PRP8 intein in Ajellomycetaceae family pathogens: Sequence analysis, splicing evaluation and homing endonuclease activity

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Phylogenetic analysis of PRP8 intein in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis species

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

PRP8 intein in cryptic species of Histoplasma capsulatum: Evolution and phylogeny

The PRP8 intein is the most widespread intein among the Kingdom Fungi. This genetic element occurs within the prp8 gene, and is transcribed and translated simultaneously with the gene. After translation, the intein excises itself from the Prp8 protein by an autocatalytic splicing reaction, subsequently joining the N and C terminals of the host protein, which retains its functional conformation. Besides the splicing domain, some PRP8 inteins also have a homing endonuclease (HE) domain which, if functional, makes the intein a mobile element capable of becoming fixed in a population. This work aimed to study (1) The occurrence of this intein in Histoplasma capsulatum isolates (n=. 99) belonging to different cryptic species collected in diverse geographical locations, and (2) The functionality of the endonuclease domains of H. capsulatum PRP8 inteins and their phylogenetic relationship among the cryptic species. Our results suggest that the PRP8 intein is fixed in H. capsulatum populations and that an admixture or a probable ancestral polymorphism of the PRP8 intein sequences is responsible for the apparent paraphyletic pattern of the LAmA clade which, in the intein phylogeny, also encompasses sequences from LAmB isolates. The PRP8 intein sequences clearly separate the different cryptic species, and may serve as an additional molecular typing tool, as previously proposed for other fungi genus, such as Cryptococcus and Paracoccidioides. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Gênero Paracoccidioides: especiação e análise do intein PRP8

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Functional Consequences of Splicing of the Antisense Transcript COOLAIR on FLC Transcription

Antisense transcription is widespread in many genomes; however, how much is functional is hotly debated. We are investigating functionality of a set of long noncoding antisense transcripts, collectively called COOLAIR, produced at Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). COOLAIR initiates just downstream of the major sense transcript poly(A) site and terminates either early or extends into the FLC promoter region. We now show that splicing of COOLAIR is functionally important. This was revealed through analysis of a hypomorphic mutation in the core spliceosome component PRP8. The prp8 mutation perturbs a cotranscriptional feedback mechanism linking COOLAIR processing to FLC gene body histone demethylation and reduced FLC transcription. The importance of COOLAIR splicing in this repression mechanism was confirmed by disrupting COOLAIR production and mutating the COOLAIR proximal splice acceptor site. Our findings suggest that altered splicing of a long noncoding transcript can quantitatively modulate gene expression through cotranscriptional coupling mechanisms.

Les patrons d’expression de gènes : ont-ils évolué avec la complexité des organismes?

La régulation de la transcription est l‟un des processus cellulaires des plus fondamentaux et constitue la première étape menant à l‟expression protéique. Son altération a des effets sur l‟homéostasie cellulaire et est associée au développement de maladies telles que le cancer. Il est donc crucial de comprendre les règles fondamentales de la fonction cellulaire afin de mieux cibler les traitements pour les maladies. La transcription d‟un gène peut se produire selon l‟un des deux modes fondamentaux de transcription : en continu ou en burst. Le premier est décrit comme un processus aléatoire et stochastique qui suit une distribution de Poisson. À chaque initiation de la transcription, indépendante de la précédente, un seul transcrit est produit. L‟expression en burst se produit lorsque le promoteur est activé pour une courte période de temps pendant laquelle plusieurs transcrits naissants sont produits. Apportant la plus grande variabilité au sein d‟une population isogénique, il est représenté par une distribution bimodale, où une sous-population n‟exprime pas le gène en question, alors que le reste de la population l‟exprime fortement. Les gènes des eucaryotes inférieurs sont pour la plupart exprimés de manière continuelle, alors que les gènes des eucaryotes supérieurs le sont plutôt en burst. Le but de ce projet est d‟étudier comment l‟expression des gènes a évolué et si la transcription aléatoire, ou de Poisson, est une propriété des eucaryotes inférieurs et si ces patrons ont changé avec la complexité des organismes et des génomes. Par la technique de smFISH, nous avons étudié de manière systématique quatre gènes évolutivement conservés (mdn1+, PRP8/spp42+, pol1+ et cdc13+) qui sont continuellement transcrits dans la levure S. cerevisiae. Nous avons observé que le mode d‟expression est gène-et-organisme spécifique puisque prp8 est exprimé de manière continuelle dans la levure S. pombe, alors que les autres gènes seraient plutôt exprimés en légers burst.

Inteins in pathogenic fungi: a phylogenetic tool and perspectives for therapeutic applications

Inteins or internal proteins are coding sequences that are transcribed and translated with flanking sequences (exteins). After translation, the inteins are excised by an autocatalytic process and the host protein assumes its normal conformation and develops its expected function. These parasitic genetic elements have been found in important, conserved proteins in all three domains of life. Most of the eukaryotic inteins are present in the fungi kingdom and the PRP8 intein is one of the most widespread inteins, occurring in important pathogens such as Cryptococcus neoformans (varieties grubii and neoformans), Cryptococcus gattii, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The knowledge of conserved and non-conserved domains in inteins have opened up new opportunities for the study of population variability in pathogenic fungi, including their phylogenetic relationships and recognition or diagnoses of species. Furthermore, inteins in pathogenic fungi should also be considered a promising therapeutic drug target, since once the autocatalytic splicing is inhibited, the host protein, which is typically vital, will not be able to perform its normal function and the fungal cell will not survive or reproduce.

Genus Paracoccidioides: Species Recognition and Biogeographic Aspects

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chromatin Remodeling by BRG1 and SNF2H : Biochemistry and Function

Chromatin is a highly dynamic, regulatory component in the process of transcription, repair, recombination and replication. The BRG1 and SNF2H proteins are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins that modulate chromatin structure to regulate DNA accessibility for DNA-binding proteins involved in these processes. The BRG1 protein is a central ATPase of the SWI/SNF complexes involved in chromatin remodeling associated with regulation of transcription. SWI/SNF complexes are biochemically hetero-geneous but little is known about the unique functional characteristics of the various forms. We have shown that SWI/SNF activity in SW13 cells affects actin filament organization dependent on the RhoA signaling pathway. We have further shown that the biochemical composition of SWI/SNF complexes qualitatively affects the remodeling activity and that the composition of biochemically purified SWI/SNF complexes does not reflect the patterns of chromatin binding of individual subunits. Chromatin binding assays (ChIP) reveal variations among subunits believed to be constitutive, suggesting that the plasticity in SWI/SNF complex composition is greater than suspected. We have also discovered an interaction between BRG1 and the splicing factor Prp8, linking SWI/SNF activity to mRNA processing. We propose a model whereby parts of the biochemical heterogeneity is a result of function and that the local chromatin environment to which the complex is recruited affect SWI/SNF composition. We have also isolated the novel B-WICH complex that contains WSTF, SNF2H, the splicing factor SAP155, the RNA helicase II/Guα, the transcription factor Myb-binding protein 1a, the transcription factor/DNA repair protein CSB and the RNA processing factor DEK. The formation of this complex is dependent on active transcription and links chromatin remodeling by SNF2H to RNA processing. By linking chromatin remodeling complexes with RNA processing proteins our work has begun to build a bridge between chromatin and RNA, suggesting that factors in chromatin associated assemblies translocate onto the growing nascent RNA.