986 resultados para Pastures -- Explotaci
Resumo:
The farming exploitation in the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley (Principality of Andorra). The Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley, a natural space located in the Principality of Andorra, has kept a high ecological and landscape value through time. At present, the Valley is considered in the cultural landscape category of the UNESCO World-wide Heritage. A study of the spatial variability of pastures in the Valley conducted from 1994 to 2003 concluded that there was an optimistic future for livestock. This future was mainly explained by new policies in the country, as well as by the new hopes of the tockbreeders. The study also stated that cattle and horse movements within the Valley did not varied over the study period, although entrance and exit points changed. Sheep only fed in the Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley, but it wouldbe convenient its introduction in other areas where horses and cattle did not pasture. The study concluded that the use of the Valley by the stockbreeders contributed to the development of the vegetation and the landscape, and that the livestock is very important to keep natural and landscape values of the Valley.
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El present estudi s’emmarca dins les accions prioritàries del Pla de Gestió de la finca dels Cingles de l’Avenc, que té com a finalitat principal potenciar una explotació ramadera on la conservació dels recursos naturals, la protecció de la diversitat biològica i paisatgística i l’equilibri territorial, siguin els seus objectius fonamentals, garantint la viabilitat econòmica i el manteniment de les activitats agrícoles i ramaderes. L’objectiu principal d’aquest treball és conèixer la producció i la qualitat farratgera dels diferents tipus de comunitats pastorals presents a la finca dels Cingles de l’Avenc, i establir la càrrega ramadera que poden suportar les pastures durant l’any 2010, així com el d’observar la variabilitat d’aquest factors entre els anys 2009 i 2010. L’estudi s’ha portat a terme en les 4 tipologies de comunitats pradenques que hi ha a la finca: joncedes, pastures mesòfiles, prats de dall i pastures sembrades. S’han utilitzat les 11 parcel·les permanents excloses de la pastura, instal·lades l’any anterior (2009), que inclouen la diversitat de tipus i zones de pastura. S’ha realitzat un mostreig de la biomassa mensual, d‘abril a novembre, que ha consistit en dallar 4 quadrats de 50 x 50 cm, i s’ha calculat la producció anual. S’ha determinat la qualitat farratgera de l’herba de 4 moments de l’any: maig, juny, juliol i octubre. I finalment s’ha calculat la capacitat de càrrega de cada tipus pastura i del conjunt de la finca. Les pastures sembrades i els prats de dall són els més productius (961,33 g/m2 any i 876,73 g/m2 any, respectivament). La producció de les pastures mesòfiles i de les joncedes és més baixa (578,24 g/m2 ·any i 211,76 g/m2 any, respectivament). A les pastures de la part baixa s’obtenen en general produccions superiors a les de la part alta. La qualitat farratgera de l’herba és bona a totes les comunitats, amb valors mitjans de: 7,25% de proteïna digerible, 28,22% de fibra bruta, 7,08% de lignina i 0,72 unitats farratgeres(ENL/1,700). La producció anual obtinguda en global de la finca a l’any 2010 és molt semblant a la obtinguda l’any 2009, i permet suportar una càrrega ramadera d’unes 190 UBG (Unitats de Bestiar Gros. 1 U.B.G equival a 1 vaca a partir de 2 anys).
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A study was conducted in Brazil to identify factors affecting grazing distribution of yearling Nelore cross heifers and to evaluate the efficacy of placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water to improve uniformity of grazing. Two pastures (25 ha and 42 ha) were evaluated for four 15-d sessions. Mineral mix was placed 590 m to 780 m from water during two sessions and at water for two sessions. Stubble heights were measured at the beginning and end of each session in 1-ha subunits of each pasture. Cattle locations were recorded oil clay 13 and 14 of each session by horseback observers. Heifers avoided areas with a preponderance of forbs and taller grass (P < 0.001). For the first 15 days of the study cattle avoided subunits farther from water. Thereafter, horizontal distance from water had no affect on grazing use (P > 0.10). Stubble height reduction was more uniform (P < 0.05) when the mineral mix was Lit water compared to away from water. In contrast, heifers spent less time farther from water when Mineral mix was placed at water (P = 0.02) based Oil Visual observations. Strategic placement of a salt-mineral mix away from water does not appear to be a reliable tool to improve cattle grazing distribution in humid tropical pastures from 25 ha to 45 ha in size.
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Subtropical grasslands are low in organic matter digestibility (OMD) (0.60) and nitrogen (N) (15 g/kg) for much of the year and this limits cattle production which is characterized by low calving rates and low weaning weights. Production has been based on Bos taurus British breeds of cattle but this is changing and now many breeding herds comprise B, indicus cows and their crosses. This change has increased some aspects of production, but low calving rates persist. A 4-year study was undertaken with a view to improve calving rates and weaner output by supplementing cows grazing either native or improved pastures with a high protein oilseed meal (cottonseed meal; CSM) on four sites. These sites were subdivided into a total of 36 paddocks to allow for two replications in a 3 breeds X 3 supplementation rates X 2 pastures factorial design. Selected cows (no. = 216) from Hereford (H), Brahman (B) and Brahman X Hereford (BH) breed types were set to graze either native pastures (0.45 to 0.62 OMD, 8 to 15 g N per kg; low quality) or improved pastures (0.47 to 0.67 OA ID, 10 to 22 g N per kg; medium quality). Cows were given either 0, 750 or 1500 g/day of CSM for 130 days from calving until 4 weeks into a 12- to 13-week mating period. The CSM was given as two meals per week. Live weight at mating of cows on the low quality pasture was increased (P < 0.01) over those not supplemented by feeding either 750 g CSM per day (H and B cows) or 1500 g CSM per day tall cows). There was no significant effect of supplementation on the mating weights of B cows grazing the medium quality sites. Calving rate of B cows was not increased by their supplementation on either low (4-year mean 58.3 %) or medium quality pastures (66.8%) but did tend to be higher in H cows when supplemented at 1500 g CSM per day on the low (66.7 v. 78.0 (s.e. 6.09) %; P < 0.1) and medium quality pastures (70.5 v. 93.5 (s.e. 4.72) %). An increased calving rate (65.8 (s.e. 6.6) % to 83.2 (s.e. 5.82) % in supplemented BH cows grazing low quality pastures approached significance (P < 0.1) when given CSM at 1500 g/day but there was no increased trend in calving rate when this breed type was supplemented on medium quality pastures. Weaning weights of calves from and B and BH cows were increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation of their darns at 750 g/day and for calves weaned from H cows supplemented at 1500 g/day of CSM. Supplementation at 1500 g/day on low quality pastures increased weaner output per cow mated by 120% for H, by 65% for BH cows and by 50% for B cows. Weaner output was increased by 34 and 40%, respectively, for B and H cows when supplemented at 750 g/day and grazing medium quality pastures but there teas no significant effect of supplementation on output from BH cows. Responses in many parameters differed between years. These results were interpreted as a response to the protein in the oilseed meal supplement by B, taurus and B. taurus X B. indicus cross cows grazing on the subtropical pastures. The study also highlighted that responses to the meal differed between breed types, between the quality of the grazed pasture and between the years of supplementation.
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A grazing trial to study the effect of stocking rate on animal production and botanical composition of Gallon panic (Panicum maximum) and Estrella grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) was conducted in the central region of the Paraguayan Chaco between 1992 and 1998. The experiment included 6 stocking rates (0.5, 0.8. 1.1, 1.4. 1.7 and 2.0 AU/ha) on individual 4-ha paddocks. The pasture treatments were continuously grazed by yearling steers. replaced annually, over a 4-year grazing period. No fertiliser was used. Botanical composition was recorded annually in autumn from 1992 to 1998 while animal production data were recorded monthly from 1992 to 1996. Relationships between animal productivity and stocking rates were determined by regression analysis. Gallon panic produced greater liveweight gains per head than Estrella grass at low and intermediate stocking rates. However, the slope of the linear relationship between liveweight gain per head and stocking rate increased each year in Gallon panic indicating that the productivity of this grass progressively declined at higher stocking rates over the period of observation. Estrella grass showed less sensitivity to stocking rate but was affected severely by periods of low rainfall.
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A grazing trial was conducted to quantify N cycling in degraded Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena)-Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass) pastures grown on an acid, infertile, podzolic soil in south-east Queensland. Nitrogen accumulation and cycling in leucaena-signal grass pastures were evaluated for 9 weeks until all of the leucaena on offer (mean 600 kg edible dry matter (EDM)/ha, 28% of total pasture EDM) was consumed. Nitrogen pools in the grass, leucaena, soil, cattle liveweight, faeces and urine were estimated. The podzolic soil (pH 4.8-5.9) was found to be deficient in P, Ca and K. Leucaena leaf tissues contained deficient levels of N, P and Ca. Grass tissues were deficient in N and P. Grazing was found to cycle 65% of N on offer in pasture herbage. However, due to the effect of the plant nutrient imbalances described above, biological N fixation by leucaena contributed only 15 kg/ha N to the pasture system over the 9-month regrowth period, of which 13 kg/ha N was cycled. Cattle retained 1.8 kg/ha N (8% of total N consumed) in body tissue and the remainder was excreted in dung and urine in approximately equal proportions. Mineral soil N concentrations did not change significantly (-3.5 kg/ha N) over the trial period. The ramifications of grazing and fertiliser management strategies, and implications for pasture rundown and sustainability are discussed.
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Copyright © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014.
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L’objectiu de la recerca que s’ha dut a terme durant el període 2004-2007 ha estat analitzar les característiques territorials, senyorials i jurisdiccionals del domini format pel comtat de les Muntanyes de Prades i la baronia d’Entença i, a partir d’aquí, aprofundir en un aspecte concret d’aquesta senyoria: l’explotació minera de l’argent durant els segles XIV i XV. En aquest sentit, la recerca s’ha fonamentat en l’estudi de la documentació relacionada amb aquesta qüestió que hi ha dipositada a l’Arxiu Ducal de Medinaceli; la qual, però, s’ha pogut buidar i analitzar a través de la consulta de les còpies microfilmades que se’n conserven al Monestir de Poblet. Com a resultats principals s’ha aconseguit delimitar territorialment el comtat de les Muntanyes de Prades i baronia d’Entença i determinar-ne la titularitat jurisdiccional a mitjan segle XIV. A més, s’han establert els paràmetres que marquen i expliquen l’evolució de la normativa que regulava l’explotació minera de l’argent. I, finalment, s’ha pogut determinar que, segurament, la major part de l’argent produït a mitjan segle XIV es va obtenir a partir de minerals d’argent i argent natiu.
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Aquest treball de fi de carrera pretén desenvolupar el pla de negoci per a la construcció i l’explotació d’un complex de turisme rural al Pallars Sobirà. El projecte compren l’enderroc de les construccions preexistents, construcció i posterior explotació d’apartaments d’ús turístic i una cafeteria a la població d’ Àreu. Dins el pla de negoci s’hi contemplen els plans comercial, financer, l’anàlisi del mercat i l’entorn i una acurada definició del servei que s’oferirà. Amb el treball es vol, doncs, aportar idees pràctiques i útils per a la consecució dels objectius plantejats en el projecte familiar.
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L’objectiu del present estudi és comparar els vectors de paràmetres de l’aigua, producció de fangs, costos i personal entre 2 tipus d’instal·lacions EDAR al municipi de Begues; una ja existent amb tractament secundari i terciari mitjançant un reactor biològic i una potencial amb tractament secundari i terciari mitjançant aiguamolls construïts. La finalitat del projecte és determinar, gràcies a l’estudi dels principals vectors ambientals de la infraestructura i a altres estudiats per na Susana Forero Sánchez, quina de les 2 tipologies d’instal·lació s’ajusta més al territori i a les necessitats de tractament de les aigües del mateix. Els resultats de la investigació indiquen que tant els costos d’explotació com la producció de fangs i el personal donen avantatge als aiguamolls construïts, però els costos capitals i el tractament de nutrients són favorables per a la depuradora actual. Amb el projecte de Susana Forero Sánchez, les conclusions que es poden establir en referència a la decisió d’instal·lar una depuradora o una altra segons els vectors estudiats indiquen que l’EDAR sense aiguamolls té més probabilitat de ser escollida com la més adient per les necessitats del territori d’estudi.
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Diptera that breed in undisturbed cattle droppings in pastures present great diversity and abundance, and several species are of veterinary importance and may cause economic losses. To survey the diversity, abundance and seasonality of Diptera associated to this microhabitat, 83 samples of 10 dung pats each were taken from April 1992 to April 1994 in the vicinity of São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. A total of 46,135 Diptera belonging to 20 families and at least 51 species were found to breed in the pats. The most abundant and diverse families were Sepsidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Sphaeroceridae. In general, the abundance was higher from October to March, the warm and wet months. The importance of some Diptera, both as horn fly enemies and as cattle dung decaying agents, is discussed.
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El proyecto tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de una aplicación de simulación del proceso productivo en una explotación lechera para llevar a cabo las clases prácticas de la asignatura de Producción Bovina en la Facultat de Veterinària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Esta aplicación debe ser una herramienta para la formación de futuros profesionales del sector. Se requiere de un conjunto de tecnologías que resuelvan tres aspectos principales: la comunicación de diversos usuarios con el software de manera simultánea, la gestión de los datos del escenario de simulación y finalmente la propia simulación.
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El present projecte examina la utilització d'eines de gestió de logs en entorns d'explotació de sistemes informàtics. L'objectiu del projecte és doble: proporcionar una visió general dels sistemes de gestió de logs i dur a terme una avaluació de productes que realitzin aquesta gestió de logs usant un mètode.