999 resultados para Paralelização de aplicações


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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

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Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Informática

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O objetivo desta dissertação é a paralelização e a avaliação do desempenho de alguns métodos de resolução de sistemas lineares esparsos. O DECK foi utilizado para implementação dos métodos em um cluster de PCs. A presente pesquisa é motivada pela vasta utilização de Sistemas de Equações Lineares em várias áreas científicas, especialmente, na modelagem de fenômenos físicos através de Equações Diferenciais Parciais (EDPs). Nessa área, têm sido desenvolvidas pesquisas pelo GMC-PAD – Grupo de Matemática da Computação e Processamento de Alto Desempenho da UFRGS, para as quais esse trabalho vem contribuindo. Outro fator de motivação para a realização dessa pesquisa é a disponibilidade de um cluster de PCs no Instituto de Informática e do ambiente de programação paralela DECK – Distributed Execution and Communication Kernel. O DECK possibilita a programação em ambientes paralelos com memória distribuída e/ou compartilhada. Ele está sendo desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisas GPPD – Grupo de Processamento Paralelo e Distribuído e com a paralelização dos métodos, nesse ambiente, objetiva-se também validar seu funcionamento e avaliar seu potencial e seu desempenho. Os sistemas lineares originados pela discretização de EDPs têm, em geral, como características a esparsidade e a numerosa quantidade de incógnitas. Devido ao porte dos sistemas, para a resolução é necessária grande quantidade de memória e velocidade de processamento, característicos de computações de alto desempenho. Dois métodos de resolução foram estudados e paralelizados, um da classe dos métodos diretos, o Algoritmo de Thomas e outro da classe dos iterativos, o Gradiente Conjugado. A forma de paralelizar um método é completamente diferente do outro. Isso porque o método iterativo é formado por operações básicas de álgebra linear, e o método direto é formado por operações elementares entre linhas e colunas da matriz dos coeficientes do sistema linear. Isso permitiu a investigação e experimentação de formas distintas de paralelismo. Do método do Gradiente Conjugado, foram feitas a versão sem précondicionamento e versões pré-condicionadas com o pré-condicionador Diagonal e com o pré-condicionador Polinomial. Do Algoritmo de Thomas, devido a sua formulação, somente a versão básica foi feita. Após a paralelização dos métodos de resolução, avaliou-se o desempenho dos algoritmos paralelos no cluster, através da realização de medidas do tempo de execução e foram calculados o speedup e a eficiência. As medidas empíricas foram realizadas com variações na ordem dos sistemas resolvidos e no número de nodos utilizados do cluster. Essa avaliação também envolveu a comparação entre as complexidades dos algoritmos seqüenciais e a complexidade dos algoritmos paralelos dos métodos. Esta pesquisa demonstra o desempenho de métodos de resolução de sistemas lineares esparsos em um ambiente de alto desempenho, bem como as potencialidades do DECK. Aplicações que envolvam a resolução desses sistemas podem ser realizadas no cluster, a partir do que já foi desenvolvido, bem como, a investigação de précondicionadores, comparação do desempenho com outros métodos de resolução e paralelização dos métodos com outras ferramentas possibilitando uma melhor avaliação do DECK.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Techniques of image combination, with extraction of objects to set a final scene, are very used in applications from photos montages to cinematographic productions. These techniques are called digital matting. With them is possible to decrease the cost of productions, because it is not necessary for the actor to be filmed in the location where the final scene occurs. This feature also favors its use in programs made to digital television, which demands a high quality image. Many digital matting algorithms use markings done on the images, to demarcate what is the foreground, the background and the uncertainty areas. This marking is called trimap, which is a triple map containing these three informations. The trimap is done, typically, from manual markings. In this project, methods were created that can be used in digital matting algorithms, with restriction of time and without human interaction, that is, the creation of an algorithm that generates the trimap automatically. This last one can be generated from the difference between a color of an arbitrary background and the foreground, or by using a depth map. It was also created a matting method, based on the Geodesic Matting (BAI; SAPIRO, 2009), which has an inferior processing time then the original one. Aiming to improve the performance of the applications that generates the trimap and of the algorithms that generates the alphamap (map that associates a value to the transparency of each pixel of the image), allowing its use in applications with time restrictions, it was used the CUDA architecture. Taking advantage, this way, of the computational power and the features of the GPGPU, which is massively parallel

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Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

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Since the last decade, the combined use of chemometrics and molecular spectroscopic techniques has become a new alternative for direct drug determination, without the need of physical separation. Among the new methodologies developed, the application of PARAFAC in the decomposition of spectrofluorimetric data should be highlighted. The first objective of this article is to describe the theoretical basis of PARAFAC. For this purpose, a discussion about the order of chemometric methods used in multivariate calibration and the development of multi-dimensional methods is presented first. The other objective of this article is to divulge for the Brazilian chemical community the potential of the combination PARAFAC/spectrofluorimetry for the determination of drugs in complex biological matrices. For this purpose, two applications aiming at determining, respectively, doxorrubicine and salicylate in human plasma are presented.

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MIPs are synthetic polymers that are used as biomimetic materials simulating the mechanism verified in natural entities such as antibodies and enzymes. Although MIPs have been successfully used as an outstanding tool for enhancing the selectivity or different analytical approaches, such as separation science and electrochemical and optical sensors, several parameters must be optimized during their synthesis. Therefore, the state-of-the-art of MIP production as well as the different polymerization methods are discussed. The potential selectivity of MIPs in the extraction and separation techniques focusing mainly on environmental, clinical and pharmaceutical samples as applications for analytical purposes is presented.

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The aim of this paper is the description of the strategies and advances in the use of MIP in the development of chemical sensors. MIP has been considered an emerging technology, which allows the synthesis of materials that can mimic some highly specific natural receptors such as antibodies and enzymes. In recent years a great number of publications have demonstrated a growth in their use as sensing phases in the construction of sensors . Thus, the MIP technology became very attractive as a promising analytical tool for the development of sensors.

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By the year 2005 the world biochemical market will reach an estimated $ 100 billion and separation processes are a vital link between lab discoveries and the fulfillment of this commercialization potential. The practical application of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to extraction processes has been exploited for several years for the recovery of biological products. Unfortunately, this has not resulted in an extensive presence of the technique in commercial processes. In this paper a critical overview of the fundamental thermodynamic properties related to formation of aqueous two-phase systems and their application to extraction and purification of bioparticules is presented.

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Pectic substances are structural heteropolysaccharides that occur in the middle lamellae and primary cell walls of higher plants. They are composed of partially methyl-esterified galacturonic acid residues linked by alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds. Pectinolytic enzymes are complex enzymes that degrade pectic polymers and there are several classes of enzymes, which include pectin esterases, pectin and pectate lyases and polygalacturonases. Plants, filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeasts are able to produce pectinases. In the industrial world, pectinases are used in fruit juice clarification, in the production of wine, in the extraction of olive oil, fiber degumming and fermentation of tea, coffee and cocoa.

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Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis, has been proved to be a suitable biosurfactant in several applications. For many years, it has been investigated mainly for oil recovery and environmental usage. Its chemical, technological and functional characteristics turn surfactin into an attractive compound for several utilizations. In this review we emphasize some aspects of surfactin as a new food ingredient and its potential pharmaceutical and health applications.

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Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.