Influence of pH on the incorporation and growth of Pb(2)CrO(5) crystallites in silica matrix

Pb(2)CrO(5) nanoparticles were embedded in an amorphous SiO(2) matrix by the sol-gel process. The pH and heat treatment effects were evaluated in terms of structural, microstructural and optical properties from Pb(2)CrO(5)/SiO(2) compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and diffuse reflectance techniques were employed. Kubelka-Munk theory was used to calculate diffuse reflectance spectra that were compared to the experimental results. Finally, colorimetric coordinates of the Pb(2)CrO(5)/SiO(2) compounds were shown and discussed. In general, an acid pH initially dissolves Pb(2)CrO(5) nanoparticles and following heat treatment at 600 A degrees C crystallized into PbCrO(4) composition with grain size around 6 nm in SiO(2) matrix. No Pb(2)CrO(5) solubilization was observed for basic pH. These nanoparticles were incorporated in silica matrix showing a variety of color ranging from yellow to orange.

Pb~(2+)胁迫对绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.)的影响研究

研究了不同Pb2+浓度(0.1、1、10、50、100、200、400 mg/L)处理对绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.)生长、形态结构及生理特性的影响。与对照BG11培养的绿球藻比较,Pb2+浓度≤50 mg/L条件下培养的绿球藻细胞壁无明显增厚,色素变化不大;而暴露到Pb2+浓度>50 mg/L条件下培养,绿球藻细胞壁明显增厚,蛋白核消失。低浓度Pb2+(0.1~10 mg/L)对绿球藻生长基本没有影响;浓度在50 mg/L时,绿球藻仍能维持一定的生长速率;但当Pb2+浓度≥100 mg/L时

重金属Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对泥鳅DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE),研究重金属Cd2+、Pb2+、Zn2+在不同暴露时间(1—35d)、单一重金属离子不同暴露浓度(0.05mg/L、0.5mg/L、5.0mg/L)或混合重金属离子(Cd2++Pb2+、Cd2++Zn2+、Pb2++Zn2+、Cd2++Pb2++Zn2+)相同浓度(0.5mg/L)条件下对泥鳅肝胰脏细胞核DNA的损伤作用。以带彗尾核DNA百分率和彗尾长度(TL)与核直径(D)比值为指标,探讨DNA损伤级别与处理浓度间的相关性。结果显示,随着处理时间的延长,带彗尾核DNA百

Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在根际和非根际土壤中的吸附-解吸行为

采用1次平衡法对Cd2+、Pb2+在小麦根际和非根际土壤中的吸附-解吸行为进行比较研究.结果表明,根际土对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附能力高于非根际土,2类土壤对Cd2+的吸附等温线与Freundlich方程有较好的拟合性,Pb2+的等温吸附过程可由Langmuir方程与Freundlich方程来描述.双常数方程是描述根际、非根际土Cd2+和Pb2+吸附动力学行为的最优模型,其次为Elovich方程,最差模型是一级动力学方程.Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸存在滞后现象,相比于非根际土,根际土吸附态Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸率更低,Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸量与其初始吸附量之间的关系符合2次幂方程.2类土壤Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸速率随重金属初始浓度的增加而增加,随解吸时间的延长而不断降低.描述根际和非根际土Cd2+、Pb2+的解吸动力学过程的最优模型均为双常数方程,其次为Elovich方程,一级动力学方程拟合效果不佳.

Adsorption of Pb(2+), Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) in FDU-1 silica and FDU-1 silica modified with humic acid

Ordered mesoporous silica with cubic structure, type FDU-1, was synthesized under strong acid media using B-50-6600 poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butilene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (EO(39)BO(47)EO(39)) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Humic acid (HA) was modified to the synthesis process at a concentration of 1.5 mmol per gram of SiO(2). Thermogravimetry, small angle X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples. The pristine FDU-1 and FDU-1 with incorporated 1.5 mmol of HA were tested for adsorption of Pb(2+), Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) in aqueous solution. Incorporation of humic acid into the FDU-1 silica afforded an adsorbent with strong affinity for Cd(2+), Cu(2+) and Pb(2+) from single ion solutions. Adsorption of Cu(2+) was significantly enhanced after incorporation of humic acid, a fact that can be explained by the formation of complexes with carboxylic and phenolic groups at low concentrations of the metal cation. The results demonstrated the potential applicability of FDU-1 with incorporated HA in the removal of low concentrations of heavy metal cations from aqueous solution, such as wastewaters, after usual precipitation of metal hydroxides in alkaline medium and proper pH conditioning in the range between 6 and 7. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Biosorción en tanque agitado de Cd(+2) y Pb(+2) con cáscara de cacao

En la búsqueda de tecnologías más limpias para el tratamiento de efluentes que contienen metales pesados se ha dirigido la atención hacia la biosorción. Este estudio permitió abordar el proceso de biosorción de 〖Cd〗^(+2)y 〖Pb〗^(+2) en efluentes mineros a través de la cáscara de cacao. Se determinó las características físico-químicas del biosorbente y el resultado obtenido fue: la cáscara de cacao tiene una superficie neutra, compuesta principalmente por grupos ésteres alifáticos; además se estudió los factores que afectan este proceso como son: pH, tamaño de partícula, tiempo de contacto, Temperatura, y la concentración inicial del metal. El pH óptimo para la biosorción de plomo es entre 4 y 5 y para el cadmio fue entre 5 y 6; con respecto al tiempo de contacto necesario para eliminar la mayor cantidad de iones metálicos fue de 10 minutos, siendo el resultado obtenido en la remoción tanto de cadmio como de plomo de 86,92% y 96,74% respectivamente. Se observó que la temperatura no afecta significativamente el proceso de biosorción como el pH y se determinó como óptima 25℃ ; también se analizó que la cáscara de cacao tiene mayor afinidad por el cadmio por tener un radio iónico más pequeño que el plomo permitiéndole alcanzar poros reducidos; además al aumentar la concentración, la eliminación de cadmio disminuyó y para el plomo aumentó pero no de forma significativa. Los datos experimentales de la biosorción de plomo y cadmio en cáscara de cacao, reproducen favorablemente el modelo cinético Pseudo Segundo Orden, con coeficientes de correlación (R^2) para 〖Pb〗^(+2) de 0,999 y 〖Cd〗^(+2) de 1. Finalmente en el estudio de equilibrio el modelo de Langmuir describe el proceso de adsorción para 〖Cd〗^(+2) y el modelo de Fleundlich se ajustó mejor a los datos experimentales para 〖Pb〗^(+2).

Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl mineral pseudojohannite Cu6.5[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2]2(OH)5.25H2O

Raman spectra of pseudojohannite were studied and related to the structure of the mineral. Observed bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of (UO2)2+ and (SO4)2- units and of water molecules. The published formula of pseudojohannite is Cu6.5(UO2)8\[O8](OH)5\[(SO4)4].25H2O; however Raman spectroscopy does not detect any hydroxyl units. Raman bands at 805 and 810 cm-1 are assigned to (UO2)2+ stretching modes. The Raman bands at 1017 and 1100 cm-1 are assigned to the (SO4)2- symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibrations. The three Raman bands at 423, 465 and 496 cm-1 are assigned to the (SO4)2- ν2 bending modes. The bands at 210 and 279 cm-1 are assigned to the doubly degenerate ν2 bending vibration of the (UO2)2+ units. U-O bond lengths in uranyl and O-H…O hydrogen bond lengths were calculated from the Raman and infrared spectra.

Crystallographic characterization of the first reported crystalline form of the potent hallucinogen (R)-2-amino-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran-4-yl)propane or `bromodragonfly': the 1:1 anhydrous proton-transfer compound with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid

The 1:1 proton-transfer compound of the potent substituted amphetamine hallucinogen (R)-1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b; 4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane (common trivial name 'bromodragonfly') with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 1-(8-bromobenzo[1,2-b;4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-mmoniopropane 2-carboxy-4,6-dinitrophenolate, C13H13BrNO2+ C7H3N2O7- forms hydrogen-bonded cation-anion chain substructures comprising undulating head-to-tail anion chains formed through C(8) carboxyl O-H...O(nitro) associations and incorporating the aminium groups of the cations. The intra-chain cation-anion hydrogen-bonding associations feature proximal cyclic R33(8) interactions involving both a N+-H...O(phenolate) and the carboxyl O--H...O(nitro)associations. Also present are aromatic pi-pi ring interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.566(2)A; inter-plane dihedral angle, 5.13(1)deg]. A lateral hydrogen-bonding interaction between the third aminium proton and a carboxyl O acceptor link the chain substructures giving a two-dimensional sheet structure. This determination represents the first of any form of this compound and confirms that it has the (R) absolute configuration. The atypical crystal stability is attributed both to the hydrogen-bonded chain substructures provided by the anions, which accommodate the aminium proton-donor groups of the cations and give cross-linking, and to the presence of cation--anion aromatic ring pi-pi interactions.

Dussertite BaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)5 : a Raman spectroscopic study of a hydroxy-arsenate mineral

The mineral dussertite, a hydroxy-arsenate mineral of formula BaFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)5, has been studied by Raman complimented with infrared spectroscopy. The spectra of three minerals from different origins were investigated and proved quite similar, although some minor differences were observed. In the Raman spectra of Czech dussertite, four bands are observed in the 800 to 950 cm-1 region. The bands are assigned as follows: the band at 902 cm-1 is assigned to the (AsO4)3- ν3 antisymmetric stretching mode, at 870 cm-1 to the (AsO4)3- ν1 symmetric stretching mode, and both at 859 cm-1 and 825 cm-1 to the As-OM2+/3+ stretching modes/and or hydroxyls bending modes. Raman bands at 372 and 409 cm-1 are attributed to the ν2 (AsO4)3- bending mode and the two bands at 429 and 474 cm-1 are assigned to the ν4 (AsO4)3- bending mode. An intense band at 3446 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum and a complex set of bands centred upon 3453 cm-1 in the Raman spectrum are attributed to the stretching vibrations of the hydrogen bonded (OH)- units and/or water units in the mineral structure. The broad infrared band at 3223 cm-1 is assigned to the vibrations of hydrogen bonded water molecules. Raman spectroscopy identified Raman bands attributable to (AsO4)3- and (AsO3OH)2- units.

Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of the mineral crandallite CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5•(H2O) from the Jenolan Caves, Australia

The mineral crandallite CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5•(H2O) has been identified in deposits found in the Jenolan Caves, New South Wales, Australia by using a combination of X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic techniques. A comparison is made between the vibrational spectra of crandallite found in the Jenolan Caves and a standard crandallite. Raman and infrared bands are assigned to PO43- and HPO42- stretching and bending modes. The predominant features are the internal vibrations of the PO43 and HPO42- groups. A mechanism for the formation of crandallite is presented and the conditions for the formation are elucidated.

Poly[aqua([mu]3-2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoato-[kappa]3O1:O1':O2)rubidium]

In the structure of title compound [Rb2(C7H4NO2)2(H2O)2]n the centrosymmetric cyclic dimeric repeating unit comprises two irregular RbO4 complex centres bridged by the carboxylate groups of the 5-nitrosalicylate ligands. The coordination about each Rb is completed by a monodentate water molecule and a phenolic O donor which gives a bridging extension [Rb-O range 3.116(7)-3.135(5)A]. The two-dimensional polymeric structure is stabilized by intermolecular water O-H...O(carboxyl) hydrogen bonds and weak inter-ring pi--pi interactions [minimum ring centroid separation, 3.620(4)A].

Thermal stability of crandallite CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5•(H2O) – a ‘cave’ mineral from the Jenolan Caves

Thermogravimetry combined with evolved gas mass spectrometry has been used to characterise the mineral crandallite CaAl3(PO4)2(OH)5•(H2O) and to ascertain the thermal stability of this ‘cave’ mineral. X-ray diffraction proves the presence of the mineral and identifies the products after thermal decomposition. The mineral crandallite is formed through the reaction of calcite with bat guano. Thermal analysis shows that the mineral starts to decompose through dehydration at low temperatures at around 139°C while dehydroxylation occurs over the temperature range 200 to 700°C with loss of OH units. The critical temperature for OH loss is around 416°C and above this temperature the mineral structure is altered. Some minor loss of carbonate impurity occurs at 788°C. This study shows the mineral is unstable above 139°C. This temperature is well above the temperature in caves, which have a maximum temperature of 15°C. A chemical reaction for the synthesis of crandallite is offered and the mechanism for the thermal decomposition is given.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of philipsbornite PbAl3(AsO4)2(OH)5⋅H2O-molecular structural implications and relationship to the crandallite subgroup arsenates

The presence of arsenic in the environment is a hazard. The accumulation of arsenate by a range of cations in the formation of minerals provides a mechanism for the remediation of arsenate contamination. The formation of the crandallite group of minerals provides a mechanism for arsenate accumulation. Among the crandallite minerals are philipsbornite, arsenocrandallite and arsenogoyazite. Raman spectroscopy complimented with infrared spectroscopy has enabled aspects of the structure of philipsbornite to be studied. The Raman spectrum of philipsbornite displays an intense band at around 840 cm−1 attributed to the overlap of the symmetric and antisymmetric stretching modes. Raman bands observed at 325, 336, 347, 357, 376 and 399 cm−1 are assigned to the ν2 (AsO4)3− symmetric bending vibration (E) and to the ν4 bending vibration (F2). The observation of multiple bending modes supports the concept of a reduction in symmetry of the arsenate anion in philipsbornite. Evidence for phosphate in the mineral is provided. By using an empirical formula, hydrogen bond distances for the OH units in philipsbornite of 2.8648 Å, 2.7864 Å, 2.6896 Å cm−1 and 2.6220 were calculated.