Reliability of point-of-care testing of INR in acute stroke

Background In the emergency department, portable point-of-care testing (POCT) coagulation devices may facilitate stroke patient care by providing rapid International Normalized Ratio (INR) measurement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability, validity, and impact on clinical decision-making of a POCT device for INR testing in the setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods A total of 150 patients (50 healthy volunteers, 51 anticoagulated patients, 49 AIS patients) were assessed in a tertiary care facility. The INR's were measured using the Roche Coaguchek S and the standard laboratory technique. Results The interclass correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval between overall POCT device and standard laboratory value INRs was high (0.932 (0.69 - 0.78). In the AIS group alone, the correlation coefficient and 95% CI was also high 0.937 (0.59 - 0.74) and diagnostic accuracy of the POCT device was 94%. Conclusions When used by a trained health professional in the emergency department to assess INR in acute ischemic stroke patients, the CoaguChek S is reliable and provides rapid results. However, as concordance with laboratory INR values decreases with higher INR values, it is recommended that with CoaguChek S INRs in the > 1.5 range, a standard laboratory measurement be used to confirm the results.

Fase pré-analítica – o laboratório no papel principal_SPML 2016

O Programa Nacional de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade (PNAEQ) foi criado em 1978 como sendo uma das atribuições do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA). A sua missão é promover, organizar e coordenar programas de avaliação externa da qualidade (AEQ) para laboratórios que exerçam atividade no setor da saúde. O primeiro programa de AEQ do PNAEQ para avaliação da Fase Pré-Analítica foi distribuído em 2007. Os ensaios são pluridisciplinares, podendo incluir o envio de amostras para avaliação das condições para processamento (aceitação ou rejeição, preparação, acondicionamento), a simulação de requisições médicas, a resposta a questionários, a interpretação de casos-estudo, o levantamento de dados (auditorias ou monitorização de indicadores) ou a realização de chamadas anónimas (“cliente mistério”). O PNAEQ disponibiliza ainda 4 programas em colaboração com a Labquality (Flebotomia e POCT, Química Clínica, Microbiologia e Gases no Sangue) e 1 programa com a ECAT (Hemostase). Em 2015 e 2016, o objetivo dos programas da Fase Pré-Analítica do PNAEQ foi proporcionar o envolvimento do laboratório no processo de avaliação e monitorização da fase pré-analítica, conferindo-lhe ferramentas que lhe permitam realizar a sua autoavaliação. A fase pré-analítica é a que absorve o maior número de erros na análise de amostras biológicas, representando 40% a 70% de todas as falhas ocorridas no processamento analítico (Codagnone et al, 2014). A principal razão está na dificuldade em controlar as variáveis pré-analíticas , uma vez que esta fase envolve inúmeras atividades não automatizadas como a colheita, o manuseamento, o transporte e a preparação das amostras.

Efeito de tratamento de superfície na resistência de união de uma liga de Cobalto - Cromo e uma resina acrílica termicamente ativada

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Development of muliplexed analytical methods based on bioluminescent whole-cell biosensors

The subject of this Ph.D. research thesis is the development and application of multiplexed analytical methods based on bioluminescent whole-cell biosensors. One of the main goals of analytical chemistry is multianalyte testing in which two or more analytes are measured simultaneously in a single assay. The advantages of multianalyte testing are work simplification, high throughput, and reduction in the overall cost per test. The availability of multiplexed portable analytical systems is of particular interest for on-field analysis of clinical, environmental or food samples as well as for the drug discovery process. To allow highly sensitive and selective analysis, these devices should combine biospecific molecular recognition with ultrasensitive detection systems. To address the current need for rapid, highly sensitive and inexpensive devices for obtaining more data from each sample,genetically engineered whole-cell biosensors as biospecific recognition element were combined with ultrasensitive bioluminescence detection techniques. Genetically engineered cell-based sensing systems were obtained by introducing into bacterial, yeast or mammalian cells a vector expressing a reporter protein whose expression is controlled by regulatory proteins and promoter sequences. The regulatory protein is able to recognize the presence of the analyte (e.g., compounds with hormone-like activity, heavy metals…) and to consequently activate the expression of the reporter protein that can be readily measured and directly related to the analyte bioavailable concentration in the sample. Bioluminescence represents the ideal detection principle for miniaturized analytical devices and multiplexed assays thanks to high detectability in small sample volumes allowing an accurate signal localization and quantification. In the first chapter of this dissertation is discussed the obtainment of improved bioluminescent proteins emitting at different wavelenghts, in term of increased thermostability, enhanced emission decay kinetic and spectral resolution. The second chapter is mainly focused on the use of these proteins in the development of whole-cell based assay with improved analytical performance. In particular since the main drawback of whole-cell biosensors is the high variability of their analyte specific response mainly caused by variations in cell viability due to aspecific effects of the sample’s matrix, an additional bioluminescent reporter has been introduced to correct the analytical response thus increasing the robustness of the bioassays. The feasibility of using a combination of two or more bioluminescent proteins for obtaining biosensors with internal signal correction or for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes has been demonstrated by developing a dual reporter yeast based biosensor for androgenic activity measurement and a triple reporter mammalian cell-based biosensor for the simultaneous monitoring of two CYP450 enzymes activation, involved in cholesterol degradation, with the use of two spectrally resolved intracellular luciferases and a secreted luciferase as a control for cells viability. In the third chapter is presented the development of a portable multianalyte detection system. In order to develop a portable system that can be used also outside the laboratory environment even by non skilled personnel, cells have been immobilized into a new biocompatible and transparent polymeric matrix within a modified clear bottom black 384 -well microtiter plate to obtain a bioluminescent cell array. The cell array was placed in contact with a portable charge-coupled device (CCD) light sensor able to localize and quantify the luminescent signal produced by different bioluminescent whole-cell biosensors. This multiplexed biosensing platform containing whole-cell biosensors was successfully used to measure the overall toxicity of a given sample as well as to obtain dose response curves for heavy metals and to detect hormonal activity in clinical samples (PCT/IB2010/050625: “Portable device based on immobilized cells for the detection of analytes.” Michelini E, Roda A, Dolci LS, Mezzanotte L, Cevenini L , 2010). At the end of the dissertation some future development steps are also discussed in order to develop a point of care (POCT) device that combine portability, minimum sample pre-treatment and highly sensitive multiplexed assays in a short assay time. In this POCT perspective, field-flow fractionation (FFF) techniques, in particular gravitational variant (GrFFF) that exploit the earth gravitational field to structure the separation, have been investigated for cells fractionation, characterization and isolation. Thanks to the simplicity of its equipment, amenable to miniaturization, the GrFFF techniques appears to be particularly suited for its implementation in POCT devices and may be used as pre-analytical integrated module to be applied directly to drive target analytes of raw samples to the modules where biospecifc recognition reactions based on ultrasensitive bioluminescence detection occurs, providing an increase in overall analytical output.

Development and characterization of micromachined devices for separation techniques

Nowadays microfluidic is becoming an important technology in many chemical and biological processes and analysis applications. The potential to replace large-scale conventional laboratory instrumentation with miniaturized and self-contained systems, (called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) or point-of-care-testing (POCT)), offers a variety of advantages such as low reagent consumption, faster analysis speeds, and the capability of operating in a massively parallel scale in order to achieve high-throughput. Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) technologies enable both the fabrication of miniaturized system and the possibility of developing compact and portable systems. The work described in this dissertation is towards the development of micromachined separation devices for both high-speed gas chromatography (HSGC) and gravitational field-flow fractionation (GrFFF) using MEMS technologies. Concerning the HSGC, a complete platform of three MEMS-based GC core components (injector, separation column and detector) is designed, fabricated and characterized. The microinjector consists of a set of pneumatically driven microvalves, based on a polymeric actuating membrane. Experimental results demonstrate that the microinjector is able to guarantee low dead volumes, fast actuation time, a wide operating temperature range and high chemical inertness. The microcolumn consists of an all-silicon microcolumn having a nearly circular cross-section channel. The extensive characterization has produced separation performances very close to the theoretical ideal expectations. A thermal conductivity detector (TCD) is chosen as most proper detector to be miniaturized since the volume reduction of the detector chamber results in increased mass and reduced dead volumes. The microTDC shows a good sensitivity and a very wide dynamic range. Finally a feasibility study for miniaturizing a channel suited for GrFFF is performed. The proposed GrFFF microchannel is at early stage of development, but represents a first step for the realization of a highly portable and potentially low-cost POCT device for biomedical applications.

La diagnostica molecolare nel laboratorio di patologia clinica veterinaria

La prima parte del nostro studio riguarda la tecnica LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification), una tecnica di amplificazione isotermica recentemente inventata (Notomi et al., 2000). Essa presenta notevoli vantaggi rispetto alle tradizionali PCR: non necessita di strumentazioni sofisticate come i termociclatori, può essere eseguita da personale non specializzato, è una tecnica altamente sensibile e specifica ed è molto tollerante agli inibitori. Tutte queste caratteristiche fanno sì che essa possa essere utilizzata al di fuori dei laboratori diagnostici, come POCT (Point of care testing), con il vantaggio di non dover gestire la spedizione del campione e di avere in tempi molto brevi risultati paragonabili a quelli ottenuti con la tradizionale PCR. Sono state prese in considerazione malattie infettive sostenute da batteri che richiedono tempi molto lunghi per la coltivazione o che non sono addirittura coltivabili. Sono stati disegnati dei saggi per la diagnosi di patologie virali che necessitano di diagnosi tempestiva. Altri test messi a punto riguardano malattie genetiche del cane e due batteri d’interesse agro-alimentare. Tutte le prove sono state condotte con tecnica real-time per diminuire il rischio di cross-contaminazione pur riuscendo a comprendere in maniera approfondita l’andamento delle reazioni. Infine è stato messo a punto un metodo di visualizzazione colorimetrico utilizzabile con tutti i saggi messi a punto, che svincola completamente la reazione LAMP dall’esecuzione in un laboratorio specializzato. Il secondo capitolo riguarda lo studio dal punto di vista molecolare di un soggetto che presenza totale assenza di attività mieloperossidasica all’analisi di citochimica automatica (ADVIA® 2120 Hematology System). Lo studio è stato condotto attraverso amplificazione e confronto dei prodotti di PCR ottenuti sul soggetto patologico e su due soggetti con fenotipo wild-type. Si è poi provveduto al sequenziamento dei prodotti di PCR su sequenziatore automatico al fine di ricercare la mutazione responsabile della carenza di MPO nel soggetto indicato.

Point-of-care testing in the cardiovascular operating theatre

Point-of-care testing (POCT) remains under scrutiny by healthcare professionals because of its ill-tried, young history. POCT methods are being developed by a few major equipment companies based on rapid progress in informatics and nanotechnology. Issues as POCT quality control, comparability with standard laboratory procedures, standardisation, traceability and round robin testing are being left to hospitals. As a result, the clinical and operational benefits of POCT were first evident for patients on the operating table. For the management of cardiovascular surgery patients, POCT technology is an indispensable aid. Improvement of the technology has meant that clinical laboratory pathologists now recognise the need for POCT beyond their high-throughput areas.

Functional polypyrrole coatings for wirelessly controlled magnetic microrobots

A wirelessly controlled magnetic microrobot has been proposed to diagnose and treat pathologies in the posterior segment of the human eye. The robot consists of a magnetic CoNi platform with a conformal coating of functional polymers. Electrodeposition has been the preferred method to fabricate and to functionalize the microrobot. Poly(pyrrole), a widely studied intrinsically conductive polymer has been investigated as a biocompatible coating to reduce biofouling, and as a coating that can release incorporated drugs on demand. The mechanism of redox cycling has been investigated to reduce the stiction of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts onto poly(pyrrole) surfaces. To demonstrate triggered drug release, Rhodamine B has been incorporated into the Ppy matrix as a model drug. Rapid Rhodamine B release is obtained when eddy current losses are induced by alternating magnetic fields on the CoNi substrates underneath these films.

The analysis and detection of new psychoactive substances in biological matrices

New psychoactive substances (NPSs) have appeared on the recreational drug market at an unprecedented rate in recent years. Many are not new drugs but failed products of the pharmaceutical industry. The speed and variety of drugs entering the market poses a new complex challenge for the forensic toxicology community. The detection of these substances in biological matrices can be difficult as the exact compounds of interest may not be known. Many NPS are sold under the same brand name and therefore users themselves may not know what substances they have ingested. The majority of analytical methods for the detection of NPSs tend to focus on a specific class of compounds rather than a wide variety. In response to this, a robust and sensitive method was developed for the analysis of various NPS by solid phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Sample preparation and derivatisation were optimised testing a range of SPE cartridges and derivatising agents, as well as derivatisation incubation time and temperature. The final gas chromatography mass spectrometry method was validated in accordance with SWGTOX 2013 guidelines over a wide concentration range for both blood and urine for 23 and 25 analytes respectively. This included the validation of 8 NBOMe compounds in blood and 10 NBOMe compounds in urine. This GC-MS method was then applied to 8 authentic samples with concentrations compared to those originally identified by NMS laboratories. The rapid influx of NPSs has resulted in the re-analysis of samples and thus, the stability of these substances is crucial information. The stability of mephedrone was investigated, examining the effect that storage temperatures and preservatives had on analyte stability daily for 1 week and then weekly for 10 weeks. Several laboratories identified NPSs use through the cross-reactivity of these substances with existing screening protocols such as ELISA. The application of Immunalysis ketamine, methamphetamine and amphetamine ELISA kits for the detection of NPS was evaluated. The aim of this work was to determine if any cross-reactivity from NPS substances was observed, and to determine whether these existing kits would identify NPS use within biological samples. The cross- reactivity of methoxetamine, 3-MeO-PCE and 3-MeO-PCP for different commercially point of care test (POCT) was also assessed for urine. One of the newest groups of compounds to appear on the NPS market is the NBOMe series. These drugs pose a serious threat to public health due to their high potency, with fatalities already reported in the literature. These compounds are falsely marketed as LSD which increases the chance of adverse effects due to the potency differences between these 2 substances. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was validated in accordance with SWGTOX 2013 guidelines for the detection for 25B, 25C and 25I-NBOMe in urine and hair. Long-Evans rats were administered 25B-, 25C- and 25I-NBOMe at doses ranging from 30-300 µg/kg over a period of 10 days. Tail flick tests were then carried out on the rats in order to determine whether any analgesic effects were observed as a result of dosing. Rats were also shaved prior to their first dose and reshaved after the 10-day period. Hair was separated by colour (black and white) and analysed using the validated LC-MS/MS method, assessing the impact hair colour has on the incorporation of these drugs. Urine was collected from the rats, analysed using the validated LC-MS/MS method and screened for potential metabolites using both LC-MS/MS and quadrupole time of flight (QToF) instrumentation.

Auditorias na fase pré-analítica: uma ferramenta para autoavaliação do laboratório

O Programa Nacional de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade (PNAEQ), inserido na Unidade de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade, foi criado em 1978 como sendo uma das atribuições do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA). A sua missão é promover, organizar e coordenar programas de avaliação externa da qualidade (AEQ) para laboratórios que exerçam atividade no setor da saúde. O primeiro programa de AEQ do PNAEQ para avaliação da Fase Pré-Analítica foi distribuído em 2007. Os ensaios são pluridisciplinares, podendo incluir o envio de amostras para avaliação das condições para processamento (aceitação ou rejeição, preparação, acondicionamento), a simulação de requisições médicas, a resposta a questionários, a interpretação de casos-estudo, o levantamento de dados (auditorias ou monitorização de indicadores) ou a realização de chamadas anónimas (“cliente mistério”). O PNAEQ disponibiliza ainda 4 programas em colaboração com a Labquality Oy (Flebotomia e POCT, Química Clínica, Microbiologia e Gases no Sangue) e 1 programa com a ECAT Foundation (Hemostase). A fase pré-analítica é a que absorve o maior número de erros na análise de amostras biológicas, representando 40% a 70% de todas as falhas ocorridas no processamento analítico (Codagnone et al, 2014). A principal razão está na dificuldade em controlar as variáveis pré-analíticas, uma vez que esta fase envolve inúmeras atividades não automatizadas como a colheita, o manuseamento, o transporte e a preparação das amostras.

Monitorização de indicadores na fase pré-analítica: Avaliação Externa da Qualidade

O Programa Nacional de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade (PNAEQ), inserido na Unidade de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade, foi criado em 1978 como sendo uma das atribuições do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA) de Lisboa, Portugal. A sua missão é promover, organizar e coordenar programas de avaliação externa da qualidade (AEQ) para laboratórios que exerçam atividade no setor da saúde. O primeiro programa de AEQ do PNAEQ para avaliação da Fase Pré-Analítica foi distribuído em 2007. Os ensaios são pluridisciplinares, podendo incluir o envio de amostras para avaliação das condições para processamento (aceitação ou rejeição, preparação, acondicionamento), a simulação de requisições médicas, a resposta a questionários, a interpretação de casos-estudo, o levantamento de dados (auditorias ou monitorização de indicadores) ou a realização de chamadas anónimas (“cliente mistério”). O PNAEQ disponibiliza ainda 4 programas em colaboração com a Labquality Oy (Flebotomia e POCT, Química Clínica, Microbiologia e Gases no Sangue) e 1 programa com a ECAT Foundation (Hemostase). A fase préanalítica é a que absorve o maior número de erros na análise de amostras biológicas, representando 40% a 70% de todas as falhas ocorridas no processamento analítico (Codagnone et al, 2014). A principal razão está na dificuldade em controlar as variáveis pré-analíticas, uma vez que esta fase envolve inúmeras atividades não automatizadas como a colheita, o manuseamento, o transporte e a preparação das amostras. O principal objetivo na monitorização de indicadores na fase pré-analítica é conhecer o estado atual de alguns aspetos desta fase extra-analítica, quantificando os erros de cada laboratório e comparando-o com os restantes participantes, procurando detetar as causas que mais afetam este processo.

Controlo de Qualidade Testes Rápidos

Agenda: 1- Definição e Conceitos Testes Rápidos: “Testes Laboratoriais Remotos (POCT)” 2- Fases do Processo Analítico e Controlo de Qualidade 3- Estudo em Portugal: Utilização dos Testes Rápidos em Instituições de Saúde (2012) Apresentação dos dados do questionário ProMeQuaLab (2015) 4- Experiência na Europa 5- Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade Legislação, Normas ISO e Guidelines 6- Perspetivas

Teste rápido: legislação e experiência na Europa e no Brasil

1- Definição e Conceitos (Testes Rápidos: “Testes Laboratoriais Remotos (POCT)”); 2- Experiência na Europa Portugal: - Utilização dos Testes Rápidos em Instituições de Saúde (2012); - Apresentação dos dados do questionário ProMeQuaLab (2015) Finlândia, Noruega e Holanda; 3- Sistema de Gestão da Qualidade (Legislação, Normas ISO e Guidelines); 4- Considerações finais