Morphological diversity of the genus Licuala (Palmae)

There are about 141 described species of Licuala. Structurally, the genus has very consistent vegetative and fertile characters. As the genus undergoes revision, it is becoming clear that it contains great morphological variation within the strict vegetative and reproductive character constraints found in the genus. This paper describes the variation found in the genus and its significance in taxon delimitation.

Kariological study of five Arecoideae palmae species

Kariological data for 5 species of palm subfamily Arecoideae are presented based on somatic methapase chromosomes obtained from seeds germinated on Sphagnum, and using standard methodology for the slides preparation. From the kariogram of Aiphanes. acanthophylla (2n=30),A. caryotaefolia (2n=30), Syagrus coronata (2n=32), S. quinquifaria (2n=32) and Scheelea lauromuelleriana (2n=32) the relative centromere position (short arm x 100/total chromosome length) and the relative length of each chromosome (average chromosome length/total chromosome length) were calculated.

Seed dispersal of Attalea phalerata (Palmae) by Crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Pantanal and a review of frugivory by raptors

We observed Crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) consuming and dispersing fruits of the palm Attalea phalerata at Pantanal, Brazil. We reviewed the literature of seed dispersal by raptors and suggest that raptors may affect seed dispersal by three different paths: secondary seed dispersal by preying on frugivorous birds, primary seed dispersal of ornithocoric fruits and primary seed dispersal of large, lipid-rich fruits. The latter path may be an important long-distance seed dispersal mechanism for large seeds.

Nova Palmae Civitas : Ao. 1594

Auf d. kl. Platte: Abb. e. Gedenkmünze aus d. Grundstein

Palmae novae paraguayenses quas descripsit et iconibus illustravit J. Barbosa Rodrigues ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Ecology of the Asian Elephant in Southern India. II. Feeding Habits and Crop Raiding Patterns

The Asian elephant's foraging strategy in its natural habitat and in cultivation was studied in southern India during 1981-83. Though elephants consumed at least 112 plant species in the study area, about 85% of their diet consisted of only 25 species from the order Malvales and the families Leguminosae, Palmae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. Alteration between a predominantly browse diet during the dry season with a grass diet during the early wet season was related to the seasonally changing protein content of grasses. Crop raiding, which was sporadic during the dry season, gradually increased with more area being cultivated with the onset of rains. Raiding frequency reached a peak during October-December, with some villages being raided almost every night, when finger millet (Eleusine coracana) was cultivated by most farmers. The monthly frequency of raiding was related to the seasonal movement of elephant herds and to the size of the enclave. Of their total annual food requirement, adult bull elephants derived an estimated 9.3% and family herds 1.7% in quantity from cultivated land. Cultivated cereal and millet crops provided significantly more protein, calcium and sodium than the wild grasses. Ultimately, crop raiding can be thought of as an extension of the elephant's optimal foraging strategy.

Estudos taxonômicos das leguminosas no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro Brasil

Situado sob as coordenadas 22-2223S, 4115-4145W ao Norte do Estado, o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba PNRJ possui uma área de 14.860 hectares, abrangendo parte dos Municípios de Carapebus, Macaé e Quissamã tendo aproximadamente 60 km de praia sem interrupções rochosas e um vasto complexo lagunar. O PNRJ possui um grande mosaico paisagístico composto por dez fitoformações: formação psamófila reptante, formação arbustiva fechada pós-praia, formação aberta de Clusia, formação arbustiva aberta de Ericaceae, formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae, formação herbácea brejosa, mata de cordão arenoso, mata periodicamente inundada, mata permanentemente inundada, além da vegetação aquática. Para o inventário das espécies de Leguminosae do PNRJ foram visitadas todas estas formações durante o trabalho de campo. Os espécimes coletados foram processados consoante o protocolo tradicional e depositados nos Herbários da UERJ (HRJ), Museu Nacional (R), Herbarium Brade anum (HB). No PNRJ a família possui até o momento 55 espécies distribuídas em 32 gêneros com representantes nas três subfamílias: Caesalpinioideae com quatro gêneros e 12 espécies, Mimosoideae com seis gêneros e dez espécies e Papilionoideae com 22 gêneros e 33 espécies. Chamaecrista e Aeschynomene foram os gêneros de maior riqueza, com cinco espécies cada. Tais valores da família no PNRJ representam 14% dos gêneros e 1,9% das espécies de Leguminosae ocorrentes no Brasil, bem como 30% dos gêneros e 12% das espécies ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A riqueza de espécies de Leguminosae no PNRJ mostrou-se mais elevada quando comparada com outras três áreas de restinga: Ilha do Cardoso (SP), Reserva da Praia do Sul (RJ) e Restinga de Maricá (RJ). Em relação à preferência de habitat das espécies ocorrentes no PNRJ, a maior riqueza de espécies foi observada na formação arbustiva aberta de Palmae e na mata de cordão arenoso, com 22% e 23% das espécies respectivamente. No tratamento taxonômico são apresentadas chaves para a identificação de subfamílias, gêneros e espécies, além de descrições sinópticas das espécies. Entre os caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos destacaramse a quantidade e forma dos folíolos, a presença e forma dos nectários extraflorais e os tipos de frutos. Para cada táxon específico ou infraespecífico são ainda incluídas informações sobre a distribuição geográfica no Brasil, floração e frutificação, ocorrência nas fitoformações e comentários sobre as características diagnósticas. Também são incluídas 38 pranchas ilustrativas que combinam imagens das espécies em campo a e imagens de exsicatas. Na análise dos dados sobre floração e frutificação para a família como um todo, não ficou evidenciado um período de maior concentração destes eventos.

A gueroba (Syagrus oleracea Becc.) nas comunidades rurais I: aproveitamento agroindustrial (2000).

A gueroba, gariroba ou guariroba e uma palmeira arborea nativa do bioma Cerrado que produz frutos com polpa mucilaginosa comestivel e palmito amargo muito utilizado no cardapio regional e comercializado in natura nas feiras e margens de rodovias. O extrativismo intenso para uso do palmito vem reduzindo substancialmente os guerobais nativos. Dai, este trabalho tratar de parte de um estudo de caso dessa planta, na Fazenda Pantanal dos Buritis em Aragoiania, GO. O enfoque geral deste estudo, e mostrar seu comportamento em cultivo, destacando as mais variadas maneiras de utilizar suas partes para reduzir desperdicios. Neste trabalho, sao abordados desde a descricao botanica, colheita e secagem dos cocos-semente, problemas de germinacao e desenvolvimento inicial, pragas e doenças que atacam a especie, a producao de fitomassa/ha e sua importancia em nutricao animal. Ha descricao do fluxograma de processamento do palmito desde a recepcao do material ate a obtencao da conserva, alertando-se para a importancia de se seguir as normas do IBAMA e da Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria para sua exploracao. Apesar do promissor potencial de cultivo comercial, ha limitacoes para expansao devido a falta de estudos sobre domesticacao dessa especie.

A gueroba (Syagrus oleracea Becc.) nas comunidades rurais II: sistema de producao e avaliacao economica.

A gueroba, guariroba ou gariroba e uma palmeira importante para a populacao do Cerrado, sendo extraido dela um palmito de sabor amargo muito apreciado na culinaria regional. Esse produto e comercializado, geralmente, in natura e sua industrializacao ainda e artesanal. Seu principal mercado localiza-se nos Estados de Goias, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, algumas regoes da Bahia e de Minas Gerais e no Distrito Federal. Com a exploracao predatoria e a acelerada destruicao da vegetacao nativa por meio da expansao da fronteira agricola, a oferta do produto, oriunda do extrativismo, vem sendo reduzida substancialmente. No entanto, tem-se observado o cultivo dessa palmeira em alguns Estados, principalmente em Goias que, em 1999, cultivava 4.499 hectares. Neste estudo, encontra-se descrito o sistema de producao da cultura de gueroba, consorciada com milho e feijao, nos dois primeiro anos, bem como a matriz dos coeficientes tecnicos, as estimativas do Custo Operacional Efetivo (COE) e os fluxos liquidos de caixa, referentes a quatro alternativas de producao (gueroba-milho-feijao, laraja-pera-rio, milho e arroz de sequeiro) para um periodo de oito anos. Para comparar as diferentes alternativas de investimento, foi utilizado como principal indicador o Valor Atual Liquido (VAL) que considerando o nivel de preço medio, o valor estimado por hectare foi de R$ 35.599,60 para o consorcio queroba-milho-feijao; de R$ 20.994,74 para a cultura de laranja-pera-rio; de R$ 609,33 para o milho e de R$ (-810,36) para o arroz de sequeiro. Como indicadores-auxiliar, foram utilizados: a relacao beneficio/custo, o preco de equilibrio e a margem bruta. Os resultados indicam que, para as condicoes vigentes de mercado e os niveis de tecnologia considerados, o sistema gueroba proporciona, em todos os niveis de precos, o maior retorno do capital investido e maior relacao beneficio/custo.

The Corticiaceae (Basidiomycetes) in Taiwan

Geographically, Taiwan is an Island and situated in the northeast of Asia, on the western side of the Pacific Basin, at the southeast of main China, south of Japan, and north of the Philippines. The main topographic character is the longitudinally oriented mountainous area. More than 200 peaks rise above 3000 m. They departed Taiwan into two lowland areas, an eastern and western plain. Taiwan is departed into subtropical (north area) and tropical zone (south area), which have a warm and humid climate, due to the Tropic of Cancer passing through. The average annual temperature in the lowland amounts to 28°C (7~38°C). The temperate climate also presents in the mountainous areas. The tropical typhoons usually come in summer and bring heavy rain, while the monsoon seasons have an important effect on the regional rainfall distribution. The mean annual rainfall of Taiwan is about 2600 mm (1000~6700 mm); the mountainous areas receive more rain than the lowlands. In Taiwan, according to different temperature and vegetation, the ecological environments were given rise to vertical biotic zonations, and form five major types: highland snowfield, highland meadow, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tropical forest. Six National Parks in Taiwan are located in the mountainous areas, in the north, the south, and on Jinmen Island. The National Parks represent about 8.4% of the country area. In this study, the collection sites are situated in Yangmingshan, Shei-Pa, Yushan, and Kenting National Park. Due to the island isolation, the proportions of endemic species are great in Taiwan, which also presents a high biodiversity. There are 4255 species of vascular plants including 1133 endemic. 5936 species in 1276 genera of fungi are hitherto reported in Taiwan. Among them, 233 Corticiaceae species were recorded, over one third (79 species) of them are known only from Taiwan. The first fungal report in Taiwan is about Phytophthora cyperi, published by the Japanese researcher T. Kawakami in 1904. Therefore, the history of research about fungi in Taiwan is more than one hundred years old. An eminent Japanese mycologist K. Sawada made an intensive survey from 1919 to 1959, and reported 2464 fungi species in his eleven volumes of “Descriptive Catalogue of Formosan Fungi”. However, only a few species (21 species in 9 genera) of Corticiaceae were recorded. From 1973, Chen and Lin resumed the study on Corticiaceae, and also some other foreign mycologists contributed for this field after 1980. The German research group lead by Franz Oberwinkler from Tübingen University collected in Taiwan several times. They published a number of new species and new records. Since 1989, S. H. Wu, a Taiwanese mycologist, has published a great amount of reports on corticioid fungi from Taiwan. Corticioid fungi were made up by the large and heterogeneous unnatural family Corticiaceae and other resupinate fungi belonging to other natural families in the Agaricomycetes. Molecular studies have shown that corticioid genera are distributed across all major clades of Agaricomycetes indicating that the corticioid fungi represent a polyphyletic group. They have resupinate fruitbodies and similar habitats. Species are characterized by simple fruitbody, more or less effused, and present smooth, porioid, grandinioid to odontioid hymenial surface. The fruitbodies are differently colored and usually soft to tough. Most of the Corticiaceae species are wood-saprobic organisms and gain the energy from the decomposing of wood-substrate such as cellulose or lignin. Materials for this study were collected by the author and other mycologists in Taiwan during surveys in April and May 1996, and March 2007, using the spring season with its high humidity and warm climate which are optimal conditions for the development of fungi. For assembling, the convenience sampling method was used in this study. This approach was chosen because it enables to detect a high biodiversity in a short time, and also to find species with rare or patchy distribution. The collecting sites from the North to the South include four National Parks and some preserved forests. They cover many different habitats such as low lands and high mountains. Fresh specimens were dried and analysed with a light microscope. 265 specimens belonging to Corticiaceae were studied in this research. Among them, 50 species in 21 genera including 11 new records and 10 new species were described with text and drawing. Four new species are belonging to Hyphodontia (H. sp. nov. 1, H. sp. nov. 2, H. sp. nov. 3, and H. sp. nov. 4), four to Schizopora (Sch. sp. nov. 1, Sch. sp. nov. 2, Sch. sp. nov. 3, and Sch. sp. nov. 4), one in Trechispora (T. sp. nov. 1), and one in Tubulicrinis (T. sp. nov. 1). Species recorded as new are Aleurodiscus amorphus, Botryohypochnus isabellinus, Hyphodontia cineracea, Hyphodontia palmae, Hypochnicium vellereum, Merulius tremellosus, Metulodontia nivea, Paullicorticium ansatum, Phlebia radiata, Phlebiella ardosiaca, and Xylobolus frustulatus. Besides, Botryohypochnus, Merulius, Metulodontia, Paullicorticium, and Xylobolus are also newly recorded genera in Taiwan. The genus Hyphodontia presents the highest diversity with 20 out of 50 species recorded. The second important genus is Hyphoderma, however with only 5 species. This indicates that Hyphodontia and Hyphoderma have a higher ability to develop in variable environments and approximately shows the predominance of these two genera in Taiwanese Corticiaceae. There are 11 new records out of the 50 species recorded, representing 22%. Some species, e.g. Hypochnicium vellereum and Paullicorticium ansatum were in the past recorded only in Europe and North America with cold and temperate climate. The samples of them are for the first time found in the subtropical belt, and display some difference from those of temperate regions. These collections should be molecularly investigated to clarify if they represent the same species of temperate areas. Patchily distributed species, for example Phlebiella ardosiaca, previously known only in Europe, and Hyphodontia palmae collected only in Brazil, were first recorded in different continents. Two possibilities are indicated by these new records: they are worldwide species but very rare to be found, or the Taiwanese specimens are taxonomically different. More survey from other continents and molecular study for these collections should be done in the future to solve this question. The distribution of Corticiaceae in Taiwan presents the variations in the north, central, and south areas and shows the diversity in lowlands and high mountains. The results of this study provide the evidence that the temperate Corticiaceae species displays a wider distribution. Subtropical and tropical taxa probably have also high dispersal capacities, and could possibly be found in the future in neighboring areas such as China, Japan, Korea or South Asia, but this needs further researches. In the total of 50 species, 10 new taxa were described in this study, giving about 20%. Some new species (e.g. Hyphodontia sp. 1, Hyphodontia sp. 2, and Hyphodontia sp. 3) are very similar to known species (Hyphodontia sambuci and Hyphodontia formosana), and the distinctive characters of Schizopora sp. nov. 1 are intermediate between those of Schizopora paradoxa and Hyphodontia flavipora. Thus, these small differences between the new and known species, suggest that the speciation occurred when the fungi migrated into Taiwan, due to the high diversity of environment, and amounts of the endemic plants. Taiwan is an intermediate place for the south (tropical) fungal species to migrate and adapt to north (temperate) regions. The middle and high altitude environments in Taiwan offer good conditions for the fungal speciation and possibly the occurrence of physiological changes to adapt to the temperate climate. Thus Taiwan has an important position for the biogeography of Asia mycobiota. 5936 known species in Taiwan represent about only 20% of the estimated number (24000) of Taiwanese fungal taxa. In this study, the findings (22% new records and 20% new species) indicate that amounts of unknown fungi species are expected in Taiwan. The lack of knowledge indicates that many new species are awaiting description, and fungal survey in Taiwan remains in a Pioneer phase. The last three wide surveys of Corticiaceae researches took place 20 years before this study (Chen & Lin 1977, Lin & Chen 1989, Wu 1990). After previous important contributions, the present taxonomic study comprising 21 genera is the most extensive on Corticiaceae of Taiwan.

Rhyncophorus palmarum L. (Linnaeus, 1758): A Morphological and Histological Study of the Female Reproductive System

Rhyncophorus palmarum (Coleoptera) is a pest of great economic importance because of the damage caused in the plants of the Palmae family. This study showed that the female reproductive system of this beetle is composed of two ovaries of the telotrophic meroistic type invariably containing two ovarioles per ovary. Each ovariole is home to about 50 oocytes at different stages of maturation. The proximal region of the ovary is rather peculiar because it houses inside it a large quantity of bacilliform structures immersed in a glycolipoprotein substance, which has never before been described in the literature. The function of these structures is still unknown. However, it is suggested that they can function as a method of neutralizing the resistance of the plant because these insects are responsible for the transmission of the red ring disease to the palm plants. Microsc. Res. Tech. 74: 853-862, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Tolerância à dessecação de sementes de palmito-vermelho (Euterpe espiritosantensis Fernandes)

Com o objetivo de identificar a tolerância à dessecação de sementes de Euterpe espiritosantensis, dois lotes de frutos foram colhidos na coleção de palmeiras do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, no município de Ubatuba, estado de São Paulo e transportados em embalagem impermeável até a Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/UNESP, município de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, onde foram despolpados. As sementes foram submetidas à secagem em sílica gel a partir das testemunhas não desidratadas (51,4% e 46,6% de teor de água), retirando-se amostras a cada 12 ou 24 horas. O efeito da desidratação foi avaliado através da porcentagem de germinação, e da velocidade de protrusão de embrião, do botão germinativo, da plúmula, e do comprimento das plântulas. Avaliaram-se ainda a matéria seca e o teor de água das sementes. Concluiu-se que as sementes de E. espiritosantensis são recalcitrantes, apresentando porcentagem alta de germinação (90,0% a 87,5%) quando não desidratadas (teor inicial de água de 51,4% a 46,6%). Abaixo de uma faixa de teor de água situada entre 40,7% e 51,4 % os valores de germinação e vigor foram significativamente reduzidos. A mortalidade total das sementes foi observada, com a redução do teor de água das sementes a uma faixa situada entre 13,4% e 15,8%.

Desiccation tolerance of four seedlots from Euterpe edulis Mart.

In order to identify the desiccation tolerance of E. edulis seeds, four fruitlots were collected from the Campinas Agronomic Institute Palmae collection, located at Ubatuba, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and taken in moisture-proof containers to the College of Agriculture in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. There, the fruits were shelled and the seeds were dried, either under silica gel conditions or in a drying chamber. The effects of dehydration were evaluated by measurements of the germination, embryo protrusion, germinative button, plumule, speed of emergence, seedling length, seed dry matter and water content. Differences among seedlots and between harvest season for most of the traits were observed. Euterpe edulis seedlots seem to tolerate water content reductions until 39% without significant reduction in germination and vigor. Below this value, most of the evaluated traits were negatively affected. Total loss of germination was observed whenever seed water content was reduced to values below 21%.