Identification of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR in ascending aortic aneurysms.

Hypertension and congenital aortic valve malformations are frequent causes of ascending aortic aneurysms. The molecular mechanisms of aneurysm formation under these circumstances are not well understood. Reference genes for gene activity studies in aortic tissue that are not influenced by aortic valve morphology and its hemodynamic consequences, aortic dilatation, hypertension, or antihypertensive medication are not available so far. This study determines genes in ascending aortic tissue that are independent of these parameters. Tissue specimens from dilated and undilated ascending aortas were obtained from 60 patients (age ≤70 years) with different morphologies of the aortic valve (tricuspid undilated n = 24, dilated n = 11; bicuspid undilated n = 6, dilated n = 15; unicuspid dilated n = 4). Of the studied individuals, 36 had hypertension, and 31 received ACE inhibitors or AT1 receptor antagonists. The specimens were obtained intraoperatively from the wall of the ascending aorta. We analyzed the expression levels of 32 candidate reference genes by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Differential expression levels were assessed by parametric statistics. The expression analysis of these 32 genes by RT-qPCR showed that EIF2B1, ELF1, and PPIA remained constant in their expression levels in the different specimen groups, thus being insensitive to aortic valve morphology, aortic dilatation, hypertension, and medication with ACE inhibitors or AT1 receptor antagonists. Unlike many other commonly used reference genes, the genes EIF2B1, ELF1, and PPIA are neither confounded by aortic comorbidities nor by antihypertensive medication and therefore are most suitable for gene expression analysis of ascending aortic tissue.

Protein phosphatase inhibition assays for okadaic acid detection in shellfish: matrix effects, applicability and comparison with LC-MS/MS analysis

The applicability of the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) to the determination of okadaic acid (OA) and its acyl derivatives in shellfish samples has been investigated, using a recombinant PP2A and a commercial one. Mediterranean mussel, wedge clam, Pacific oyster and flat oyster have been chosen as model species. Shellfish matrix loading limits for the PPIA have been established, according to the shellfish species and the enzyme source. A synergistic inhibitory effect has been observed in the presence of OA and shellfish matrix, which has been overcome by the application of a correction factor (0.48). Finally, Mediterranean mussel samples obtained from Rı´a de Arousa during a DSP closure associated to Dinophysis acuminata, determined as positive by the mouse bioassay, have been analysed with the PPIAs. The OA equivalent contents provided by the PPIAs correlate satisfactorily with those obtained by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS).

Patterns of evolution of host proteins involved in retroviral pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Evolutionary analysis may serve as a useful approach to identify and characterize host defense and viral proteins involved in genetic conflicts. We analyzed patterns of coding sequence evolution of genes with known (TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3G) or suspected (TRIM19/PML) roles in virus restriction, or in viral pathogenesis (PPIA, encoding Cyclophilin A), in the same set of human and non-human primate species. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This analysis revealed previously unidentified clusters of positively selected sites in APOBEC3G and TRIM5alpha that may delineate new virus-interaction domains. In contrast, our evolutionary analyses suggest that PPIA is not under diversifying selection in primates, consistent with the interaction of Cyclophilin A being limited to the HIV-1M/SIVcpz lineage. The strong sequence conservation of the TRIM19/PML sequences among primates suggests that this gene does not play a role in antiretroviral defense.

Conjugation of genetically-engineered protein phosphatases to magnetic particles for okadaic acid detection

This work presents the functional characterisation of a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) catalytic subunit obtained by genetic engineering and its conjugation to magnetic particles (MPs) via metal coordination chemistry for the subsequent development of assays for diarrheic lipophilic marine toxins. Colorimetric assays with free enzyme have allowed the determination of the best enzyme activity stabiliser, which is glycerol at 10%. They have also demonstrated that the recombinant enzyme can be as sensitive towards okadaic acid (OA) (LOD=2.3μg/L) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (LOD=15.2μg/L) as a commercial PP2A and, moreover, it has a higher operational stability, which makes possible to perform the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) with a lower enzyme amount. Once conjugated to MPs, the PP2A catalytic subunit still retains its enzyme activity and it can also be inhibited by OA (LOD=30.1μg/L).

Use of a combined ex vivo/in vivo population approach for screening of human genes involved in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 life cycle for variants influencing disease progression.

Humans differ substantially with respect to susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We evaluated variants of nine host genes participating in the viral life cycle for their role in modulating HIV-1 infection. Alleles were assessed ex vivo for their impact on viral replication in purified CD4 T cells from healthy blood donors (n = 128). Thereafter, candidate alleles were assessed in vivo in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 851) not receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. As a benchmark test, we tested 12 previously reported host genetic variants influencing HIV-1 infection as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nine candidate genes. This led to the proposition of three alleles of PML, TSG101, and PPIA as potentially associated with differences in progression of HIV-1 disease. In a model considering the combined effects of new and previously reported gene variants, we estimated that their effect might be responsible for lengthening or shortening by up to 2.8 years the period from 500 CD4 T cells/mul to <200 CD4 T cells/mul.

Stabilité de l’acide ribonucléique pour la datation des fluides corporels en biologie judiciaire

Projet de recherche réalisé en collaboration avec la section Biologie/ADN du Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale (LSJML) de Montréal.

Sélection de gènes de référence pour la normalisation des expériences de PCR quantitative dans un modèle de dysfonction diastolique de lapin

La dysfonction diastolique du ventricule gauche (DDVG) réfère à une rigidité ainsi qu’à des troubles de relaxation au niveau de ce ventricule pendant la phase de la diastole. Nos connaissances sur les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents de cette pathologie demeurent limités. Les analyses géniques sont indispensables afin de bien identifier les voies par lesquelles cette maladie progresse. Plusieurs techniques de quantification de l’expression génique sont disponibles, par contre la RT-qPCR demeure la méthode la plus populaire vu sa haute sensibilité et de ses coûts modérés. Puisque la normalisation occupe un aspect très important dans les expériences de RT-qPCR, nous avons décidé de sélectionner des gènes montrant une haute stabilité d’expression dans un modèle de DDVG de lapin. Nous avons alors exposé 18 lapins blancs soit à une diète normale (n=7) ou bien à une diète hypercholestérolémiante additionnée de vitamine D2 (n=11). La DDVG a été évaluée par des mesures échocardiographiques. L’expression de l’ARNm de dix gènes communément utilisés dans la littérature comme normalisateur (Gapdh, Hprt1, Ppia, Sdha, Rpl5, Actb, Eef1e1, Ywhaz, Pgk1, et G6pd) a été mesurée par RT-qPCR. L’évaluation de leur stabilité a été vérifiée par les algorithmes de geNorm et Normfinder. Sdha et Gapdh ont obtenu les meilleurs scores de stabilité (M<0.2) et ont été suggérés par le geNorm, comme meilleure combinaison. Par contre, l’utilisation de Normfinder mène à la sélection d’Hprt1 et Rpl5 comme meilleure combinaison de gènes de normalisation (0.042). En normalisant par ces deux combinaisons de gènes, l’expression de l’ARNm des peptides natriurétiques de type A et B (Anp et Bnp), de la protéine chimiotactique des monocytes-1 (Mcp-1) et de la sous unité Nox-2 de la NADPH oxydase ont montré des augmentations similaires chez le groupe hypercholestérolémique comparé au groupe contrôle (p<0.05). Cette augmentation d’expressions a été corrélée avec plusieurs paramètres échocardiographiques de DDVG. À notre connaissance, c’est la première étude par laquelle une sélection de gènes de référence a été réalisée dans un modèle de lapin développant une DDVG.

Reference Gene Selection for Gene Expression Analysis of Oocytes Collected from Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes during Winter and Summer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)