Species richness of pteridophytes in a montane Atlantic rain forest plot of Southern Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Bioaccumulation pattern of lanthanides in pteridophytes and magnoliophytes species from Atlantic Forest

The availability of chemical elements for plants is mainly dependent on the nature of the soil and characteristics of each species. The transfer factors of lanthanides from the soil to the tree leaves of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, were calculated for one fern species (Alsophila sternbergii-Pteridophyta division) and four magnoliophytes species (Bathysa australis, Euterpe edulis, Garcinia gardneriana and Guapira opposita-Magnoliophyta division) obtained in two areas of Serra do Mar State Park and collected in two different seasons. Samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF = C(plant):C(soil)) in magnoliophytes species was correlated to the mass fraction of lanthanides in the soil, described by a exponential model (TF = a.C (soil) (-b) ). Despite the tree fern Alsophila sternbergii presented a hyperaccumulation of lanthanides, this species did not have a significant relationship between TF and mass fraction in soil. Results indicated that plants of Magnoliophyta division selected the input of lanthanides from the soil, while the same was not observed in Alsophila sternbergii.

Caracterização das estratégias ecofisiológicas de samambaias em resposta à inundação na restinga de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

As matas inundáveis e brejos presentes nas restingas desencadeiam uma série de processos que influenciam as características físico-químicas e biológicas do solo, levando as plantas a apresentarem mecanismos de aclimatação ou adaptação ao estresse da inundação, como alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas de forma a minimizar os efeitos da falta de oxigênio. Dentre as espécies vegetais de samambaias ocorrentes em ambientes inundáveis nas restingas, se destacam três espécies: Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., Blechnum serrulatum Rich. e Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os aspectos ecofisiológicos que os esporófitos dessas samambaias apresentam para sobreviver em ambientes de inundação na restinga de Maricá, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Neste sentido, foi determinada a caracterização física e química dos sítios de ocorrências destas samambaias, as variações foliares entre elas, espessura, densidade, massa por unidade de folha, teor de clorofilas e atributos quantitativos das células epidérmicas, além da quantificação e determinação à distribuição dos carboidratos. Para as variáveis dos vegetais foram feitas coletas na estação chuvosa e seca e para variáveis do solo na estação seca. Os sítios analisados se mostraram extremamente ácidos, de baixa fertilidade e com toxidez por macro e micro nutrientes, indicando que as samambaias apresentam tolerância a estes fatores. Na época chuvosa (inundação), as samambaias apresentaram queda na densidade foliar, acompanhada de um aumento de massa por unidade de folha. Esta habilidade de conseguir ganhar massa seca por área classifica todas as samambaias analisadas como tolerantes à inundação. Os altos valores de carboidratos solúveis nas folhas indicam aumento da degradação do amido foliar e o menor teor de carboidrato solúvel encontrado nos caules explicita a redução na respiração das raízes destas plantas sob anoxia/ hipoxia, para evitar a oxidação e o incremento do estoque de amido de reserva, elucidando estratégia de tolerância à inundação. A menor disponibilidade de água na estação seca afeta diretamente os atributos foliares diminuindo o índice estomático, a suculência e a massa por unidade de folha, no qual reflete na queda das concentrações de clorofilas. Os menores valores nas concentrações de clorofila têm influencia direta na presença de amidos foliar que são estocado e, alterando toda a dinâmica dos carboidratos nestas espécies. A análise do sítio onde cresce Acrostichum danaeifolium indica níveis críticos de Na no solo e provavelmente, a produção de mucilagem no caule e no pecíolo é uma estratégia de tolerância ao ambiente salino e inundado. O elevado índice de cobertura de Blechnum serrulatum em ambientes inundados indica que esta espécie possui adaptações a solos hidromórficos, entre elas, grande capacidade de estocagem de amido no caule. A maior sinuosidade das células epidérmicas em T. interrupta permite uma alta suculência mantendo o status hidrológico da folha em ambas as estações. Os resultados apresentados, além de agregar informações sobre a biologia das samambaias nos neotrópicos, irão contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de ocupação de espécies herbáceas em ambientes alagáveis nas restingas brasileiras

海南岛蕨类植物的分类、区系地理与保育

摘要 "基于形态－地理学方法，通过野外调查，结合大量标本研究，在前人研究的基础上，对海南蕨类植物的分类进行了进一步修订;主要根据蕨类植物的现代地理分布，结合古生物学等有关资料，初步探讨了海南蕨类植物的区系性质与起源;根据IUCN2001年红色名录的等级和标准，对海南濒危蕨类植物的现状进行了初步评估，讨论了海南蕨类植物的受威胁原因，提出了有关保护的对策。主要结果如下： 1. 海南现有蕨类植物56科140属439个种及种下分类群（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型），其中包括1个中国分布新记录和27个海南分布新记录，1新种――海南符藤蕨Teratophyllum hainanense;另有11个名称首次被处理为异名;澄清了海南假瘤蕨Phymatopteris hainanensis和圆顶假瘤蕨P. obtusa的模式问题，为滇桂三相蕨Ataxipteris dianguiensis、海南假瘤蕨P. hainanensis和浅杯鳞盖蕨Microlepia ampla指定了后选模式。 2. 海南蕨类区系具有以下特点：i. 以水龙骨科Polypodiaceae、金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae、铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae、叉蕨科Tectariaceae和观音座莲科Angiopteridaceae为表征科;ii. 明显的热带性质，科的97.5％、属的92.5％、种的83.6％为热带分布成分;iii. 很高的物种多样性与物种密度，但属内种系贫乏;iv. 与中南半岛的联系最为紧密，海南140个蕨类属中有136个与中南半岛共有，两地属的相似性系数达到87.2%;v. 海南蕨类区系就地起源于华夏古陆，起源时间可以追溯至早石炭世以前。 3. 海南439种蕨类（包括421种、15变种、2亚种和1变型）中，183种为常见蕨类，113种属于资料缺乏的种类（DD），47种属于近危（NT），53种属于易危（VU），37种属于濒危（EN），6种属于极危（CR）。海南的受威胁蕨类植物有96种，海南的绝大部分受威胁蕨类植物都生于保护区以内或得到有效保护的林区之内，已初步得到保护。导致海南96种蕨类受威胁的因素，除了植物本身的生物生态学特性和地理分布上的限制外，主要是人类活动的影响，特别是海南森林在上个世纪被大规模砍伐。为了保护这些受威胁植物，应加强保护区和林区的管理，实施就地保护，积极开展迁地保护和人工繁殖。 "

中国蕨类植物保护生物地理学研究

保护生物地理学（Conservation biogeography）就是运用生物地理学的原理、理论和分析方法，特别是那些有关物种分布格局的信息，去解决生物多样性保护的相关问题，是当前生物多样性及其保护生物学研究领域的热点。通过构建中国蕨类植物物种及分布数据库得知，中国现有蕨类植物63科，221属，2456种，其中有1218种属于中国特有（中国蕨类总数约50%），3种蕨类植物为外来种。科的统计表明：最大的科为鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、金星蕨科和水龙骨科4个科所包含的种类占全国总种数的51.5%。鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、金星蕨科、水龙骨科、铁角蕨科、凤尾蕨科、碗蕨科、中国蕨科、叉蕨科、观音座莲科等十个大科所含种数占了中国特有种总数的80%。云南、四川、贵州、广西、台湾、湖南、西藏等省区是中国蕨类植物种类数量及中国特有种数量较多的地区；全国有22个省区拥有地方特有种，地方特有蕨类植物数量由西向东、由南向北逐渐递减，云南、台湾、西藏、海南等四省区的地方特有蕨类植物种数占各省区蕨类植物总数10%以上，反映了青藏高原隆起及岛屿现象对中国特有蕨类植物分化的影响。 中国蕨类植物与各地理、环境及气候因子的相关性分析结果表明：（1）随着经度、纬度的增加， 蕨类植物物种总数及中国特有蕨类植物总数具有减少的趋势；（2）蕨类植物在海拔1000-1600米之间、特有蕨类植物在海拔700-2100米之间具有最大的多样性，此区间外随着海拔的降低及升高，物种丰富度依次降低；（3）气候因子特别是一月均温、年均温、相对湿度、年降雨量等因素对蕨类植物及中国特有蕨类植物均具有较大的影响，与最热月均温成低度线性相关或相关不显著；（4）地形因子是影响蕨类植物多样性的一个独立因素，地形条件越复杂，蕨类植物种类及中国特有蕨类植物种类越丰富。 运用SPSS统计分析软件分析了中国蕨类植物在各省之间种的相似性，以省区为单元对中国各省区蕨类植物物种组成进行了聚类分析，最后结果划分成：①南方蕨类植物区（包括横断山—青藏高原亚区、华中亚区、华东亚区、华南亚区）和北方蕨类植物区（包括东北—华北—西北亚区、秦岭亚区、江淮亚区）。 中国蕨类植物区系地理成分分析结果表明：（1）中国—喜马拉雅分布（40.86%）、热带亚洲分布（30.95%）、东亚分布（12.77%）和中国—日本分布（8.24%）构成中国蕨类植物区系成分的主体；在洲际关系方面，中国蕨类植物与大洋洲的蕨类植物关系最为紧密，共有种最多，达94种；与南美洲共有的蕨类植物种类最少，仅32种。（2）基于地理成分的聚类分析结果表明，可将我国蕨类植物区系地理区划为代表温带亚洲成分的（特别是中亚、西亚地中海分布成分）西北温带亚洲植物区、代表古热带成分的华南古热带植物区和代表广义东亚成分的东亚植物区，东亚植物区可继续下分为中国东北—俄罗斯远东亚区（该区分布有大量的东亚－北美间断分布类型）、中国—日本植物亚区、中国—喜马拉雅植物亚区。 运用IUCN濒危物种等级对中国蕨类植物及其国家重点保护蕨类植物进行了现状评估，结果表明：可能灭绝（EX）的2种，极危（CR）的蕨类植物有33种，属于濒危（EN）的蕨类植物51种，属于易危（VU）的蕨类植物有109种，接近受危（NT）的蕨类植物158种，需予关注（LC）的845种，数据不足（DD）的1255种。对国家重点保护蕨类植物的保护级别提出部分变更的建议，对部分没有列入保护名录珍稀蕨类提出保护的建议，并就建议保护级别变更和增加保护的种类进行了必要的说明。

西南极南设得兰群岛中新生代火山岩基底沉积学及其大地构造制约

Livingston Island, the second island of South Shetland Island, constains Mesozoic-Cenozoic basement, Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic sequences, plutonic intrusions and post-subduction volcanic rocks, which document the history and evolution of an important part of the South Shetland Islands magmatic arc. The sedimentary sequence is named the Miers Bluff Formation (MBF) and is interpreted as turbidite since the first geological study on South Shetland Islands, and is interpreted as turbidite. It base and top are not exposed, but a thickness of more than 3000m has been suggested and seems plausible. The turbidite is overlain by Mid - Cretaceous volcanic rocks and intruded by Eocene tonalites. The age of the Miers Bluff Formation is poorly constrained Late Carboniferous -Early Triassic. Sedimentary Environment, tectonic setting and forming age of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation were discussed by means of the methods of sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry, combinig with the study of trace fossils and microfossil plants. The following conclusions are obstained. A sedimentary geological section of Johnsons Dock is made by outside measuring and watching, and then according the section, the geological map near the Spanish Antarctic station was mapped. Four pebbly mudstone layers are first distinguished, which thickness is about 10m. The pebbly mudstone is the typical rock of debris flow, and the depostional environment of pebbly mudstone may be the channel of mid fan of submarine fan. The sedimentsry structural characteristics and size analysis of sandstones show the typical sedimentary feature of turbidity flow and the Miers Bluff Formation is a deep-water turbidite (include some gravity-flow sediments). The materials of palaeocurrents suggest the continental slope dip to southeast, and indicate the provenance of turbidity sediment in the northwest area. By facies analysis, six main facies which include seven subfacies were recognized, which are formed in mid-fan and lower-fan of submarine, meanwhile, the sedimentary features of each facies and subfacies are summarized. The study of clastic composition, major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements indicates the forming setting of the Miers Bluff Formaton is active continental margin and continental island arc and the provenance is dissected magmatic arc which main composition is felsic gneiss. Many trace fossils of the whole succession were found in the turbidites of the Miers Bluff Formation. All these trace fossils are deep sea ichnofossils. There are fifteen ichnogenus, sixteen ichnospecies. Moreover, a new trace fossil was found and a new ichnogenus and new ichnospecies was proposed - Paleaichnus antarctics ichnogen, et ichnosp, nov.. Except the new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, others had been found in deep-sea flysch turbidites. Some are in mudstone and are preserved in the cast convex of overlying sandstone sole, they formed before turbidity flows occurred and belong to the high-different Graphoglyptida of fiysch mudstone. Others as Fucusopsis and Neonereites are preserved in sandstones and stand for trace assemblages after turbidity sedimentation. These trace fossils are typical members of abyssal "Nereites" ichnofacies, and provide for the depositional environment of the Miers Bluff Formation. Fairly diverse microfossil plants have been recovered from the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, including spores, pollen, acritarchs, wood fragments and cuticles. Containing a total of about 45 species (forms) of miospores, the palynofiora is quantitatively characterized by the dominance of non-striate bisaccate pollen, but spores of pteridophytes and pollen of gymnosperms are proportionate in diversity. It is somewhat comparable to the subzone C+D of the Alisporites zone of Antarctica, and the upper Craterisporites rotundus zone and the lower Polycingulatisporites crenulatus zone of Australia, suggesting a Late Triassic (possibly Norian-Rhaetian) age, as also evidenced by the sporadic occurrence of Aratrisporites and probable Classopollis as well as the complete absence of bisaccate Striatiti. The parent vegetation and paleoclimate are preliminarily deduced. At last, the paper prooses the provenance of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation locates in the east part to the southern Chile(or Southern South American). In the Triassic period, contrasting with New Zealand, Australia and South American of the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, the Miers Bluff Formation is deposited in the fore-arc basin or back-arc basin of magmatic arc.

First report of "Cotoneaster pannosus" Franch. ("Rosaceae") in Tarragona Province, and updated distribution area in Spain

Cotoneaster pannosus (Rosaceae), an ornamental shrub native to China, is reported for the first time in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). Data on demography and accompanying species for the new locality are provided, in addition to a chrorological update at nation level.

Composição florística de remanescente de cerrado sensu stricto em Botucatu, SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Pteridófitas da região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Dennstaedtiaceae

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Richness and similarity of the Cerrado vascular flora in the central west region of São Paulo state, Brazil

This study aims to characterize and compare three Cerrado areas (one cerradão and two cerrado sensu stricto areas) in Patrânia, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, concerning the floristic composition. In total, 250 taxa were found belonging to four species of pteridophytes, one species of an exotic gymnosperm and 243 species of angiosperms. Differences in species number and proportion of the woody and herbaceous components were observed among the three Cerrado areas. The similarity analysis revealed that the cerradão seems quite peculiar, showing low similarity level with the cerrado sensu stricto areas contiguous to it, being more similar to other cerradão areas located in nearby municipalities. © 2012 Check List and Authors.

Florística vascular não arbórea de um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual no munícipio de Analândia - SP

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

A new local variety of Crepidomanes minutum (Hymenophyllaceae) in the Mascarene Archipelago (Indian Ocean) and a new record for Mauritius

Crepidomanes minutum (Hymenophyllaceae) is here identified and recorded from Mauritius for the first time. The Mauritian specimens, in addition to those of La Reunion observed at low to middle elevations, are easily distinguished from populations observed outside the Mascarene Archipelago by their dwarfed size and rarity of the stipe proliferation that usually characterizes this species. We thus describe a new variety in this species for the Mascarene Islands.

Palinoestratigrafía, paleoambientes y cambios climáticos durante el Cretácico final y Paleógeno de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta, República Argentina

El objetivo principal de la presente tesis es la búsqueda de nuevos registros palinológicos para las formaciones del Grupo Salta, especialmente para aquellas que cuentan con poco o ningún registro de palinomorfos, tales como las Formaciones La Yesera, Las Curtiembres, Yacoraite y Olmedo. Los resultados palinológicos permitieron evaluar algunos aspectos geológicos como las relaciones estratigráficas, edad y ambientes de depósito. El muestreo se centró principalmente en el período comprendido entre el Neocomiano y Daniano, correspondiente a los subgrupos con mayor escasez de datos (Pirgua y Balbuena). 157 muestras palinológicas de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta y áreas relacionadas se trataron en laboratorio, 31 resultaron fértiles. Se brindan los primeros registros palinológicos de la Formación La Yesera (localidad valle de Pucará) que consisten en 35 especies. Las inferencias aleoambientales obtenidas a partir de la palinoflora apoyan las conclusiones que provienen de los datos sedimentológicos: presencia de un lago perenne al momento de la depositación del Miembro Brealito y sequías estacionales cuando se acumuló el Miembro Don Bartolo. La palinoflora indica un clima subtropical con presencia de cierta aridez. A partir de los rangos estratigráficos de algunas especies y de las dataciones radimétricas del Basalto de Isonza, se estima una edad entre el Albiano y el Cenomaniano. Para la Formación Las Curtiembres (Miembro Morales) se describen 19 especies provenientes de la quebrada de Palo Seco, que constituyen la primer asociación palinológica registrada. El predominio de Ephedraceae y Cheirolepidiaceae, junto a la escasa representación de pteridofitas, sugieren condiciones ambientales de aridez a semiaridez, en coincidencia con la sedimentología que indica que la sección superior del Miembro Morales es transicional con las capas rojas de la parte superior de la Formación Las Curtiembres. La asociación palinológica contiene representantes de amplia distribución espacial y temporal. Es relevante la presencia de Peninsulapollis gillii que indica una edad no mayor al Campaniano para la asociación estudiada. Sólo una muestra de la Formación Yacoraite en la localidad de Tres Cruces fue productiva en cuanto al contenido de palinomorfos. La asociación consta solamente de los géneros Leiosphaeridia y Pediastrum que se asocian a condiciones de agua dulce o mixtas. Para la Formación Olmedo se registran 34 especies de palinomorfos y 39 especies para la Formación Tunal (localidades de Garabatal y El Chorro respectivamente). Ambas formaciones comparten un 49 % de taxa. El marcado predominio de algas clorococales indica condiciones lacustres y un ambiente palustre se infiere por la presencia de Pandaniidites texus y Mtchedlishvilia saltenia. El elevado porcentaje de Verrustephanoporites simplex indica que la selva de ulmáceas, era la unidad fitogeográfica más ampliamente distribuida, comparable con la actual Selva de Transición de la Provincia de Yungas. La coincidencia de facies y contenido palinológico indicarían similares condiciones ambientales para las Formaciones Olmedo y Tunal. Mtchedlishvilia saltenia permiten circunscribir las Formaciones al Daniano. Los cambios climáticos acontecidos durante el desarrollo de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta quedaron evidenciados en la palinoflora. Durante el Cretácico Tardío, habrían prevalecido condiciones de aridez y a partir del Maastrichtiano, el clima se torna más húmedo. Las asociaciones del Daniano se caracterizan por una palinoflora de clima subtropical húmedo. Entre el Paleoceno Superior y hasta el Eoceno Inferior, continúa el registro de la flora de clima subtropical pero con una leve disminución en la humedad. Las especies Peninsulapollis gillii, Rhoipites sp. A, Rousea patagonica, Spinitricolpites jennerclarkei, Verrustephanoporites simplex y Azolla sp., pasan el límite Cretácio-Paleógeno registrándose en sedimentos pre- y post-danianos. Se requieren mayores estudios de detalle en aquellos niveles donde está contenido el límite para esclarecer los posibles cambios vegetacionales que hayan ocurrido.

Pollen record and age determination of a sediment profile from Lake Teletskoye, Russia

A high-resolution pollen record from Lake Teletskoye documents the climate-related vegetation history of the northern Altai Mountain region during the last millennium. Siberian pine taiga with Scots pine, fir, spruce, and birch dominated the vegetation between ca. AD 1050 and 1100. The climate was similar to modern. In the beginning of the 12th century, birch and shrub alder increased. Lowered pollen concentrations and simultaneous peaks in herbs (especially Artemisia and Poaceae), ferns, and charcoal fragments point to colder and more arid climate conditions than before, with frequent fire events. Around AD 1200, regional climate became warmer and more humid than present, as revealed by an increase of Siberian pine and decreases of dry herb taxa and charcoal contents. Climatic conditions were rather stable until ca. AD 1410. An increase of Artemisia pollen may reflect slightly drier climate conditions between AD 1410 and 1560. Increases in Alnus, Betula, Artemisia, and Chenopodiaceae pollen and in charcoal particle contents may reflect further deterioration of climate conditions between AD 1560 and 1810, consistent with the Little Ice Age. After AD 1850 the vegetation gradually approached the modern one, in conjunction with ongoing climate warming.