Multinational drug corporations, intellectual property rights and the Canadian state : a historical and critical analysis

This study critically analyzes the historical role and influence of multinational drug cotpOrations and multinational corporations in general; the u.s. government and the Canadian state in negotiating the global recognition ofIntellectual Property Rights (IPR) under GATT/NAFTA. This process began in 1969 when the Liberal government, in response to high prices for brand-name drugs amended the Patent Act to introduce compulsory licensing by reducing monopoly protection from 20 to seven years. Although the financial position ofthe multinational drug industry was not affected, it campaigned vigorously to change the 1969 legislation. In 1987, the Patent Act was amended to extend protection to 10 years as a condition for free trade talks with the u.s. Nonetheless, the drug industry was not satisfied and accused Canada of providing a bad example to other nations. Therefore, it continued to campaign for global recognition ofIPR laws under GATT. Following the conclusion of the GATTI Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement (TRIPS) in 1991, the multinational drug industry and the American government, to the surprise of many, were still not satisfied and sought to implement harsher conditions under NAFTA. The Progressive Conservative government readily agreed without any objections or consideration for the social consequences. As a result, Bill C-91 was introduced. It abandoned compulsory licenses and was made retroactive from December 21, 1991. It is the contention of this thesis that the economic survival of multinational corporations on a global scale depends on the role and functions of the modem state. Similarly, the existence of the state depends on the ideological-political and socioeconomic assistance it gives to multinational corporations on a national and international scale. This dialectical relation of the state and multinational corporations is explored in our theoretical and historical analysis of their role in public policy.

Liberal Nationalism: A Historical and Critical Analysis of Conceptions

At the end of the 20th century we live in a pluralist world in which national and ethnic identities play an appreciable role, sometimes provoking serious conflicts. Nationalist values seem to pose a serious challenge to liberal ones, particularly in the post-communist countries. Malinova asked whether liberalism must necessarily be contrasted with nationalism. Although nationalist issues has never been a major concern for liberal thinkers, in many countries they have had to take such issues into consideration and a form of 'liberalism nationalism' has its place in the history of political ideas. Some of the thinkers who tried to develop such an idea were liberals in the strict sense of the word and others were not, but all of them tried to elaborate a concept of nationalism that respected the rights of individuals and precluded discrimination on ethnic grounds. Malinova studied the history of the conceptualisation of nations and nationalism in the writings, of J.S. Mill, J.E.E. Acton, G. Mazzini, V. Soloviev, B. Chicherin, P. Struve, P. Miljoukov and T.G. Masaryk. Although it cannot be said that these theories form a coherent tradition, certain common elements of the different approaches can be identified. Malinova analysed the way that liberal nationalists interpreted the phenomenon of the nation and its rights in different historical contexts, reviewed the structure of their arguments and tried to evaluate this theoretical experience from the perspective of the contemporary debate on the problems of liberal nationalism and multiculturalism and recent debates on 'the national idea' in Russia.

A historical and critical Commentary on the Old Testament, with a new translation

by M[oritz Markus] Kalisch

Pictures by the old masters in the library of Christ Church, Oxford; a brief catalogue with historical and critical notes on the pictures in the collection,

With 64 illustrations.

A new and general biographical dictionary : containing an historical and critical account of the lives and writings of the most eminent persons ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

The philosopher; or, Historical and critical notes.

Vol. printed by B. McMillan.

Maria Stuart, with an historical and critical introduction, a complete commentary, etc.

"Bibliographical appendix": p. [261-262]

Historical and critical memoirs of the life and writings of M. de Voltaire : interspersed with numerous anecdotes, poetical pieces ..., particularly the life of the celebrated J.B. Rousseau as written by Voltaire, and the history of the famous libellous couplets /

Mode of access: Internet.

The complete works of Shakespeare, from the original text: carefully collated and compared with the editions of Halliwell, Knight, and Collier: with historical and critical introductions, and notes to each play; and a lifeof the great dramatist,

Mode of access: Internet.

An outline of philosophy. with notes, historical and critical;

1st edition published in 1895 under title: Comte, Mill, and Spencer; an outline of philosophy.

An historical and critical account of the science of morality, and the progress it has made in the world, from the earliest time down to the publication of Pufendorf of the law of nature and nations: in a prefatory discourse to the said work by Mr. Barbeyrac ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A complete collection of the historical, political, and miscellaneous works of John Milton; correctly printed from the original editions. With an historical and critical account of the life and writings of the author; containing several original papers of his, never before published ...

The life of Milton is by Thomas Birch.

An historical and critical dictionary /

Includes index.

Original sin, free-will, grace, regeneration, justification, faith, good works, and universal redemption : as maintained in certain declarations of our reformers, which are the groundwork of the articles of our established church upon these subjects : with an important account of the subscription to the articles in 1604, and an historical and critical introduction to the whole /

Mode of access: Internet.

Researches, historical and critical, in maritime international law microform /

Filmed from the original held by: Bibliotheek, Vredespaleis, Den Haag.