Paris Climate Agreement 2015 – EU needs to ensure ‘signal’ and ‘direction’. IES Policy Brief Issue 2014/08/October 2014

Summary. Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change are expected to agree on a new international climate agreement applicable to all countries from 2020 at the Paris climate summit in December 2015. This Policy Brief investigates the possible role of the European Union (EU) towards the 2015 Paris climate agreement. It argues for renewed efforts by the EU at coalition building with progressive developing countries, leadership by example and a more prominent, complementary role of individual EU member states. It also argues for a Paris agreement that provides a strong “signal” and “direction”, and discusses what this may entail.

At the Paris Peace Conference,

"First printing."

Yugoslavia at the Paris Peace Conference; a study in frontiermaking.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Paris Peace Conference, 1919.

The final vol. published also as Publication 2724 and Conference series, 92, under title: The Treaty of Versailles and after, annotations of the text of the treaty.

Ympäristökeskustelun elinkaari Pariisin ilmastokokouksen aikaisessa Twitter-keskustelussa

Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoittena on perehtyä ympäristökeskustelun elinkaarimalliin ja selvittää sen paikkansapitävyys Pariisin ilmastokokouksen aikaisessa Twitter-keskustelussa. Työssä analysoidaan myös keskustelun tunnelmia, ja selvitetään millainen yleinen mielipide Twitterissä vaikutti Pariisin kokouksen aikana. Menetelminä työssä käytetään laadullista tutkimusta ja sisällönanalyysiä. Ympäristökeskustelun elinkaari koostuu viidestä vaiheesta, joita ovat latenssi, synty, kasvu, kypsyys ja taantuma. Vaiheet eroavat toisistaan keskustelun intensiteetin ja keskustelijoiden taustan perusteella. Aineiston perusteella Twitter-keskustelusta erottuu selkeästi elinkaaren vaiheet niin intensiteetin, kuin keskustelijoiden taustojen puolesta. Kerätystä aineistosta erottuu erilaisia tunnelmia, jotka jaetaan seuraavasti: odottava, innokas, epäilevä ja neutraali. Suurin osa tviiteistä kuuluu neutraaliin ryhmään, mikä selittyy Twitterin luonteella ja elinkaaren vaikutuksella. Tunnelmat vaihtelevat keskustelun elinkaaren aikana siten, että alkuun keskustelu on neutraalia, sitten odottavaa ja innokasta, lopuksi epäilevää ja jälleen neutraalia. Työn tulokset kertovat, että elinkaarimallia voidaan soveltaa myös sosiaalisen median keskusteluun. Jatkotutkimuksissa voidaan keskittyä teemojen määrälliseen tutkimukseen.

The Shantung question, a statement of China's claim together with important documents submitted to the Peace conference in Paris ...

"Reprinted by Chinese national welfare society in America."

A history of the Peace Conference of Paris /

Includes index.

Investigation of the effect of balconies on natural ventilation of dwellings in high-rise residential buildings in subtropical climate

Balconies, as one of the main architectural features in subtropical climates, are assumed to enhance the ventilation performance of buildings by redirecting the wind. Although there are some studies on the effect of balconies on natural ventilation inside buildings, the majority have been conducted on single zone buildings with simple geometries. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of balconies on the internal air flow pattern and ventilation performance of multi-storey residential buildings with internal partitions. To this end, a sample residential unit was selected for investigation and three different conditions tested, base case (no balcony), an open balcony and a semi-enclosed balcony. Computational Fluid Dynamics is used as an analysis method due to its accuracy and ability to provide detailed results. The cases are analysed in terms of average velocity, flow uniformity and number of Air Changes per Hour (ACH). The results suggest the introduction of a semi-enclosed balcony into high-rise dwellings improves the average velocity and flow uniformity. Integrating an open balcony results in reduction of the aforementioned parameters at 0° wind incidence.

Investing in the future: Norway, climate change, and fossil fuel divestment

The fossil fuel divestment movement has undergone explosive growth over the last few years - expanding from encouraging educational institutions to adopt ethical investment policies to focusing upon cities, pension funds and philanthropic charities. The fossil fuel divestment movement has attained global ambitions - challenging sovereign wealth funds and national governments to engage in fossil fuel divestment, and pushing for fossil fuel divestment at international climate talks - such as the Paris Climate Summit in 2015. By exploring and analysing a key campaign to 'Divest Norway', this chapter considers the efforts to globalise and internationalise the fossil fuel divestment campaign. Part 1 explores the origins of the fossil fuel divestment movement, and the application of such strategies in a variety of contexts. Part 2 looks at the campaign to divest Norway's sovereign wealth fund of fossil fuel investments. There has been much discussion as to whether the bold decision of Norway to engage in coal divestment will encourage and inspire other sovereign wealth funds to engage in fossil fuel divestment. The conclusion considers the efforts to introduce fossil fuel divestment as a policy initiative for nation states as a policy option in international climate law.

An integrated approach for evaluating coastal vulnerability in a changing climate

Coastal hazards such as flooding and erosion threaten many coastal communities and ecosystems. With documented increases in both storm frequency and intensity and projected acceleration of sea level rise, incorporating the impacts of climate change and variability into coastal vulnerability assessments is becoming a necessary, yet challenging task. We are developing an integrated approach to probabilistically incorporate the impacts of climate change into coastal vulnerability assessments via a multi-scale, multi-hazard methodology. By examining the combined hazards of episodic flooding/inundation and storm induced coastal change with chronic trends under a range of future climate change scenarios, a quantitative framework can be established to promote more sciencebased decision making in the coastal zone. Our focus here is on an initial application of our method in southern Oregon, United States. (PDF contains 5 pages)

What is coastal climate?

Historical definitions of what determines whether one lives in a coastal area or not have varied over time. According to Culliton (1998), a “coastal county” is defined as a county with at least 15% of its total land area located within a nation’s coastal watershed. This emphasizes the land areas within which water flows into the ocean or Great Lakes, but may be better suited for ecosystems or water quality research (Crowell et al. 2007). Some Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) documents suggest that “coastal” includes shoreline-adjacent coastal counties, and perhaps even counties impacted by flooding from coastal storms. An accurate definition of “coastal” is critical in this regard since FEMA uses such definitions to revise and modernize their Flood Insurance Rate Maps (Crowell et al. 2007). A recent map published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Coastal Services Center for the Coastal Change Analysis Program shows that the “coastal” boundary covers the entire state of New York and Michigan, while nearly all of South Carolina is considered “coastal.” The definition of “coastal” one chooses can have major implications, including a simple count of coastal population and the influence of local or state coastal policies. There is, however, one aspect of defining what is “coastal” that has often been overlooked; using atmospheric long-term climate variables to define the inland extent of the coastal zone. This definition, which incorporates temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and relative humidity, is furthermore scalable and globally applicable - even in the face of shifting shorelines. A robust definition using common climate variables should condense the large broad definition often associated with “coastal” such that completely landlocked locations would no longer be considered “coastal.” Moreover, the resulting definition, “coastal climate” or “climatology of the coast”, will help coastal resource managers make better-informed decisions on a wide range of climatologically-influenced issues. The following sections outline the methodology employed to derive some new maps of coastal boundaries in the United States. (PDF contains 3 pages)