Laminados compósitos de PRFV: efeitos da descontinuidade geométrica e do envelhecimento ambiental acelerado

The growing demand in the use of composite materials necessitates a better understanding of its behavior related to many conditions of loading and service, as well as under several ways of connections involved in mechanisms of structural projects. Within these project conditions are highlighted the presence of geometrical discontinuities in the area of cross and longitudinal sections of structural elements and environmental conditions of work like UV radiation, moisture, heat, leading to a decrease in final mechanical response of the material. In this sense, this thesis aims to develop studies detailed (experimental and semi-empirical models) the effects caused by the presence of geometric discontinuity, more specifically, a central hole in the longitudinal section (with reduced cross section) and the influence of accelerated environmental aging on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of FGRP composite laminates under the action of uniaxial tensile loads. Studies on morphological behavior and structural degradation of composite laminates are performed by macroscopic and microscopic analysis of affected surfaces, in addition to evaluation by the Measurement technique for mass variation (TMVM). The accelerated environmental aging conditions are simulated by aging chamber. To study the simultaneous influence of aging/geometric discontinuity in the mechanical properties of composite laminates, a semiempirical model is proposed and called IE/FCPM Model. For the stress concentration due to the central hole, an analisys by failures criteria were performed by Average-Stress Criterion (ASC) and Point-Stress Criterion (PSC). Two polymeric composite laminates, manufactured industrially were studied: the first is only reinforced by short mats of fiberglass-E (LM) and the second where the reinforced by glass fiber/E comes in the form of bidirectional fabric (LT). In the conception configurations of laminates the anisotropy is crucial to the final mechanical response of the same. Finally, a comparative study of all parameters was performed for a better understanding of the results. How conclusive study, the characteristics of the final fracture of the laminate under all conditions that they were subjected, were analyzed. These analyzes were made at the macroscopic level (scanner) microscope (optical and scanning electron). At the end of the analyzes, it was observed that the degradation process occurs similarly for each composite researched, however, the LM composite compared to composite LT (configurations LT 0/90º and LT ±45º) proved to be more susceptible to loss of mechanical properties in both regarding with the central hole as well to accelerated environmental aging

Tubulações de PRFV com adição de areia quartzosa visando sua aplicação na indústria do petróleo

Fillers are often added in composites to enhance performance and/or to reduce cost. Fiberglass pipes must meet performance requirements and industrial sand is frequently added for the pipe to be cost competitive. The sand is added to increase pipe wall thickness, thus increase pipe stiffness. The main goal of the present work is to conduct an experimental investigation between pipes fabricated with and without de addition of sand, to be used in the petroleum industry. Pipes were built using E-glass fibers, polyester resin and siliceous sand. The fabrication process used hand lay up and filament winding and was divided in two different parts: the liner and the structural wall. All tested pipes had the same liner, but different structural wall composition, which is the layer where siliceous sand may be added or not. The comparative investigation was developed considering the results of longitudinal tensile tests, hoop tensile tests, hydrostatic pressure leak tests and parallel-plate loading stiffness tests. SEM was used to analyze if the sand caused any damage to the glass fibers, during the fabrication process, because of the fiber-sand contact. The procedure was also used to verify the composite conditions after the hydrostatic pressure leak test. The results proved that the addition of siliceous sand reduced the leak pressure in about 17 %. In the other hand, this loss in pressure was compensated by a stiffness increment of more than 380 %. MEV analyses show that it is possible to find damage on the fiber-sand contact, but on a very small amount. On most cases, the contact occurs without damage evidences. In summary, the addition of sand filler represented a 27.8 % of cost reduction, when compared to a pipe designed with glass fiber and resin only. This cost reduction combined to the good mechanical tests results make siliceous sand filler suitable for fiberglass pressure pipes

Étude du comportement d'une section d'essais de chaussée de BAC avec des armatures en PRFV

Au Québec, l’épandage des sels de déglaçage pendant l’entretien hivernal des routes est l’une des causes de la corrosion des armatures en acier dans les ouvrages routiers en béton armé. La corrosion de l’acier crée des tensions internes dans le béton, ce qui entraine l’éclatement du béton qui enrobe l’armature d’acier. La durée de vie des infrastructures routières est par conséquent réduite et les coûts d’entretien sont augmentés. Le présent projet de recherche est né d’une collaboration entre le ministère des Transports, de la Mobilité durable et de l’Électrification des Transports (MTMDET) et l’Université de Sherbrooke. Il vise à étudier l’utilisation des barres en polymères renforcés de fibres de verre (PRFV), non sujettes à la corrosion dans les dalles en béton armé continu (BAC). Dans cette étude, une section de chaussée de 300 mètres de long a été instrumentée pendant la reconstruction de l’autoroute 40 Ouest à Montréal, pour caractériser le comportement à court et à long terme des dalles en BAC avec des armatures en PRFV. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les conditions climatiques affectent considérablement le comportement à la fissuration des dalles en BAC de PRFV et d’acier. Une analyse par éléments finis d’une section de la chaussée a été également réalisée avec le logiciel Abaqus en vue d’étudier l’influence de plusieurs paramètres tels que le taux d’armature longitudinale, les propriétés des barres de PRFV et leur profondeur, l’épaisseur de la dalle, le coefficient de dilatation thermique du béton et l’espacement des armatures transversales sur le comportement de la dalle en BAC de PRFV. Le modèle par éléments finis a été validé avec les résultats expérimentaux obtenus en chantier. Les résultats numériques montrent que le coefficient de dilatation thermique du béton, le taux d’armature longitudinale, les propriétés des barres de PRFV et leur positionnement dans la dalle, l’épaisseur de la dalle constituent les paramètres qui influencent le plus le comportement des dalles en BAC. Pour le dimensionnement des dalles en BAC de PRFV, des taux d’armature ainsi que des propriétés de barres de PRFV ont été proposés en tenant compte des résultats expérimentaux ainsi que de l’analyse par éléments finis.

Experimental Reinforcement of Wood Beams

Rehabilitation is becoming more and more usual in the construction sector in Portugal. The introduction of newer construction materials and technical know-how of integrating different materials for achieving desired engineering goals is an important step to the development of the sector. Wood industry is also getting more and more adapted to composite technologies with the introduction of the so called “highly engineered wood products” and with the use of modification treatments. This work is an attempt to explain the viability of using stainless steel and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) as reinforcements in wood beams. This thesis specifically focuses on the flexural behaviour of Portuguese Pine unmodified and modified wood beams. Two types of modification were used: 1,3-dimethylol-4,5- dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) resin and amid wax. The behaviour of the material was analysed with a nonlinear model. The latter model simulates the behaviour of the reinforced wood beams under flexural loading. Small-scale beams (1:15) were experimented in flexural bending and the experimental results obtained were compared with the analytical model results. The experiments confirm the viability of the reinforcing schemes and the working procedures. Experimental results showed fair agreement with the nonlinear model. A strength increase between 15% and 80% was achieved. Stiffness increased by 40% to 50% in beams reinforced with steel but no significant increase was achieved with the glass fibre reinforcement.

Proyecto modificado del acondicionamiento y mejora del Rec del Molí de Pals, entre la captación del río Ter y el sifón bajo el Daró (Gerona)

L’objectiu del projecte és la substitució d’un canal de terra (Rec del Molí de Pals) a un reg mitjançant tuberia de Polietilé estructurada. Es parteix d’un projecte original que es va pensar en tuberia de PRFV, que després va passar a Polietilé d’Alta densitat estructurat, i que s’havia de modificar completament, des dels materials a la traça, obres de fàbrica, pressupost, acabant per ser un PROJECTE MODIFICAT, totalment diferent al projecte original. La metodologia a seguir consistirà en que un cop fet l’estudi agronòmic, detallar la resta de característiques tècniques, materials i econòmiques amb la finalitat de que el PROJECTE MODIFICAT sigui eina suficient per a ser una completa guia per a poder desenvolupar les obres.

Protezione di condotte sottomarine con materassi articolati in cls (acbm) e materassi bituminosi sarmac

Tesi svolta in collaborazione con Officine Maccaferri S.p.A e con il LIDR (Laboratorio di Ingegneria Idraulica) dell’Università di Bologna. Descrive caratteristiche tecniche di condotte in acciaio, polietilene ad alta densità (PEAD) e resina poliestere rinforzata con fibre di vetro (PRFV), evidenziando vantaggi/svantaggi del loro impiego. Fornisce una descrizione delle modalità di posa delle condotte in relazione ai fattori che condizionano la scelta della tecnica più idonea. Affronta il problema della stabilizzazione e protezione delle condotte soggette all’azione idrodinamica di onde e correnti nelle zona sotto costa e a possibili fattori di rischio esterni. Descrive tecniche di protezione delle condotte sottomarine: interramento (trenching), ricoprimento con materiale roccioso (rock dumping), stabilizzazione con elementi puntuali di appesantimento (concrete collars).Sono descritte le soluzioni di protezione offerte da Officine Maccaferri: materassi articolati in blocchi di calcestruzzo (ACBM) e materassi in geotessuto riempiti di materiale bituminoso (SARMAC). Essi vengono posati sopra la condotta, in posizione longitudinale o trasversale al suo asse, e hanno duplice scopo: (i) incrementarne il peso e la stabilità ai carichi idrodinamici esercitati da onde e correnti e (ii) proteggere la condotta da urti. Partendo dai risultati del modello sperimentale descritto in Gaeta et al. (2012) che evidenziano problemi di erosione localizzata intorno a condotta posata su fondale mobile protetta con materasso ACBM dovuti alla discontinuità materiale del mezzo si valuta, attraverso uno studio numerico, la opportunità di modificare il materasso, ponendo sotto i blocchetti un geotessile. Utilizzando un modello numerico, COBRAS, per la simulazione 2DV del campo idrodinamico si analizza l’effetto di smorzamento del campo di velocità e di vorticità indotto dall’aggiunta del geotessuto simulato come mezzo poroso. I dati sono stati elaborati con MATLAB per ricavare le mappature attorno alla condotta. I test numerici riguardano 3 configurazioni: SARMAC, ACBM, GEO (ACBM+Geotessuto) poggiate su una condotta di diametro costante e sono state analizzate per 2 condizioni di onde regolari di diversa altezza e periodo. Dagli studi emerge che, per casi di condotta posata su fondo mobile, si consiglia l’utilizzo di materassi SARMAC o materassi ACBM modificati con aggiunta di geotessuto. Inoltre il geotessuto svolge anche funzione filtrante, per cui permette il passaggio dell’acqua ma allo stesso tempo trattiene il materiale solido movimentato, senza pericolo di erosione. La presenza dello strato di geotessile non incide sui parametri caratteristici di stabilità globale del materasso ACBM. Si è compiuta un’analisi comparativa tra SARMAC e ACBM per valutare la convenienza delle due soluzioni. Si propone un esempio di dimensionamento nel caso di protezione di un cavo sottomarino comparando caratteristiche tecniche dei materassi SARMAC e ACBM senza geotessile e facendo valutazioni economiche di massima da cui emerge la maggiore convenienza dei materassi ACBM.