Os primeiros arquitectos conhecidos e o seu legado

Neste estudo sobre os primórdios da arquitectura, indicamos os nomes de dezassete arquitectos da Antiguidade pré-clássica (Egipto e Mesopotâmia) e da Antiguidade Clássica (Grécia e Roma). Apontam-se as suas obras de referência, salientando, quando for o caso, as suas inovações. Alguns exemplos: o uso da pedra e da forma escalonada da pirâmide Imohtep em Sacara; o uso de colunas proto-dóricas pelo arquitecto Senmut em Deir-el-Bahari; a utilização do arco e da abóbada no palácio de Domiciano em Roma pelo arquitecto Rabirio, etc. No legado destes primórdios da arquitectura são dignas de registo várias técnicas que perduram até ao presente: a iluminação clerestórica do templo de Karnak (muito utilizada nas catedrais góticas medievais); a "entasis" que foi usada por Calícrates no Partenon em Atenas e usada na arquitectura renascentista; a quadrícula de Hipódamo de Mileto como prática urbanística frequente.

Georg Calixtus, Isaac Casaubon, and the Consensus of Antiquity

This article explores the relationship between Georg Calixtus (1586-1656) and Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614). It does this in order to highlight an oversight in the existing literature concerning Calixtus, and to encourage scholars to revisit the work of Early Modern figures who have previously been considered only from modern disciplinary perspectives. By emphasizing the relationship between Calixtus and Casaubon, this article argues that Calixtus was potentially exposed to much broader circles of intellectual debate than has previously been considered, and that a reevaluation of his work in light of these debates is therefore in order.

A house in the Sicilian hills. Antiquity

Malone, C.A.T. and S.K.F. Stoddart,

Introduction:Antiquity's first 75 years

15 papers derived from Society of American Archaeology conference, Denver. Colorado

First comprehensive peat depositional records for tin, lead and copper associated with the antiquity of Europe's largest cassiterite deposits

Tin, as a constituent of bronze, was central to the technological development of early societies, but cassiterite (SnO2) deposits were scarce and located distantly from the centres of Mediterranean civilizations. As Britain had the largest workable ore deposits in the ancient Western world, this has led to much historical speculation and myth regarding the long-distance trading of tin from the Bronze Age onwards. Here we establish the first detailed chronology for tin, along with lead and copper deposition, into undisturbed ombrotrophic (rain-fed) peat bogs located at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor in the centre of the British tin ore fields. Sustained elevated tin deposition is demonstrated clearly, with peaks occurring at 100-400 and 700-1000 calendar years AD - contemporaneous with the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods respectively. While pre-Roman Iron Age tin exploitation undoubtedly took place, it was on a scale that did not result in convincingly enhanced deposition of the metal. The deposition of lead in the peat record provides evidence of a pre-Roman metal-based economy in southwest Britain. Emerging in the 4th century BC, this was centred on copper and lead ore processing that expanded exponentially and then collapsed upon Roman colonization during the 1st century AD. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.