Chemical bond approach to determining conductivity band gaps in amorphous chalcogenides and pnictides

The minimum energy required for the formation of conjugate pair of charged defects is found to be approximately equal to the experimental activation energy for d.c. conductivity in a number of amorphous chalcoganides and pnictides. This observation implies that the defect pair formation energy represents an intrinsic gap for transport in amorphous chalcogenides.

Electron-conduction mechanism and specific heat above transition temperature in LaFeAsO and BaFe2As2 superconductors

The ionization energy theory is used to calculate the evolution of the resistivity and specific heat curves with respect to different doping elements in the recently discovered superconducting pnictide materials. Electron-conduction mechanism in the pnictides above the structural transition temperature is explained unambiguously, which is also consistent with other strongly correlated materials, such as cuprates, manganites, titanates and magnetic semiconductors.

First-order structural transition in the magnetically ordered phase of Fe(1.13)Te

Specific heat, resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, linear thermal expansion (LTE), and high-resolution synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction investigations of single crystals Fe(1+y) Te (0.06 <= y <= 0.15) reveal a splitting of a single, first-order transition for y <= 0.11 into two transitions for y >= 0.13. Most strikingly, all measurements on identical samples Fe(1.13)Te consistently indicate that, upon cooling, the magnetic transition at T(N) precedes the first-order structural transition at a lower temperature T(s). The structural transition in turn coincides with a change in the character of the magnetic structure. The LTE measurements along the crystallographic c axis display a small distortion close to T(N) due to a lattice striction as a consequence of magnetic ordering, and a much larger change at T(s). The lattice symmetry changes, however, only below T(s) as indicated by powder x-ray diffraction. This behavior is in stark contrast to the sequence in which the phase transitions occur in Fe pnictides.

Recent progress in the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles

Nanoparticles probably constitute the largest class of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles of several inorganic materials have been prepared by employing a variety of synthetic strategies. Besides synthesizing nanoparticles, there has been considerable effort to selectively prepare nanoparticles of different shapes. In view of the great interest in inorganic nanoparticles evinced in the last few years, we have prepared this perspective on the present status of the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. This article includes a brief discussion of methods followed by reports on the synthesis of nanoparticles of various classes of inorganic materials such as metals, alloys, oxides chalcogenides and pnictides. A brief section on core-shell nanoparticles is also included.

Ultrafast quasiparticle relaxation dynamics in superconducting iron pnictide Ca(Fe0.944Co0.056)(2)As-2

Nonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation dynamics is reported in superconducting Ca(Fe0.944Co0.056)(2)As-2 single crystals by measuring transient reflectivity changes using femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy. Large changes in the temperature-dependent differential reflectivity values in the vicinity of the spin density wave (T-SDW) and superconducting (T-SC) transition temperatures of the sample have been inferred to have charge gap opening at those temperatures. We have estimated the zero-temperature charge gap value in the superconducting state to be similar to 1.8k(B)T(SC) and an electron-phonon coupling constant lambda of similar to 0.1 in the normal state that signifies the weak coupling in iron pnictides. From the peculiar temperature-dependence of the quasiparticle dynamics in the intermediate temperature region between T-SC and T-SDW we infer a temperature scale where the charge gap associated with the spin ordered phase is maximum and closes on either side while approaching the two phase transition temperatures.

Weak-coupling superconductivity in a strongly correlated iron pnictide

Iron-based superconductors have been found to exhibit an intimate interplay of orbital, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom, dramatically affecting their low-energy electronic properties, including superconductivity. Albeit the precise pairing mechanism remains unidentified, several candidate interactions have been suggested to mediate the superconducting pairing, both in the orbital and in the spin channel. Here, we employ optical spectroscopy (OS), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), ab initio band-structure, and Eliashberg calculations to show that nearly optimally doped NaFe0.978Co0.022As exhibits some of the strongest orbitally selective electronic correlations in the family of iron pnictides. Unexpectedly, we find that the mass enhancement of itinerant charge carriers in the strongly correlated band is dramatically reduced near the Gamma point and attribute this effect to orbital mixing induced by pronounced spin-orbit coupling. Embracing the true band structure allows us to describe all low-energy electronic properties obtained in our experiments with remarkable consistency and demonstrate that superconductivity in this material is rather weak and mediated by spin fluctuations.

Superconductivity in Iron Telluride Thin Films under Tensile Stress

By realizing in thin films a tensile stress state, superconductivity of 13 K was introduced into FeTe, a nonsuperconducting parent compound of the iron pnictides and chalcogenides, with a transition temperature higher than that of its superconducting isostructural counterpart FeSe. For these tensile stressed films, superconductivity is accompanied by a softening of the first-order magnetic and structural phase transition, and also, the in-plane extension and out-of-plane contraction are universal in all FeTe films independent of the sign of the lattice mismatch, either positive or negative. Moreover, the correlations were found to exist between the transition temperatures and the tetrahedra bond angles in these thin films.

Measurement and modeling of hyperfine properties in ferroic materials

This thesis presents the results of perturbed angular correlation (PAC) experiments , an experimental technique which measures the hyperfine interaction at probes (radioactive ions implanted in the materials to study), from which one infers local information on an atomic scale. Furthermore, abinitio calculations using density functional theory electronic obtain results that directly complement the experiments, and are also used for theoretical research. These methods were applied in two families of materials. The manganites, with the possible existence of magnetic, charge, orbital and ferroelectric orders, are of fundamental and technological interest. The experimental results are obtained in the alkaline-earth manganites (Ca, Ba, Sr), with special interest due to the structural variety of possible polymorphs. With probes of Cd and In the stability of the probe and its location in a wide temperature range is established and a comparison with calculations allows the physical interpretation of the results. Calculations of hyperfine properties in rare-earth manganites are also presented. The second type of materials in which hyperfine properties were studied are the Manganese pnictides: MnAs, MnSb, and MnBi, compounds in which magnetism is fundamental. The experimental results obtained mainly consider the MnAs compound, whose magneto-structural transition is of great interest. The transition is analyzed in detail with the local resolution characteristic of the technique, obtaining information of the character of the transition also with complementary, more conventional techniques. The last work in this thesis uses only the first principles calculations, continuing the theme of the hyperfine interactions, but this time with respect to ferroelectrics. Several transition metal oxides with perovskite or distorted structures are considered. The electric field gradient which exists due to the quadrupole interaction in nuclei is related to the spontaneous electric polarization, the main quantity measured in ferroelectrics. This study provides a fundamental theoretical basis for previous empirical studies, suggesting new directions for research in ferroelectrics and multiferroics using techniques which measure the electric field gradient.

Etude ab initio du pnicture de fer supraconducteur LaOFeAs

Le présent mémoire traite de la description du LaOFeAs, le premier matériau découvert de la famille des pnictures de fer, par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). Plus particulièrement, nous allons exposer l’état actuel de la recherche concernant ce matériau avant d’introduire rapidement la DFT. Ensuite, nous allons regarder comment se comparent les paramètres structuraux que nous allons calculer sous différentes phases par rapport aux résultats expérimentaux et avec les autres calculs DFT dans la littérature. Nous allons aussi étudier en détails la structure électronique du matériau sous ses différentes phases magnétiques et structurales. Nous emploierons donc les outils normalement utilisés pour mieux comprendre la structure électronique : structures de bandes, densités d’états, surfaces de Fermi, nesting au niveau de Fermi. Nous tirerons profit de la théorie des groupes afin de trouver les modes phononiques permis par la symétrie de notre cristal. De plus, nous étudierons le couplage électrons-phonons pour quelques modes. Enfin, nous regarderons l’effet de différentes fonctionnelles sur nos résultats pour voir à quel point ceux-ci sont sensibles à ce choix. Ainsi, nous utiliserons la LDA et la PBE, mais aussi la LDA+U et la PBE+U.

Analyse des propriétés électroniques de supraconducteurs à l’aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité

Cette thèse traite de la structure électronique de supraconducteurs telle que déterminée par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. Une brève explication de cette théorie est faite dans l’introduction. Le modèle de Hubbard est présenté pour pallier à des problèmes de cette théorie face à certains matériaux, dont les cuprates. L’union de deux théories donne la DFT+U, une méthode permettant de bien représenter certains systèmes ayant des électrons fortement corrélés. Par la suite, un article traitant du couplage électron- phonon dans le supraconducteur NbC1−xNx est présenté. Les résultats illustrent bien le rôle de la surface de Fermi dans le mécanisme d’appariement électronique menant à la supraconductivité. Grâce à ces résultats, un modèle est développé qui permet d’expliquer comment la température de transition critique est influencée par le changement des fré- quences de vibration du cristal. Ensuite, des résultats de calcul d’oscillations quantiques obtenus par une analyse approfondie de surfaces de Fermi, permettant une comparaison directe avec des données expérimentales, sont présentés dans deux articles. Le premier traite d’un matériau dans la famille des pnictures de fer, le LaFe2P2. L’absence de su- praconductivité dans ce matériau s’explique par la différence entre sa surface de Fermi obtenue et celle du supraconducteur BaFe2As2. Le second article traite du matériau à fermions lourds, le YbCoIn5. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle méthode efficace de calcul des fréquences de Haas-van Alphen est développée. Finalement, un dernier article traitant du cuprate supraconducteur à haute température critique YBa2Cu3O6.5 est présenté. À l’aide de la DFT+U, le rôle de plusieurs ordres magnétiques sur la surface de Fermi est étudié. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les mesures d’oscillations quan- tiques mesurées dans ce matériau.