908 resultados para Palab ras clave Vínculo


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In the present article I try to share some reflections on a case study of an attachment disorder child I worked with for two years through art therapy in a day hospital. Those reflections let me go deeply in some specific elements concerning the discipline which let us delimit its theoretical and methodological possible scope. In this way, from the specific of the case study on propose to reflect on those elements that conform a methodology related to the art therapist way of doing, in order to concrete and evaluate other possible interventions to develop in similar cases and contexts.

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Las pedagogías críticas han circunscripto el problema de la transmisión a un proceso lineal y mecánico propio de ciertos enfoques llamados ?tradicionales?, procesos que siempre son descriptos en términos de su negatividad. Amparándose en la clásica definición de Emile Durkheim, la educación es entendida así, como transmisión cultural de una generación sobre otra, en la cual los sujetos participes del proceso, ocupan un lugar meramente pasivo frente al conocimiento disciplinar. En los últimos años, la pedagogía en diálogo con otras disciplinas, el psicoanálisis, la antropología, la historia, la teoría política, ha revisado esta concepción y abierto los límites del campo; entendiendo la necesidad de recuperar el concepto de transmisión como palabra clave a la hora de pensar la constitución de las sociedades, las instituciones y los sujetos. El ?pasaje de la cultura? que toda transmisión habilita hace estallar la reflexión pedagógica históricamente limitada a reflexionar sobre la educación desde un frente estrictamente didactizable. En la presente ponencia releeremos la relación educación sociedad, vínculo clave para las teorías criticas, a la luz de la problemática de la transmisión. Dicha relectura implica volver a pensar el lugar de los sujetos, la escuela como institución, y los saberes desde una pedagogía abierta a los problemas del presente. Llevar adelante este trabajo supone revisar una serie de autores clásicos de la pedagogía crítica, analizando como estos pensadores entendieron la problemática de la transmisión. Dicho ejercicio será ponderado al calor de las perspectivas interdisciplinares que caracterizan al campo de los estudios sociales en general y al de la pedagogía en particular. Nuestros argumentos pretenden dinamizar un concepto que viene cargado desde su propia etimología de movimiento, politicidad e historicidad, y que, sin embargo, las pedagógicas progresistas han estigmatizado.

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Las pedagogías críticas han circunscripto el problema de la transmisión a un proceso lineal y mecánico propio de ciertos enfoques llamados ?tradicionales?, procesos que siempre son descriptos en términos de su negatividad. Amparándose en la clásica definición de Emile Durkheim, la educación es entendida así, como transmisión cultural de una generación sobre otra, en la cual los sujetos participes del proceso, ocupan un lugar meramente pasivo frente al conocimiento disciplinar. En los últimos años, la pedagogía en diálogo con otras disciplinas, el psicoanálisis, la antropología, la historia, la teoría política, ha revisado esta concepción y abierto los límites del campo; entendiendo la necesidad de recuperar el concepto de transmisión como palabra clave a la hora de pensar la constitución de las sociedades, las instituciones y los sujetos. El ?pasaje de la cultura? que toda transmisión habilita hace estallar la reflexión pedagógica históricamente limitada a reflexionar sobre la educación desde un frente estrictamente didactizable. En la presente ponencia releeremos la relación educación sociedad, vínculo clave para las teorías criticas, a la luz de la problemática de la transmisión. Dicha relectura implica volver a pensar el lugar de los sujetos, la escuela como institución, y los saberes desde una pedagogía abierta a los problemas del presente. Llevar adelante este trabajo supone revisar una serie de autores clásicos de la pedagogía crítica, analizando como estos pensadores entendieron la problemática de la transmisión. Dicho ejercicio será ponderado al calor de las perspectivas interdisciplinares que caracterizan al campo de los estudios sociales en general y al de la pedagogía en particular. Nuestros argumentos pretenden dinamizar un concepto que viene cargado desde su propia etimología de movimiento, politicidad e historicidad, y que, sin embargo, las pedagógicas progresistas han estigmatizado.

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Resumen basado en el del autor. Resumen en castellano e inglés. Este artículo se incluye en el monográfico 'Educación y Deporte'

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Resumen tomado de la publicación. Monográfico con el título: Violencia de género y relaciones de poder : implicaciones para la educación

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Este ensayo indaga sobre la interpretación althusseriana de Maquiavelo, elaborada en sus trazos más significativos durante el particular contexto de reorientación y crisis teórica que implicaron para el filósofo francés los años '70. De esta manera se analiza el vínculo entre el crecimiento de Maquiavelo como referente teórico con el replanteamiento de un campo teórico en crisis: aquí, tanto el contexto de producción de los textos como la continuidad de ciertas tensiones teóricas (o más bien, su desplazamiento hacia otras nuevas) permiten comprender más ajustadamente el trabajo del 'último Althusser' (el de la década de los '80). Algunos ejes del análisis son: la relación entre la teoría y la práctica política; la concepción sobre la política y la historia; la revisión del problema del sujeto o agente a partir del de la acción política; el notable lugar ocupado por Maquiavelo en el 'materialismo aleatorio' que Althusser propondría como alternativa teórica en sus últimos años

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Este ensayo indaga sobre la interpretación althusseriana de Maquiavelo, elaborada en sus trazos más significativos durante el particular contexto de reorientación y crisis teórica que implicaron para el filósofo francés los años '70. De esta manera se analiza el vínculo entre el crecimiento de Maquiavelo como referente teórico con el replanteamiento de un campo teórico en crisis: aquí, tanto el contexto de producción de los textos como la continuidad de ciertas tensiones teóricas (o más bien, su desplazamiento hacia otras nuevas) permiten comprender más ajustadamente el trabajo del 'último Althusser' (el de la década de los '80). Algunos ejes del análisis son: la relación entre la teoría y la práctica política; la concepción sobre la política y la historia; la revisión del problema del sujeto o agente a partir del de la acción política; el notable lugar ocupado por Maquiavelo en el 'materialismo aleatorio' que Althusser propondría como alternativa teórica en sus últimos años

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Este ensayo indaga sobre la interpretación althusseriana de Maquiavelo, elaborada en sus trazos más significativos durante el particular contexto de reorientación y crisis teórica que implicaron para el filósofo francés los años '70. De esta manera se analiza el vínculo entre el crecimiento de Maquiavelo como referente teórico con el replanteamiento de un campo teórico en crisis: aquí, tanto el contexto de producción de los textos como la continuidad de ciertas tensiones teóricas (o más bien, su desplazamiento hacia otras nuevas) permiten comprender más ajustadamente el trabajo del 'último Althusser' (el de la década de los '80). Algunos ejes del análisis son: la relación entre la teoría y la práctica política; la concepción sobre la política y la historia; la revisión del problema del sujeto o agente a partir del de la acción política; el notable lugar ocupado por Maquiavelo en el 'materialismo aleatorio' que Althusser propondría como alternativa teórica en sus últimos años

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PCR-based cancer diagnosis requires detection of rare mutations in k- ras, p53 or other genes. The assumption has been that mutant and wild-type sequences amplify with near equal efficiency, so that they are eventually present in proportions representative of the starting material. Work on factor IX suggests that this assumption is invalid for one case of near- sequence identity. To test the generality of this phenomenon and its relevance to cancer diagnosis, primers distant from point mutations in p53 and k-ras were used to amplify wild-type and mutant sequences from these genes. A substantial bias against PCR amplification of mutants was observed for two regions of the p53 gene and one region of k-ras. For k-ras and p53, bias was observed when the wild-type and mutant sequences were amplified separately or when mixed in equal proportions before PCR. Bias was present with proofreading and non-proofreading polymerase. Mutant and wild-type segments of the factor V, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and prothrombin genes were amplified and did not exhibit PCR bias. Therefore, the assumption of equal PCR efficiency for point mutant and wild-type sequences is invalid in several systems. Quantitative or diagnostic PCR will require validation for each locus, and enrichment strategies may be needed to optimize detection of mutants.

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Purpose Cancer cells have been shown to be more susceptible to Ran knockdown than normal cells. We now investigate whether Ran is a potential therapeutic target of cancers with frequently found mutations that lead to higher Ras/MEK/ERK [mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; MEK)] and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTORC1 activities. Experimental Design Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry [propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V staining] and MTT assay in cancer cells grown under different conditions after knockdown of Ran. The correlations between Ran expression and patient survival were examined in breast and lung cancers. Results Cancer cells with their PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways inhibited are less susceptible to Ran silencing-induced apoptosis. K-Ras-mutated, c-Met-amplified, and Pten-deleted cancer cells are also more susceptible to Ran silencing-induced apoptosis than their wild-type counterparts and this effect is reduced by inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and MEK/ERK pathways. Overexpression of Ran in clinical specimens is significantly associated with poor patient outcome in both breast and lung cancers. This association is dramatically enhanced in cancers with increased c-Met or osteopontin expression, or with oncogenic mutations of K-Ras or PIK3CA, all of which are mutations that potentially correlate with activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and/or Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. Silencing Ran also results in dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcription factors and downregulation of Mcl-1 expression, at the transcriptional level, which are reversed by inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and MEK/ERK pathways. Conclusion Ran is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of cancers with mutations/changes of expression in protooncogenes that lead to activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 and Ras/MEK/ERK pathways. ©2011 AACR.

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In vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis assays were performed with a panel of MCF-7 cells transfected with isogenic constructs of mutated ras(H) genes. Both increased levels of ras(H) expression and ras(H) oncogene activation increased activity of derivative cell lines in in vitro invasion assays. In vivo formation of spontaneous metastases was assessed after intradermal inoculation of MCF-7 cells in the vicinity of the mammary fat pads of ovariectomized nude mice. No metastases were seen in the absence of estradiol treatment of the mice. With estradiol supplementation of the mice both the ras(H)-transfected and control transfected cell lines gave a higher incidence of metastases than parental MCF-7 cells. Prolonged treatment of mice with exogenous estradiol (60 days vs. 21 days) resulted in more frequent metastases to liver and lung at the end of the 90-day observation period. In contrast to activated ras(H)-gene enhancement of metastatic capacity of rodent fibroblast and epithelial cell lines, there was no correlation of ras(H) expression with in vivo metastatic capacity of a human mammary carcinoma cell line.

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Infection with erbB-2 (E) of Ha-ras (H) oncogene-transfected cells has been previously shown to cooperatively induce anchorage-independent growth of the MCF10A human mammary epithelial cell line in vitro, but not to induce nude mouse tumorigenicity. Here we show that oncogene-transformed MCF10A are able to halt in the lungs of nude mice, a sign of organ colonization potential. We have therefore studied the transformants for in vitro migratory and invasive properties known to correlate with the metastatic potential of human mammary carcinoma cells in nude mice. MCF10A transfected with Ha-ras, infected with a recombinant retroviral vector containing the human c-erB-2 proto-oncogene (MCF10A-HE cells), show a higher invasive index than either the single transfectant (MCF10A-H) or MCF10A-erB-2(MCF10A-E) cells in the Boyden chamber chemotaxis and chemoinvasion assays. The MCF10A-HE cells also adopted an invasive stellate growth pattern when plated or embedded in Matrigel, in contrast to the spherical colonies formed by the single transformants MCF10A-H, MCF10A-E, and the parental cells. Dot-blot analysis of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNA levels revealed increasing gelatinase A mRNA levels (HE > E > H > MCF10A) and reduced TIMP-2 expression in both single and double transformants. Furthermore, MCF10A-HE cells show more MMP-2 activity than parental MCF10A cells or the single transformants. CD44 analysis revealed differential isoform banding for the MCF10A-HE cells compared to parental cells, MCF10A-H and MCF10A-E, accompanied by increased binding of hyaluronan by the double transformants. Our results indicate that erB-2 and Ha-ras co-expression can induce a more aggressive phenotype in vitro, representative of the malignancy of mammary carcinomas.

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Mutations of K-ras have been found in 30-60% of colorectal carcinomas and are believed to be associated with tumor initiation, tumor progression and metastasis formation. Therefore, silencing of mutant K-ras expression has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of microRNA (miRNA) molecules directed against K-ras (miRNA-K-ras) on K-ras expression level and the growth of colorectal carcinoma cell line LoVo in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we evaluated electroporation as a gene delivery method for transfection of LoVo cells and tumors with plasmid DNA encoding miRNA-K-ras (pmiRNA-K-ras). Results of our study indicated that miRNAs targeting K-ras efficiently reduced K-ras expression and cell survival after in vitro electrotransfection of LoVo cells with pmiRNA-K-ras. In vivo, electroporation has proven to be a simple and efficient delivery method for local administration of pmiRNA-K-ras molecules into LoVo tumors. This therapy shows pronounced antitumor effectiveness and has no side effects. The obtained results demonstrate that electrogene therapy with miRNA-K-ras molecules can be potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of colorectal cancers harboring K-ras mutations. © 2010 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved.

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Researchers worldwide with information about the Kirsten ras (Ki-ras) tumour genotype and outcome of patients with colorectal cancer were invited to provide that data in a schematized format for inclusion in a collaborative database called RASCAL (The Kirsten ras in-colorectal-cancer collaborative group). Our results from 2721 such patients have been presented previously and for the first time in any common cancer, showed conclusively that different gene mutations have different impacts on outcome, even when the mutations occur at the same site on the genome. To explore the effect of Ki-ras mutations at different stages of colorectal cancer, more patients were recruited to the database, which was reanalysed when information on 4268 patients from 42 centres in 21 countries had been entered. After predetermined exclusion criteria were applied, data on 3439 patients were entered into a multivariate analysis. This found that of the 12 possible mutations on codons 12 and 13 of Kirsten ras, only one mutation on codon 12, glycine to valine, found in 8.6% of all patients, had a statistically significant impact on failure-free survival (P = 0.004, HR 1.3) and overall survival (P = 0.008, HR 1.29). This mutation appeared to have a greater impact on outcome in Dukes’ C cancers (failure-free survival, P = 0.008, HR 1.5; overall survival P = 0.02, HR 1.45) than in Dukes’ B tumours (failure-free survival, P = 0.46, HR 1.12; overall survival P = 0.36, HR 1.15). Ki-ras mutations may occur early in the development of pre-cancerous adenomas in the colon and rectum. However, this collaborative study suggests that not only is the presence of a codon 12 glycine to valine mutation important for cancer progression but also that it may predispose to more aggressive biological behaviour in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

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Background There is increasing evidence supporting the concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for the initiation, growth and metastasis of tumors. CSCs are thus considered the target for future cancer therapies. To achieve this goal, identifying potential therapeutic targets for CSCs is essential. Methods We used a natural product of vitamin E, gamma tocotrienol (gamma-T3), to treat mammospheres and spheres from colon and cervical cancers. Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR were employed to identify the gene and protein targets of gamma-T3 in mammospheres. Results We found that mammosphere growth was inhibited in a dose dependent manner, with total inhibition at high doses. Gamma-T3 also inhibited sphere growth in two other human epithelial cancers, colon and cervix. Our results suggested that both Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP1) and 2 (SHP2) were affected by gamma-T3 which was accompanied by a decrease in K- and H-Ras gene expression and phosphorylated ERK protein levels in a dose dependent way. In contrast, expression of self-renewal genes TGF-beta and LIF, as well as ESR signal pathways were not affected by the treatment. These results suggest that gamma-T3 specifically targets SHP2 and the RAS/ERK signaling pathway. Conclusions SHP1 and SHP2 are potential therapeutic targets for breast CSCs and gamma-T3 is a promising natural drug for future breast cancer therapy.