Weathering Rinds: Archives of Paleoenvironments on Mount Kenya, East Africa

Weathering-rind thicknesses on pebble-and cobble-size sediment have been used for the past half-century, at least, as an age indicator of postdepositional time following a geologic event. In mountainous terrain, rind thickness is taken as a measurement of weathering over time frames of 0.5 m.yr.; variable thicknesses are used to discriminate relative ages of glacial deposits. The effects of chemical and physical weathering that together produce rinds are only rarely considered, and most research objectives have centered on lichen alteration of clast surfaces. Recent microscopic analyses of weathering rinds on volcanic clasts of similar to 70.0-ka to similar to 2.0-m.yr. age produced new data on weathering products as well as unexpected incorporated biotic materials undergoing diagenesis. The question as to how much physical/mineral/chemical/ biotic paleoenvironmental data might be archived in rinds is discussed. The character and classification of organic materials undergoing diagenesis are also discussed.

Holocene settlement shifts and paleoenvironments on the Central Iranian Plateau: investigating linked systems

For thousands of years, humans have inhabited locations that are highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, earthquakes, and floods. In order to investigate the extent to which Holocene environmental changes may have impacted on cultural evolution, we present new geologic, geomorphic, and chronologic data from the Qazvin Plain in northwest Iran that provides a backdrop of natural environmental changes for the simultaneous cultural dynamics observed on the Central Iranian Plateau. Well-resolved archaeological data from the neighbouring settlements of Zagheh (7170—6300 yr BP), Ghabristan (6215—4950 yr BP) and Sagzabad (4050—2350 yr BP) indicate that Holocene occupation of the Hajiarab alluvial fan was interrupted by a 900 year settlement hiatus. Multiproxy climate data from nearby lakes in northwest Iran suggest a transition from arid early-Holocene conditions to more humid middle-Holocene conditions from c. 7550 to 6750 yr BP, coinciding with the settlement of Zagheh, and a peak in aridity at c. 4550 yr BP during the settlement hiatus. Palaeoseismic investigations indicate that large active fault systems in close proximity to the tell sites incurred a series of large (MW ~7.1) earthquakes with return periods of ~500—1000 years during human occupation of the tells. Mapping and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronology of the alluvial sequences reveals changes in depositional style from coarse-grained unconfined sheet flow deposits to proximal channel flow and distally prograding alluvial deposits sometime after c. 8830 yr BP, possibly reflecting an increase in moisture following the early-Holocene arid phase. The coincidence of major climate changes, earthquake activity, and varying sedimentation styles with changing patterns of human occupation on the Hajiarab fan indicate links between environmental and anthropogenic systems. However, temporal coincidence does not necessitate a fundamental causative dependency.

Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments in ponds and alluvial sediments of Upper Paraná River, Brazil

Freshwater sponge spicules were analyzed as a paleoenvironmental proxy indicator in five cores of ponds and alluvial fan sediments in the Upper Paraná River's left bank, near Querência do Norte town, northwestern of State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Two optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates were obtained from sediments of ponds and one radiocarbon (14C) date was obtained from the alluvial fan. Microscopic analysis of spicules preserved in the sediments allowed a determination of freshwater sponge species. The species assemblage provides evidence for dominantly dry conditions in the Upper Paraná River during the Late Pleistocene. A wetter climate phase was recognized at 14C 7,540 yrs BP, with alluvial fan formation commencing at the transition of the dry Pleistocene climate to the Early Holocene wet climate. This wet interval was characterized by a sponge assemblage marked by the presence of the Neotropical families and typically associated with lotic environments. Sponge spicules analysis from pond sediments reject the possibility that lotic environments contributed to pond genesis and evolution. © 2013 by the Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia.

Miocene to Quaternary paleoenvironments and uplift history on the mid Norwegian shelf

Based on benthic and planktic foraminifera, Bolboforma, oxygen isotope measurements and seismic data, major changes in Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene paleoenvironments on the mid Norwegian shelf are discussed and a possible scenario of the late Cenozoic uplift history is given. The dating of the Neogene sequence has been done using foraminifera and Bolboforma. Four main assemblage zones have been identified with nine distinct subzones. Most of the Miocene sequence is preserved. The lower Miocene sediments contain only siliceous microfossils. A period of high fertility and upwelling in the study area prevailed. The early Miocene-early mid Miocene (15 Ma?) change from a siliceous to a calcareous rich microfauna, dominated by Nonion barleeanum, can be related to increased surface-water circulation due to overflow across the Iceland-Faeroe ridge. During the Miocene the temperature decreased in the study area. Evidence of increased amounts of coarser sediments may suggest that an uplift of the mainland areas occurred during the mid-late Miocene. Lower Pliocene sediments contain a foraminiferal fauna that seems to occur in slightly colder conditions than the late Miocene fauna suggesting a further cooling. Possibly, Arctic waters entered the study area in the early Pliocene. A very marked change in lithology (from compacted claystone to unconsolidated diamicton), fauna (from deep dwelling to shallow dwelling species) and seismic signature (from flat lying reflectors to prograding clinoforms) occurs during the mid?-late Pliocene. A two step cooling trend is indicated by the microfauna of these prograding wedges. (1) The first wedge buildups might have been associated with an uplift of the mainland during the early late Pliocene (mid Pliocene, ca. 4 Ma). However, the age determination is somewhat uncertain and may very well be of late Pliocene age. (2) The second step of wedge buildup is associated with a glacial phase where the dominating microfauna exists of arctic species. Large continental ice sheets might have occurred at this time reaching coastal areas and that possibly many of the geomorphological features such as the strandflat were made during this episode. The Pleistocene epoch is represented by an increased percentage of boreal foraminifera intermingled with high arctic species which indicates that interglacial-glacial cycles prevailed and the dynamics of the glacier system changed.

Larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy, systematics and paleoenvironments of the Avon Park Formation and Ocala Limestone, Highlands County, Florida

This study investigates the use of larger foraminifera in determining the biostratigraphy of the Avon Park Formation and the Ocala Limestone in central Florida. Sedimentary rocks of the Avon Park Formation are the oldest exposed deposits in the state of Florida, and together with the Ocala Limestone comprise a part of the confining unit of the Floridan Aquifer, a major source of Florida's water supply. ^ Material from the ROMP 29A core collected by the U.S. Geological Survey was evaluated and compared to previous studies of the biostratigraphy of the formations. The larger foraminifera of the Avon Park Formation were examined in thin section, and those of the Ocala Limestone were free specimens. The larger foraminifera from both units were described and identified, and the biostratigraphy determined. The morphological features of the larger foraminifera of the Ocala Limestone were measured and analyzed at various depths within the ROMP 29A core.^ The Avon Park Formation contains predominantly the shallow-water, conical foraminifera Fallotella cookei, Fallotella floridana, Pseudochrysalidina floridana, Coleiconus christianaensis, Coleiconus sp. A, Coskinolina sp. A, Coskinolina sp. B, Fallotella sp. A, Fallotella sp. B, Fabularia vaughani and larger miliolids. ^ The Ocala Limestone contains a different, deeper water assemblage that included the larger foraminifera Heterostegina ocalana, Lepidocyclina ocalana varieties, Lepidocyclina chaperi, Lepidocyclina pustulosa, Nummulites willcoxi, Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Nummulites floridensis and Pseudophragmina spp. A, B, and C. The age of the Avon Park Formation was corroborated by the occurrence of the biomarker echinoid Neolaganum dalli as Eocene, and the Ocala Limestone also contained Eocene larger foraminifera with Eocene to possibly Oligocene calcareous nannofossils. The distribution of the larger foraminifera of the Avon Park Formation was correlated with the subtidal and peritidal zones of the continental shelf. Analyses of variance showed that the changes in measurements of the morphology in Heterostegina ocalana, Lepidocyclina spp. and Nummulites spp. were correlated with change in the depositional environments.^

Paleoenvironments and geochemical signals from the late Barremian to the middle Aptian in a Tethyan marginal basin, northeast Spain: Implications for carbon sequestration in restricted basins

The hallmark of oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE1a) (early Aptian ~125 Ma) corresponds to worldwide deposition of black shales with total organic carbon (TOC) content > 2% and a δ13C positive excursion up to ~5‰. OAE1a has been related to large igneous province volcanism and dissociation of methane hydrates during the Lower Cretaceous. However, the occurrence of atypical, coeval and diachronous organic-rich deposits associated with OAE1a, which are also characterized by positive spikes of the δ 13C in epicontinental to restricted marine environments of the Tethys Ocean, indicates localized responses decoupled from complex global forcing factors. ^ The present research is a high-resolution, multiproxy approach to assess the paleoenvironmental conditions that led to enhanced carbon sequestration from the late Barremian to the middle Aptian in a restricted, Tethyan marginal basin prior to and during OAE1a. I studied the lower 240 m of the El Pui section, Organyà Basin, Spanish Pyrenees. The basin developed as the result of extensional tectonism linked to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. At the field scale the section consists of a sequence of alternating beds of cm – m-scale, medium-gray to grayish-black limestones and marlstones with TOC up to ~4%. ^ The results indicate that the lowest 85 m of the section, from latest Barremian -earliest Aptian, characterize a deepening phase of the basin concomitant with sustained riverine flux and intensified primary productivity. These changes induced a shift in the sedimentation pattern and decreased the oxygen levels in the water column through organic matter respiration and limited ventilation of the basin. ^ The upper 155 m comprising the earliest – late-early Aptian document the occurrence of OAE1a and its associated geochemical signatures (TOC up to 3% and a positive shift in δ13C of ~5‰). However, a low enrichment of redox-sensitive trace elements indicates that the basin did not achieve anoxic conditions. The results also suggest that a shallower-phase of the basin, coeval with platform progradation, may have increased ventilation of the basin at the same time that heightened sedimentation rates and additional input of organic matter from terrestrial sources increased the burial and preservation rate of TOC in the sediment.^

Paleoenvironments and Geochemical Signals from the Late Barremian to the Middle Aptian in a Tethyan Marginal Basin, Northeast Spain: Implications for Carbon Sequestration in Restricted Basins

The hallmark of oceanic anoxic event 1a (OAE1a) (early Aptian ~125 Ma) corresponds to worldwide deposition of black shales with total organic carbon (TOC) content > 2% and a d13C positive excursion up to ~5‰. OAE1a has been related to large igneous province volcanism and dissociation of methane hydrates during the Lower Cretaceous. However, the occurrence of atypical, coeval and diachronous organic-rich deposits associated with OAE1a, which are also characterized by positive spikes of the d13C in epicontinental to restricted marine environments of the Tethys Ocean, indicates localized responses decoupled from complex global forcing factors. The present research is a high-resolution, multiproxy approach to assess the paleoenvironmental conditions that led to enhanced carbon sequestration from the late Barremian to the middle Aptian in a restricted, Tethyan marginal basin prior to and during OAE1a. I studied the lower 240 m of the El Pui section, Organyà Basin, Spanish Pyrenees. The basin developed as the result of extensional tectonism linked to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. At the field scale the section consists of a sequence of alternating beds of cm – m-scale, medium-gray to grayish-black limestones and marlstones with TOC up to ~4%. The results indicate that the lowest 85 m of the section, from latest Barremian –earliest Aptian, characterize a deepening phase of the basin concomitant with sustained riverine flux and intensified primary productivity. These changes induced a shift in the sedimentation pattern and decreased the oxygen levels in the water column through organic matter respiration and limited ventilation of the basin. The upper 155 m comprising the earliest – late-early Aptian document the occurrence of OAE1a and its associated geochemical signatures (TOC up to 3% and a positive shift in d13C of ~5‰). However, a low enrichment of redox-sensitive trace elements indicates that the basin did not achieve anoxic conditions. The results also suggest that a shallower-phase of the basin, coeval with platform progradation, may have increased ventilation of the basin at the same time that heightened sedimentation rates and additional input of organic matter from terrestrial sources increased the burial and preservation rate of TOC in the sediment.

The First Occurrence in the Fossil Record of an Aquatic Avian Twig-Nest with Phoenicopteriformes Eggs: Evolutionary Implication

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Distribuição espacial dos foraminíferos no perfil transversal ao manguezal da margem da baía de Sepetiba-RJ: habitat e paleoambiente

Os foraminíferos de zona entre-marés são amplamente utilizados como na reconstituição paleoambiental holocênica. Entretanto, a despeito dos manguezais, estudos com foraminíferos são relativamente escassos. A estrutura do habitat e seu grau de exposição atuam na distribuição espacial das espécies de zona entre-marés. Em um perfil transversal ao manguezal que margeia a baía de Sepetiba (RJ), foi investigada a influência parâmetros estruturais do habitat e da riqueza na distribuição espacial dos foraminíferos do manguezal. Os parâmetros escolhidos neste estudo foram serapilheira, litologia, matéria orgânica total, microtopografia, zonação botânica, espécies botânicas, altura média das árvores e densidade de árvores. Um testemunho de 144 cm também foi descrito em termos da sua litologia, matéria orgânica total, composição biogênica, incluído foraminíferos. O perfil apresentou textura silte argilosa, matéria orgânica total concentrada por todo manguezal e a serapilheira acumulada principalmente no mangue superior. Os forminíferos (24) ocorreram apenas no manguezal, com predomínio de aglutinantes e presença significativa de formas calcárias. A densidade de testas se concentrou no mangue superior. A. beccarii f. tepida, E. excavatum, A. mexicana, Q. seminulum e T. inflata foram as espécies mais constantes. A diversidade não apresentou variabilidade espacial significativa e foi marcada pela baixa dominância e alta equitabilidade. Notou-se diferença significativa da riqueza de foraminíferos entre habitats expostos e protegidos. A riqueza específica apresentou moderada correlação com a serapilheira e densidade de árvores. A. mexicana e H. wilberti apresentaram moderada correlação com a riqueza. Q. seminulum apresentou significativa correlação com a matéria orgânica total e altura média das árvores. T. inflata apresentou significativa correlação com a riqueza e serapilheira. Em relação ao testemunho, foi possível identificar três paleoambientes de baía restrita: infralitoral, mesolitoral e supralitoral. O manguezal este presente entre o nível 124 62 cm e a planície hipersalina a partir do nível 24 cm.

Biogeografia Histórica de Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia)

Mawsoniidae é uma família de actinístios fósseis, conhecidos popularmente como celacanto, sendo encontrados em paleoambientes continental e marinho. O táxon foi proposto na década de 1990, apresentando, a partir de então, alguns estudos abordando sua filogenia num contexto cladístico. Trata-se de um grupo monofilético, sendo representado por cinco gêneros inquestionáveis (i. e., Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus, Mawsonia e Parnaibaia), além de outros dez que possuem alguma discordância na sistemática (i. e., Alcoveria, Garnbergia, Heptanema, Indocoelacanthus, Libys, Lualabaea, Megalocoelacanthus, Moenkopia, Rhipis e Trachymetopon). Cabe ressaltar que nem todos estes gêneros foram contemplados nas análises cladísticas de Mawsoniidae. Mawsoniidae possui considerável interesse biogeográfico, considerando sua extensa amplitude temporal (Triássico Médio ao Cretáceo Superior) e ampla distribuição geográfica (Américas do Sul e do Norte, África e Europa). Os gêneros restritos à América do Norte (Diplurus e Chinlea) e Europa (Alcoveria) possuem os registros mais antigos (Triássico Médio-Jurássico Inferior). Já os gêneros restritos ao Hemisfério Sul (Mawsonia, Axelrodichthys e Parnaibaia) distribuem-se do Jurássico Superior ao Cretáceo Superior, no Brasil e na África. A presente dissertação propôs analisar a Biogeografia Histórica de todos os gêneros (os válidos e os de posicionamento taxonômico controverso) de Mawsoniidae, aplicando o método panbiogeográfico de análise de traços. A partir desta análise, foram obtidos 11 traços individuais das espécies e três traços generalizados (TGs). O TG1, que foi denominado Newark Nordeste, ocorre nos estratos do Grupo Newark (Triássico Superior); o TG2, que foi denominado Centro-oeste gondwânico, ocorre na Formação Lualaba (Jurássico Superior); e o TG3, que foi denominado Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana, ocorre nas formações Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana (Cretáceo Inferior). Com base no padrão de distribuição encontrado, sugere-se que a origem do grupo ocorreu a partir do Triássico Médio/Superior na Pangeia Oriental, com subsequente expansão no Jurássico Inferior, corroborada por registros de Indocoelacanthus e Trachymetopon. A expansão do grupo em direção à Gondwana Ocidental ocorreu a partir do Cretáceo Inferior, com registros dos gêneros Mawsonia e Axelrodichthys. A análise panbiogeográfica também foi aplicada para produzir traços individuais para os gêneros em determinados períodos geológicos, os quais mostraram congruência com os traços individuais das espécies. Os resultados aqui obtidos reforçaram o potential do método panbiogeográfico na obtenção dos padrões de distribuição e, consequentemente, nas áreas de endemismo de Mawsoniidae, ao longo de todo o Mesozoico.

山东山旺中新世植物重要类群演化生物学与古气候定量重建的研究

　　早在20世纪三十年代，前人发现山旺中新世具有丰富的植物化石，枝叶、果实、花保存完好。1940年我国植物学家胡先骗与美国加州大学钱耐发表研究专著《中国山东山旺中新世植物群》，报道了30科61属84种植物，为最早系统地进行山旺植物研究的奠基之作，至今仍然具有很高的科学价值和国际影响。1946年布朗发表论文涉及山旺部分属种修订工作。1951年斯行健发表文章：评胡先骗与钱耐著“山东中新统植物群”， 对部分属种鉴定提出异议。1978年植物所与南古所老一辈科学家又作了大量补充与修订，完成合著《中国新生代植物》，该书对山旺植物群进行了系统整理，总计43科87属125种植物，奠定了 山旺植物群的基本面貌。此后，山旺植物群陆续有新的类群添加。目前所知山旺植物群主要以温带落叶植物为主混生了部分亚热带常绿和落叶阔叶植物。该植物群不仅种类繁多，数量丰富，而且保存完整，是我国新生代植物群中研究程度最好的代表。 尽管山旺研究已经取得如此丰富的成果，但是在Hu&Chaney (1940)研究山旺植物群之后的长达60年里( 1940-1999)，关于山旺叶、果实与花的研究仅局限于外部的形态描述，缺乏对其进行细胞形态结构和角质层等结构植物学的实验分析研究，从而大大制约了对该植物群性质的理解和类群演化生物学的深入的研究。 近年来我们通过与国际国内同行的广泛合作，运用国际古植物学研究的新技术、新方法，如叶结构分析、角质层分析、细胞形态结构分析等，在光学显微镜与电子显微镜不同层次的观察上，将植物体外部形态学与内部细胞结构研究相结合，开展对山旺植物群的类群研究，取得了重要进展。我们首次成功提取了山旺植物“阿斯羌属”(As tronium)的角质层，并观察到气孔器结构，为该类群的正确修订提供了确凿的生物学证据，建立了化石新属钱耐属(Wang andManchester，2000)。山旺中新世地层中过去报道存在大量的“阿斯羌”花化石，为五个萼片宿存的辐射对称的花，果实球形，一枚，项生。这种生殖结构也普遍见于欧洲大陆的中新世地层和北美大陆美国的始新世地层中。欧洲人Heer在1859年提出它属于分布于东亚的旋花科的飞蛾藤属(Porana)植物; Weyland在1937年认为它应当是热带龙脑香科非洲马达加斯加岛屿特有分布的Mono tes属植物;美国人MacGinitie在1953年认为它属于分布于南美的漆树科的阿斯羌属(Astronium)植物，其确切系统位置众说纷纭。在中国新生代植物一书中，采用了美国人MacGinitie在1953年的观点，称之为阿斯羌花。斯行健先生认为是旋花科的飞蛾藤属植物。 我们调查了密苏里北京植物园标本馆馆藏的南美和非洲标本，以及哈佛大学标本馆的馆藏东亚标本，对上述科属现存植物的花结构进行了全面的详细研究。发现5个萼片宿存的辐射对称的花见于多个不同的科属类群，是一种趋同演化性状，而萼片脉纹与表皮细胞气孔器排列、果实形态与数目等特征在上述不同类群中极易区分。因而逐一排除了属于上述现存类群的可能性。我们研究的山旺与北美的化石标本显示的果实个体发育过程与现存植物苦木科苦木属(Picrasma)的果实发育相似，果实发育早期为5枚分离，后期3-4枚退化，仅1-2枚，通常为1枚球形果实留存，花瓣脱落，萼片宿存。但是，它们二者在果实形态与萼片表皮结构上，仍存在很大差异。现在认为它属于一个绝灭的植物类群，化石的系统位置尚无法放入现存的科属系统，可能接近于苦木科。因此，建立了一个化石新属钱耐属(Chaneya)。目前，该属包含二个种，一个分布于北美始新世地层，另一个分布于东亚中新世地层，欧洲的材料由于缺乏深入研究，尚无法确定归属。钱耐属在北半球第三纪地层中呈东亚北美间断分布。钱耐属的研究，不仅为探讨东亚与北美植物区系的联系和植物类群的分化历史提供了重要的证据(Wang and Manchester，2000)，更为深入探讨山旺化石植物重要类群的结构与演化生物学研究提供了成功的范例。 山旺的榉属(Zelkova)是山旺植物群的一个常见分子。榉属是欧亚大陆分布的植物，现存6种，在欧亚大陆第三纪地层中发现了大量的榉属化石，包括果实与叶连生的枝条。在北美大陆虽然有榉属化石报道，但是由于缺乏果实，仅靠叶的特征难以令人信服，榉属是否存在于北美仍有争议( Manchester，1989;Manchester，个人通讯)。近年基于我们在山旺组发现和采集到大量的榉属离散叶片以及联生有果实和叶的生殖枝条的深入研究，获得了化石叶结构、表皮细胞、表皮毛、气孔器、核果的大量结构生物学信息。通过与奥地利维也纳大学的 Ferguson教授合作，建立了欧亚现存榉属6个种的生物学形态与结构信息参照系，古今对比结果清楚表明山旺榉的叶缘齿式结构及表皮特征组合最接近我国南部分布的Z. schneideriana，而不是Hu and Chaney (1940)建议的广布于东亚的Z serrata，也明显不同于欧亚大陆共有、分布于西亚伊朗和东欧高加索地区的Z. carpinifolia。常见于欧洲第三纪的翁格榉(Z. ungeri)在形态学更接近Z.carpinifolia。因此，山旺榉明显不同于翁格榉，有其独立的种级特征，应建立东亚中新世榉属的一新种一山旺榉(Z shanwangensis sp. nov.)。榉属在欧亚大陆上的种级分化可能至少在中中新世即已出现。 我们1995年报道了山旺中新世地层发现中国特有植物杜仲化石，并利用先进的电子显微镜设备，找到了确凿无疑的原位化石杜仲特殊胶丝结构直接证据。《美国植物学报》1997年发表文章评论这是目前我国唯一可靠的、保存有精美的胶丝细胞结构的杜仲化石。近年我们迸一步采用古今结合的方法，运用自创的“特有种气候分析法”，对中国重要特有植物杜仲开展了多学科综合研究，利用现存杜仲种子春季萌发需要特定温度的生理学研究结果，结合自然分布区的温度分布，定量恢复了山旺中新世古春季温度数值;该项研究工作的论文列入著名国际SCI刊物《美国植物学报》2003年1月第一期首篇文章。美国植物学报评审人评价：这是应用现代植物实验数据解决地质时期古气候学问题的一个极好例子，是经典之说“现代是（认知）过去的钥匙”的例证，更是当前古植物学研究的一个范例。该文作出的重要贡献体现在如下几个方面：1、提供了现代植物生理生态的实验数据;2、提供了古植物学研究需要的解剖学证据（胶丝）;3、更正了古生物地理方面的一个假说（杜仲何时在中国出现）; 4、提出了一个解答古气候学问题的新方法。 最后一点实际上也是最重要的一点。” 油杉属的研究显示该属现代有三个种，生活在东亚中国，越南和老挝。它曾经在北半球广泛分布，以球果、种鳞、具翅的种子、木材等形式保存在新生代第三纪地层中，如已经有报道的北美大陆美国俄勒冈渐新世和中新世，欧洲中部中新世，亚洲日本中新世和上新世，俄罗斯远东渐新世到中新世地层。本次山旺中中新世与美国俄勒冈渐新世Rujada flora发现的油杉，接近现存油杉属的属型种油杉。北美中新世和亚洲日本中新世和上新世报道了接近于现存种铁坚油杉的化石。这些证据反映了东亚与北美第三纪植物区系的联系远比今天密切，油杉在北美中新世末期后、在欧洲早更新世之后和在东亚日本上新世结束，在上述地区消失。油杉今天仅孑遗分布于东亚中国秦岭以南、雅砻江以东，长江以南及台湾、海南岛和越南、老挝等亚热带至热带北缘的低山、丘陵山区。山旺油杉的球果化石具有现存油杉和铁坚油杉复合种的特征，可能代表了兼具中国两种油杉共同特征的一个早期类型，由此也表明油杉和铁坚油杉的物种分化在中国有可能是1500万年以来发生的新近事件。同时，油杉球果（松科）的首次发现，解决了山东山旺中中新世化石产地有无裸子植物这个长达半个世纪的争论(Hu andChaney，1940：斯行健，1951)，进一步确证了山旺中中新世气候为亚热带山地气候类型。