadeiramente pacíficos. Penicillium citrinum é um fungo produtor de micotoxinas, responsáveis por intoxicações em humanos e animais que se utilizam de alimentos contaminados. Há escassez de informações sobre a resistência do P. citrinum à irradiação gama; assim esta pesquisa objetivou determinar a dose letal por irradiação gama para esse microrganismo. Foram irradiadas 76 suspensões, contendo aproximadamente 100.000 esporos por mililitro, com doses entre 0,2 e 2,2 KGy (KiloGray), sendo os sobreviventes re-irradiados com doses até 3,0 KGy. O fungo foi totalmente destruído com dose de 2,2 KGy. P. citrinum descendentes dos sobreviventes de 2,0 KGy, quando re-irradiados também foram totalmente destruídos com dose de 2,2 KGy. Observou-se um aumento da resistência às doses mais baixas em relação ao fungo não irradiado

Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates – preliminary analysis of their genomic similari

Cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are yet to be completely understood and are considered to be involved in the so called “cork taint” of bottled wine. It is essential to identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and to trace their origin to the forest and/or as residents in the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic biologic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal. Chrysonilia sitophila dominance was identified, followed by a high diversity of Penicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, found in all samples, was the most frequent isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork resident fungi can also contrib

Multiple brain abscesses due to Penicillium spp infection

We present a case of central nervous system (CNS) infection by a member of the Penicillium genera in a HIV-negative man in Brazil. The patient was admitted complaining of loss of visual fields and speech disturbances. CT scan revealed multiple brain abscesses. Stereothacic biopsies revealed fungal infection and amphotericin B treatment begun with initial improvement. The patient died few days later as a consequence of massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured esophageal varices. The necropsy and final microbiologic analyses disclosed infection by Penicillium sp. There are thousands of fungal species of the Penicillium genera. Systemic penicilliosis is caused by the P. marneffei and was formerly a rare disease, but now is one of the most common opportunistic infection of AIDS patients in Southeast Asia. The clinical presentation usually involves the respiratory system and the skin, besides general symptoms like fever and weight loss. Penicillium spp infection caused by species other than P. marneffei normally cause only superficial or allergic disease but rare cases of invasive disease do occur. We report the fourth case of Penicillium spp CNS infection.

Penicillium in Brazil

Nine species of Penicillium have been isolated from soil in the Rio Trombetas drainage. Four ot the records are new to Brazil. Distribution patterns are discussed. Other records for Penicillium in Brazil are reviewed.

Solubilização quantitativa de fosfatos insolúveis, por algumas espécies dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium

No presente trabalho, os autores estudaram, em condições de laboratório, as relações entre algumas especies dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium e tres fosfatos insolúveis, determinando quantitativamente o fósforo solubilizado e imobilizado. Dos resultados, os autores extraíram as seguintes conclusões: 1. Todas as linhagens estudadas demonstraram alta capacidade solubilizadora nos testes em placas de petri. No entante, quando analisadas quantitativamente, apenas o A. niger foi capaz de solubilizar quantidades apreciáveis de fosfatos insolúveis. 2. A análise dos dados, obtidos com as linhagens de Penicillium spp, indicou que ambas aumentaram significativamente os níveis de fósforo solúvel para os tratamentos com fosfato de alumínio, em relação a seus homólogos estéreis; diminuiram significativamente os níveis de fósforo solúvel das testemunhas e, não alteraram significativamente os níveis dos tratamentos com fosfato de ferro. Por outro lado, nos tratamentos com apatita de Araxá o nível de fosforo solúvel não foi alterado significativamente com a linhagem 4 Raíz III e, diminuiu significativamente, com a linhagem 8 RIZ III. 3. À linhagem de Aspergillus sp. apresentou comportamento diferente dos demais fungos, diminuindo significativamente os níveis de fósforo solúvel de todos os tratamentos. 4. A aderência de numerosas partículas de fosfatos insolúveis à trama miceliana, é fator de erro que pode explicar as discrepancias nos valores obtidos pela determinação indireta do fósforo assimilável do solo, empregando-se técnicas biológicas com A. niger ou outros fungos.

Bases boquímicas de resistencia a Penicillium expansum en manzana "golden delicious"

La producción frutícola española es muy importante y los problemas relacionados con su conservación, sobre todo desde la entrada de España en la UE, tienen un interés peculiar con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad y disminuir el uso de los productos susceptibles de perjudicar la salud humana. Para conseguir avances importantes en el aspecto tecnológico se precisa una profundización en los fenómenos bioquímicos que determinan las capacidades de conservación del fruto. Dentro de la complejidad de esta temática, este proyecto pretende determinar los factores bioquímicos involucrados en el control de podredumbres en la fruta y más específicamente los factores endógenos que determinan la resistencia del fruto a este tipo de daños. El objetivo general de este proyecto era de definir los mecanismos bioquímicos involucrados en la resistencia de la manzana ‘Golden Delicious’ contra la acción de un patógeno: Penicillium expansum. Para lograr este objetivo se plantearon las diferentes tareas: Tarea 1 (T1): determinación de madurez y del estado fisiológico a la cosecha Tarea 2 (T2): determinación de las capacidades de resistencia endógenas iniciales e influencia del estado de madurez a la cosecha Tarea 3 (T3): respuesta inicial a una inoculación artificial: cambios bioquímicos y sensibilidad al patógeno Tarea 4 (T4): comportamiento después de conservación: respuesta a una inoculación (cambios bioquímicos y sensibilidad al patógeno) y sensibilidad natural durante la conservación Tarea 5 (T5): determinación de un esquema explicativo y caracterización de los factores bioquímicos determinantes Tarea 6 (T6): elaboración de un test de predicción.

Efeito de produtos alternativos para o controle do bolor verde (Penicillium digitatum) em pós-colheita de citros

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de sinergismo entre misturas de produtos alternativos aos fungicidas, para o controle do bolor verde (Penicillium digitatum) em pós-colheita de citros. Foram testados dez produtos individualmente e trinta e cinco combinações destes produtos dois a dois, em comparação com tiabendazole e testemunha, com e sem inoculação. Os produtos testados não apresentaram efeito de sinergismo, exceto a mistura carbonato de Na + ácido bórico. Carbonato de Na e ácido bórico controlaram a doença em 78 e 87%, respectivamente, e, utilizando a mistura, o controle foi de 93%. Destacaram-se, ainda no controle da doença, o bicarbonato de Na, metabissulfito de Na e as misturas de bicarbonato de sódio + ácido bórico, carbonato de Na + carbonato de K, carbonato de Na + sorbato de K, bicarbonato de Na + carbonato de Na, controlando 92; 77; 81; 77; 75 e 71%, respectivamente. O tiabendazole utilizado como padrão controlou totalmente a doença.