Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus strains in an Australian cohort, 1989-2003 : evidence for the low prevalence of the toxic shock toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes

The purpose of this paper is to determine the prevalence of the toxic shock toxin gene (tst) and to enumerate the circulating strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Australian isolates collected over two decades. The aim was to subtype these strains using the binary genes pvl, cna, sdrE, pUB110 and pT181. Isolates were assayed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA, nuc, 16 S rRNA, eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and for five binary genes. Two realtime PCR assays were developed for tst. The 90 MRSA isolates belonged to CC239 (39 in 1989, 38 in 1996 and ten in 2003), CC1 (two in 2003) and CC22 (one in 2003). The majority of the 210 MSSA isolates belonged to CC1 (26), CC5 (24) and CC78 (23). Only 18 isolates were tst-positive and only 15 were pvl-positive. Nine MSSA isolates belonged to five binary types of ST93, including two pvlpositive types. The proportion of tst-positive and pvl-positive isolates was low and no significant increase was demonstrated. Dominant MSSA clonal complexes were similar to those seen elsewhere, with the exception of CC78. CC239 MRSA (AUS-2/3) was the predominant MRSA but decreased significantly in prevalence, while CC22 (EMRSA-15) and CC1 (WA-1) emerged. Genetically diverse ST93 MSSA predated the emergence of ST93- MRSA (the Queensland clone).

Antibody response to Panton-Valentine Leukocidin, a Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor, in pediatric patients from Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, Texas

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen of global health significance, whose frequency is increasing and whose persistence and versatility allow it to remain established in communities worldwide. An observed significant increase in infections, particularly in children with no predisposing risk factors or medical conditions, led to an investigation into pediatric humoral immune response to Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and to other antigens expressed by S. aureus that represent the important classes of virulence activities. Patients who were diagnosed with staphylococcal infections were enrolled (n=60), and serum samples collected at the time of admission were analyzed using ELISA and Western blot to screen for immune response to the panel of recombinant proteins. The dominant circulating immunoglobulin titers in this pediatric population were primarily IgG, were specific, and were directed against LukF and LukS, while suppression of other important virulence factors in the presence of PVL was suggested. Patients with invasive infections (osteomyelitis, pneumonia or myositis) had higher titers against LukF and LukS compared to patients with non-invasive infections (abscesses, cellulitis or lymphadenitis). In patients with osteomyelitis, antibody responses to LukF and LukS were higher than antibody responses to any other virulence factor examined. This description of immune response to selected virulence factors of S. aureus caused by isolates of the USA300 lineage in children is novel. Antibody titers also correlated with markers of inflammation. The significance of these correlations remains to be understood.^

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: Worldwide emergence

Infections caused by community-acquired (CA)-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been reported worldwide. We assessed whether any common genetic markers existed among 117 CA-MRSA isolates from the United States, France, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa by performing polymerase chain reaction for 24 virulence factors and the methicillin-resistance determinant. The genetic background of the strain was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The CA-MRSA strains shared a type IV SCCmec cassette and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin locus, whereas the distribution of the other toxin genes was quite specific to the strains from each continent. PFGE and MLST analysis indicated distinct genetic backgrounds associated with each geographic origin, although predominantly restricted to the agr3 background. Within each continent, the genetic background of CA-MRSA strains did not correspond to that of the hospital-acquired MRSA.

Extracorporeal circuit for Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia [Traitement par ECMO d'une pneumopathie nécrosante à Staphylococcus aureus producteur de la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine]

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Detecção dos genes de Biofilme, da leucocidina Panton-Valentine e da resistência a Meticilina em amostras de Staphylococcus aureus e Estafilococos Coagulase-Negativa

Uma coleção de 57 amostras de Staphylococcus aureus e 30 de estafilococos coagulasenegativa isoladas de recém-nascidos (RN) foram estudadas em relação à presença dos genes pvl, mecA e ica. Das 57 amostras de S. aureus, 31,6% apresentaram o gene mecA e 17,5% os genes pvl, sendo que dentre estas somente uma amostra foi mecA e pvl positiva. Os ECN apresentaram 36,7% de amostras mecA positivas, 93,3% ica positivas e nenhuma amostra pvl. Foi observada uma queda no número de amostras resistentes à meticilina no período de 1991-2005 para os S. aureus e também no período de 1990- 1996 para os ECN, porém a diferença não foi significativa. Também foram estudadas dez amostras de S. aureus isoladas de fossa nasal e nenhuma apresentou o gene mecA ou pvl. Já entre as dez amostras de ECN isoladas de fossa nasal, todas apresentaram o gene 11 ica, porém nenhuma foi resistente à meticilina. A análise dos dados clínicos dos RN revelou que o uso de cateter e outros corpos estranhos aumentam o risco de infecção por S. aureus e ECN. Assim, a produção de biofilme por ECN foi um importante fator de virulência presente em mais de 90% das amostras, confirmando a importância deste na ocorrência de infecções relacionadas com cateteres, e, apesar dos genes mecA e pvl estarem presentes concomitantemente em apenas uma amostra de S. aureus, esta revelou ter importância significativa

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) - genotyping of Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including the subtyping of PVL toxin producers using Real-Time PCR

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes a variety of infections including soft tissue infections, impetigo, septicemia toxic shock and scalded skin syndrome. Traditionally, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was considered a Hospital-Acquired (HA) infection. It is now recognised that the frequency of infections with MRSA is increasing in the community, and that these infections are not originating from hospital environments. A 2007 report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of serious and fatal infections in the USA. Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) are genetically diverse and distinct, meaning they are able to be identified and tracked by way of genotyping. Genotyping of MRSA using Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a rapid and robust method for monitoring MRSA, specifically ST93 (Queensland Clone) dissemination in the community. It has been shown that a large proportion of CA-MRSA infections in Queensland and New South Wales are caused by ST93. The rationale for this project was that SNP analysis of MLST genes is a rapid and cost-effective method for genotyping and monitoring MRSA dissemination in the community. In this study, 16 different sequence types (ST) were identified with 41% of isolates identified as ST93 making it the predominate clone. Males and Females were infected equally with an average patient age of 45yrs. Phenotypically, all of the ST93 had an identical antimicrobial resistance pattern. They were resistant to the β-lactams – Penicillin, Flu(di)cloxacillin and Cephalothin but sensitive to all other antibiotics tested. Virulence factors play an important role in allowing S. aureus to cause disease by way of colonising, replication and damage to the host. One virulence factor of particular interest is the toxin Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which is composed of two separate proteins encoded by two adjacent genes. PVL positive CA-MRSA are shown to cause recurrent, chronic or severe skin and soft tissue infections. As a result, it is important that PVL positive CA-MRSA is genotyped and tracked. Especially now that CA-MRSA infections are more prevalent than HA-MRSA infections and are now deemed endemic in Australia. 98% of all isolates in this study tested positive for the PVL toxin gene. This study showed that PVL is present in many different community based ST, not just ST93, which were all PVL positive. With this toxin becoming entrenched in CA-MRSA, genotyping would provide more accurate data and a way of tracking the dissemination. PVL gene can be sub-typed using an allele-specific Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) followed by High resolution meltanalysis. This allows the identification of PVL subtypes within the CA-MRSA population and allow the tracking of these clones in the community.

Diversity of community acquired MRSA carrying the PVL gene in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia

Emergence and dissemination of community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains are being reported with increasing frequency in Australia and worldwide. These strains of CA-MRSA are genetically diverse and distinct in Australia. Genotyping of CA-MRSA using eight highly-discriminatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a rapid and robust method for monitoring the dissemination of these strains in the community. In this study, a SNP genotyping method was used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of 249 community acquired non-multiresistant MRSA (nm-MRSA) isolates over a 12-month period from routine diagnostic specimens. A real-time PCR for the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was also performed on these isolates. The CA-MRSA isolates were sourced from a large private laboratory in Brisbane, Australia that serves a wide geographic region encompassing Queensland and Northern New South Wales. This study identified 16 different STs and 98% of the CA-MRSA isolates were positive for the PVL gene. The most common ST was ST93 with 41% of isolates testing positive for this clone.

Molecular methods for the epidemiological analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae are major health problems worldwide, both found in symptomless carriage but also causing even life-threatening infections. The aim of this thesis was to characterise MRSA and S. pneumoniae in detail by using several molecular typing methods for various epidemiological purposes: clonality analysis, epidemiological surveillance, outbreak investigation, and virulence factor analysis. The characteristics of MRSA isolates from the strain collection of the Finnish National Infectious Disease Register (NIDR) and pneumococcal isolates collected from military recruits and children with acute otitis media (AOM) were analysed using various typing techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and the detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were performed for MRSA isolates. Pneumococcal isolates were analysed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, MLST, and by detecting pilus islet 1 (PI-1) and 2 (PI-2) genes. Several international community- and hospital-associated MRSA clones were recognised in Finland. The genetic diversity among MRSA FIN-4 isolates and among FIN-16 isolates was low. Overall, MRSA blood isolates from 1997 to 2006 were genetically diverse. spa typing was found to be a highly discriminatory, rapid and accurate typing method and it also qualifies as the primary typing method in countries with a long history of PFGE-based MRSA strain nomenclature. However, additional typing by another method, e.g. PFGE, is needed in certain situations to be able to provide adequate discrimination for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation. An outbreak of pneumonia was associated with one pneumococcal strain among military recruits, previously healthy young men living in a crowded setting. The pneumococcal carriage rate after the outbreak was found to be exceptionally high. PI-1 genes were detected at a rather low prevalence among pneumococcal isolates from children with AOM. However, the study demonstrated that PI-1 has existed among pneumococcal isolates prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the increased antimicrobial resistance era. Moreover, PI-1 was found to associate with the serotype rather than the genotype. This study adds to our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of MRSA strains in Finland and the importance of an appropriate genotyping method to be able to perform high-level laboratory-based surveillance of MRSA. Epidemiological and molecular analyses of S. pneumoniae add to our knowledge of the characteristics of pneumococcal strains in Finland.

Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus 118 (ST772), a Major Disease Clone from India

We report the draft genome sequence of an ST772 Staphylococcus aureus disease isolate carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type V from a pyomyositis patient. Our de novo short read assembly is similar to 2.8 Mb and encodes a unique Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) phage with structural genes similar to those of phi 7247PVL and novel lysogenic genes at the N termini.

Levels of Alpha-Toxin Correlate with Distinct Phenotypic Response Profiles of Blood Mononuclear Cells and with agr Background of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Epidemiological studies of Staphylococcus aureus have shown a relation between certain clones and the presence of specific virulence genes, but how this translates into virulence-associated functional responses is not fully elucidated. Here we addressed this issue by analyses of community-acquired S. aureus strains characterized with respect to antibiotic resistance, ST types, agr types, and virulence gene profiles. Supernatants containing exotoxins were prepared from overnight bacterial cultures, and tested in proliferation assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The strains displayed stable phenotypic response profiles, defined by either a proliferative or cytotoxic response. Although, virtually all strains elicited superantigen-mediated proliferative responses, the strains with a cytotoxic profile induced proliferation only in cultures with the most diluted supernatants. This indicated that the superantigen-response was masked by a cytotoxic effect which was also confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. The cytotoxic supernatants contained significantly higher levels of alpha-toxin than did the proliferative supernatants. Addition of alpha-toxin to supernatants characterized as proliferative switched the response into cytotoxic profiles. In contrast, no effect of Panton Valentine Leukocidin, delta-toxin or phenol soluble modulin alpha-3 was noted in the proliferative assay. Furthermore, a significant association between agr type and phenotypic profile was found, where agrII and agrIII strains had predominantly a proliferative profile whereas agrI and IV strains had a predominantly cytotoxic profile. The differential response profiles associated with specific S. aureus strains with varying toxin production could possibly have an impact on disease manifestations, and as such may reflect specific pathotypes.

Modelling staphylococcal pneumonia in a human 3D lung tissue model system delineates toxin-mediated pathology

Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is recognized as a toxin-mediated disease, yet the tissue-destructive events remain elusive, partly as a result of lack of mechanistic studies in human lung tissue. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model composed of human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts was used to delineate the role of specific staphylococcal exotoxins in tissue pathology associated with severe pneumonia. To this end, the models were exposed to the mixture of exotoxins produced by S. aureus strains isolated from patients with varying severity of lung infection, namely necrotizing pneumonia or lung empyema, or to purified toxins. The necrotizing pneumonia strains secreted high levels of alpha-toxin and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and triggered high cytotoxicity, inflammation, necrosis and loss of E-cadherin from the lung epithelium. In contrast, the lung empyema strain produced moderate levels of PVL, but negligible amounts of alpha-toxin, and triggered limited tissue damage. alpha-toxin had a direct damaging effect on the epithelium, as verified using toxin-deficient mutants and pure alpha-toxin. Moreover, PVL contributed to pathology through the lysis of neutrophils. A combination of alpha-toxin and PVL resulted in the most severe epithelial injury. In addition, toxin-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators from lung tissue models resulted in enhanced neutrophil migration. Using a collection of 31 strains from patients with staphylococcal pneumonia revealed that strains producing high levels of alpha-toxin and PVL were cytotoxic and associated with fatal outcome. Also, the strains that produced the highest toxin levels induced significantly greater epithelial disruption. Of importance, toxin-mediated lung epithelium destruction could be inhibited by polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin containing antibodies against alpha-toxin and PVL. This study introduces a novel model system for study of staphylococcal pneumonia in a human setting. The results reveal that the combination and levels of alpha-toxin and PVL correlate with tissue pathology and clinical outcome associated with pneumonia.

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA): tipificação do cassete cromossômico SCCmec e resistência a antimicrobianos em pacientes com fibrose cística assistidos em dois centros no Rio de Janeiro

A infecção pulmonar de etiologia bacteriana é um dos principais problemas que levam a morbi-mortalidade na fibrose cística (FC). Staphylococcus aureus se destaca como um dos micro-organismos mais frequentes e com um agravante para a terapêutica quando se apresentam resistentes à oxacilina (MRSA). Amostras MRSA podem ser classificadas tanto genotipicamente quanto fenotipicamente em MRSA adquiridas na comunidade (CA-MRSA) ou adquiridas no hospital (HA-MRSA). Fenotipicamente, essa classificação é muito controversa, podendo se basear em critérios epidemiológicos ou ainda pelo perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Por outro lado, a classificação genotípica consiste na determinação dos cassetes cromossômicos (SCCmec), local de inserção do gene mecA (que confere resistência a meticilina). Atualmente são reconhecidos 11 tipos de SCCmec, sendo os de tipo I ao III e VIII relacionados ao genótipo HA-MRSA e IV ao XI ao genótipo CA-MRSA. Classicamente CA-MRSA é capaz de produzir a toxina Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), codificada pelos genes luk-S e luk-F que está associada à pneumonia necrotizante e infecções de tecidos moles em pacientes com FC com quadros de exacerbação pulmonar. No Brasil, raros são os trabalhos envolvendo caracterização de SCCmec em amostras de pacientes com FC. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo principal a caracterização dos tipos de SCCmec e ainda a determinação do perfil de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos em uma população de MRSA recuperada de pacientes com FC assistidos em dois centros de tratamento no Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) e Instituto Fernandes Figueira (IFF). Foram estudadas 108 amostras de MRSA isoladas do período de 2008 a 2010, sendo 94 oriundas de 28 pacientes adultos atendidos no IFF e 14 de 2 pacientes adultos atendidos no HUPE. Foram encontradas altas taxas de resistência para os antimicrobianos oxacilina, cefoxitina e eritromicina. Todas as amostras foram sensíveis à vancomicina e a linezolida quando determinada as Concentrações Inibitórias Mínimas (CIM). Através da técnica de PCR foi possível a tipificação dos SCCmec em 82,4% das amostras, sendo 64% destas compatíveis ao genótipo CA-MRSA. Não houve diferença estatística nas taxas de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos entre as amostras CA-MRSA e HA-MRSA. Foram encontrados os SCCmec dos tipos I, III, IV e V, sendo os tipos I e IV os mais frequentes. O gene que codifica a toxina PVL foi encontrado em 34,2% das amostras e foi observado em amostras CA-MRSA e HA-MRSA. Nosso estudo se destaca por apresentar um alto percentual de amostras CA-MRSA e ainda por ser o primeiro do país a detectar a presença do gene que codifica a toxina PVL em pacientes com FC. Além disso, de forma inédita na literatura, encontramos o gene luk-S, em amostras classificadas como HA-MRSA em pacientes com FC. Os poucos estudos nacionais, bem como as diferenças encontradas entre trabalhos, refletem a necessidade de conhecimento mais aprimorado do MRSA envolvido nas infecções pulmonares dos pacientes com FC.

Determinação do perfil fenotípico e genotípico de amostras de Staphylococus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) e sensíveis a antibióticos não ß-lactâmicos em cinco hospitais no município do Rio de Janeiro

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) é um dos principais microrganismos envolvidos nas Infecções relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IrAS). Porém, um clone de MRSA, o CA-MRSA, emergiu na comunidade e atualmente vem sendo agente de IrAS. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar fenotípica e genotipicamente 111 amostras de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina e sensíveis a antibióticos não ß-lactâmicos de pacientes atendidos em cinco hospitais no município do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizando os critérios padronizados pelo CLSI 2012, foram determinadas as susceptibilidades a 11 antimicrobianos pelo método de disco difusão em ágar e concentração inibitória mínima para vancomicina e oxacilina pelo método da microdiluição em caldo. A multirresistência (resistência a 3 ou mais antimicrobianos não ß-lactâmicos) foi observada em 31,5% das amostras, sendo que 53,2% apresentaram resistência ao antimicrobiano clindamicina, uma das opções para o tratamento empírico das infecções de pele/tecidos moles. 86,4% apresentaram concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) para vancomicina ≥ 1,0 g/mL ou seja, elevado percentual de amostras associadas ao fenômeno MIC creep, o qual está associado ao insucesso na terapia antimicrobiana anti-MRSA. Não foi observado até o momento nenhuma amostra com CIM ≥ 4cg/mL para vancomicina, entretanto, já há resistência à linezolida em quatro hospitais do estudo. A tipificação do SCCmec nos permitiu classificar 4,5% das amostras em HA-MRSA e 86,5% em CA-MRSA, nas quais a resistência heterogênea típica à oxacilina foi observada em 57,2%. A toxina de Panton-Valentine (PVL) foi identificada pela metodologia de PCR em 28% das amostras com genótipo CA-MRSA. Os fatores de riscos clássicos, da literatura, relacionados à infecção por HA-MRSA foram também observados nos pacientes com infecção por CA-MRSA portadoras de SCCmec IV e V. No intuito de verificar a existência de similaridades genéticas ou a presença de clone predominante entre as amostras dos cinco hospitais, foi realizada a técnica de eletroforese em gel sob campo pulsado (PFGE) e observou-se diversidade genética assim como a presença de amostras com padrões similares aos clones OSPC (18,5%) e USA400. Não foram encontradas amostras com padrões de eletroforese similares aos clones USA300, USA800 e CEB. É essencial a vigilância da resistência aos antimicrobianos não ß-lactâmicos no CA-MRSA, em especial à vancomicina. A mudança na epidemiologia deste microrganismo vem impactando os padrões característicos dos genótipos limitando os critérios de diferenciação entre eles. Neste contexto, as técnicas moleculares atuam como excelentes ferramentas de caracterização. O conhecimento do patógeno auxilia na elaboração e implementação de medidas preventivas, contribuindo para o controle da doença tanto no ambiente hospitalar quanto na comunidade.

Epidemiologia molecular de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) isolados de pacientes com Fibrose Cística

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) é um importante patógeno pulmonar em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). Caracteriza-se pela resistência a todos os β-lactâmicos, devido a presença do elemento genético móvel SCCmec o qual abriga o gene mecA. Além disso, é reconhecido por vários fatores de virulência o qual destacamos a toxina Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), uma citolisina formadora de poros na célula hospedeira, e por apresentar diversos clones epidêmicos envolvidos em surtos hospitalares. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a epidemiologia de MRSA, isolados de pacientes com FC referente a dois centros de referência no Rio de Janeiro a partir da aplicação de técnicas fenotípicas e genotípicas. Um total de 57 amostras de MRSA foi submetido ao teste de difusão em ágar para 11 antimicrobianos a fim de avaliar perfil de resistência, com aplicação da técnica da PCR foi tipificado o SCCmec e investigado a presença do gene LukS-PV responsável pela codificação da toxina PVL com intuito de estabelecer uma melhor caracterização epidemiológica dos clones identificados pela técnica do MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing). Os antimicrobianos não β-lactâmicos apresentaram um percentual de resistência abaixo de 50%, em que destacamos a eritromicina com o maior percentual 45,6% e quanto ao perfil de resistência 24,6% foram multirresistentes. Com exceção do SCCmec II, os outros tipos foram encontrados (I, III, IV e V) com os respectivos percentuais de 22,8% (n=13), 7,1% (n=4), 61,4% (n=35) e 3,5% (n=2) e apenas 5,3% (n=3) das amostras não foram caracterizadas, não há dados da prevalência do SCCmec IV. Vinte (35,1%) amostras apresentaram produtos de amplificação compatível com a presença do gene lukS, aproximadamente metade dessas amostras (55%) estava correlacionada ao SCCmec IV. Com a análise do MLST, obtivemos os STs 1 (n=1, 1,7%), 5 (n=28, 49,1%), 30 (n=11, 19,3%), 72 (n=1, 1,7%), 398 (n=1, 1,7%), 1635 (n=7, 12,3%), 1661 (n=2, 3,5%), 239 (n=5, 8,8%), e ainda identificamos um novo ST (2732) presente em 1 amostra. A partir de uma análise associativa entre o MLST e o SCCmec foi possível observar a presença de linhagens características de clones epidêmicos, como o UK-EMRSA-3 (ST5, SCCmec I), USA 800/pediátrico (ST5, SCCmec IV), Oceania Southwest Pacific Clone - OSPC (ST30, SCCmec IV) e Brazilian Epidemic Clone - BEC (ST239, SCCmec III). Em conclusão este estudo é o primeiro a caracterizar linhagens epidêmicas de MRSA nos centros de atendimento a pacientes com FC no Rio de Janeiro, sendo necessário um monitoramento constante a fim de evitar a disseminação desses clones.