Kysynnän jousto osana PJM:n kapasiteettimarkkinoita

Työssä tarkastellaan PJM:n RPM-pohjaisen kapasiteettimarkkinan vaikutuksia kysynnän-joustoresurssien määrän kasvattamiseen PJM:n kysynnän hintajousto- sekä luotettavuus-pohjaisten kysynnänjousto-ohjelmien yhteydessä. Työssä tarkastellaan myös millaisia ky-synnänjousto-ohjelmia PJM:ssä on olemassa ja miten ne toimivat.

The Impact of Electrical Capacity Market Mechanisms on Capacity Mobility and End Use Customer Pricing

Potential impacts of electrical capacity market design on capacity mobility and end use customer pricing are analyzed. Market rules and historical evolution are summarized to provide a background for the analysis. The summarized rules are then examined for impacts on capacity mobility. A summary of the aspects of successful capacity markets is provided. Two United States market regions are chosen for analysis based upon their market history and proximity to each other. The MISO region is chosen due to recent developments in capacity market mechanisms. The PJM region neighbors the MISO region and is similar in size and makeup. The PJM region has had a capacity market mechanism for over a decade and allows for a controlled comparison of the MISO region’s developments. Capacity rules are found to have an impact on the mobility of capacity between regions. Regulatory restrictions and financial penalties for the movement of capacity between regions are found which effectively hinder such mobility. Capacity market evolution timelines are formed from the historical evolution previously summarized and compared to historical pricing to inspect for a correlation. No direct and immediate impact on end use customer pricing was found due to capacity market design. The components of end use customer pricing are briefly examined.

Autobiographical memory and amnesia: using conceptual knowledge to ground the self

A case of retrograde amnesia, PJM, elucidated the relationship between self, episodic memory and autobiographical knowledge. Results from a variety of measures including the I Am Memory Task (IAM Task), where memories are cued by self-generated self concepts, demonstrate that PJM has a coherent, continuous sense of self, despite having lost episodic memories for an 18-month period. Her use of conceptual autobiographical knowledge, in episodic tasks and to support aspects of identity, shows how autobiographical knowledge can support the self when episodic memories are inaccessible. These results are discussed with relation to current neuropsychological models of self and memory.

On the hardy space H¹ on products of half-spaces

We show that the Hardy space H¹ anal (R2+ x R2+) can be identified with the class of functions f such that f and all its double and partial Hubert transforms Hk f belong to L¹ (R2). A basic tool used in the proof is the bisubharmonicity of |F|q, where F is a vector field that satisfies a generalized conjugate system of Cauchy-Riemann type.

Normal Enveloping Algebras

A full characterization is given of ordinary and restricted enveloping algebras which are normal with respect to the principal involution.

Increasing Utilization of US Electric Grids via Smart Technologies: Integration of Load Management, Real Time Pricing, Renewables, EVs and Smart Grid Sensors

Electric power grids throughout the world suffer from serious inefficiencies associated with under-utilization due to demand patterns, engineering design and load following approaches in use today. These grids consume much of the world’s energy and represent a large carbon footprint. From material utilization perspectives significant hardware is manufactured and installed for this infrastructure often to be used at less than 20-40% of its operational capacity for most of its lifetime. These inefficiencies lead engineers to require additional grid support and conventional generation capacity additions when renewable technologies (such as solar and wind) and electric vehicles are to be added to the utility demand/supply mix. Using actual data from the PJM [PJM 2009] the work shows that consumer load management, real time price signals, sensors and intelligent demand/supply control offer a compelling path forward to increase the efficient utilization and carbon footprint reduction of the world’s grids. Underutilization factors from many distribution companies indicate that distribution feeders are often operated at only 70-80% of their peak capacity for a few hours per year, and on average are loaded to less than 30-40% of their capability. By creating strong societal connections between consumers and energy providers technology can radically change this situation. Intelligent deployment of smart sensors, smart electric vehicles, consumer-based load management technology very high saturations of intermittent renewable energy supplies can be effectively controlled and dispatched to increase the levels of utilization of existing utility distribution, substation, transmission, and generation equipment. The strengthening of these technology, society and consumer relationships requires rapid dissemination of knowledge (real time prices, costs & benefit sharing, demand response requirements) in order to incentivize behaviors that can increase the effective use of technological equipment that represents one of the largest capital assets modern society has created.

Debris flow magnitudes: a global catalog

The episodic occurrence of debris flow events in response to stochastic precipitation and wildfire events makes hazard prediction challenging. Previous work has shown that frequency-magnitude distributions of non-fire-related debris flows follow a power law, but less is known about the distribution of post-fire debris flows. As a first step in parameterizing hazard models, we use frequency-magnitude distributions and cumulative distribution functions to compare volumes of post-fire debris flows to non-fire-related debris flows. Due to the large number of events required to parameterize frequency-magnitude distributions, and the relatively small number of post-fire event magnitudes recorded in the literature, we collected data on 73 recent post-fire events in the field. The resulting catalog of 988 debris flow events is presented as an appendix to this article. We found that the empirical cumulative distribution function of post-fire debris flow volumes is composed of smaller events than that of non-fire-related debris flows. In addition, the slope of the frequency-magnitude distribution of post-fire debris flows is steeper than that of non-fire-related debris flows, evidence that differences in the post-fire environment tend to produce a higher proportion of small events. We propose two possible explanations: 1) post-fire events occur on shorter return intervals than debris flows in similar basins that do not experience fire, causing their distribution to shift toward smaller events due to limitations in sediment supply, or 2) fire causes changes in resisting and driving forces on a package of sediment, such that a smaller perturbation of the system is required in order for a debris flow to occur, resulting in smaller event volumes.

Homogeneous links and the Seifert matrix

Homogeneous links were introduced by Peter Cromwell, who pr oved that the projection surface of these links, that given by the Seifert al- gorithm, has minimal genus. Here we provide a different proof , with a geometric rather than combinatorial flavor. To do this, we fir st show a direct relation between the Seifert matrix and the decompo sition into blocks of the Seifert graph. Precisely, we prove that the Sei fert matrix can be arranged in a block triangular form, with small boxes in th e diagonal corresponding to the blocks of the Seifert graph. Then we pro ve that the boxes in the diagonal has non-zero determinant, by looking a t an explicit matrix of degrees given by the planar structure of the Seifer t graph. The paper contains also a complete classification of the homogen eous knots of genus one.

E-polynomial of the SL(3,C)-character variety of free groups.

We compute the E-polynomial of the character variety of representations of a rank r free group in SL(3,C). Expanding upon techniques of Logares, Muñoz and Newstead (Rev. Mat. Complut. 26:2 (2013), 635-703), we stratify the space of representations and compute the E-polynomial of each geometrically described stratum using fibrations. Consequently, we also determine the E-polynomial of its smooth, singular, and abelian loci and the corresponding Euler characteristic in each case. Along the way, we give a new proof of results of Cavazos and Lawton (Int. J. Math. 25:6 (2014), 1450058).

A study of gas holdup properties of selected non-Newtonian simulants

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) needs a design basis to properly design a PJM and ventilation systems for the Waste Treatment Plant vessels. In order to meet DOE's needs for proper ventilation and PJM design technologies, Florida International University's Hemispheric Center for Environmental Technology (FIU-HCET) has studied the properties for gas holdup in selected non Newtonian fluids with physicochemical properties comparable to nuclear waste. The primary purpose of this research was to study the holdup properties of selected non - Newtonian simulants and quantify the level of gas holdup in selected simulants using continuous argon injection in five gallons vessel. Gas holdup tests involved the injection of gas bubbles in simulant waste in scaled prototypic vessels. The holdup was measured as a function of injection rate in the vessel. Tests were performed with both Laponite, Clay 12%, Clay 27% and Qard 13.5. This work showed that the percentage of holdup was about 3% for all simulants despite the significant differences in rheology.

Análisis comparativo de diferentes esquemas de suficiencia en generación eléctrica: Algunas reflexiones para el mercado eléctrico en Colombia

El Mercado eléctrico colombiano ha venido enfrentando dificultades con la ocurrencia del Fenómeno de El Niño 2015-2016 que evidenciaron fallas en el diseño del mercado. El presente trabajo de grado hace un referenciamiento internacional de diferentes tipos de diseño de mercados eléctricos enfocado principalmente a los mecanismos utilizados para garantizar la suficiencia en capacidad de generación, describe la problemática actual y hace algunas recomendaciones para el mercado colombiano con base en las ventajas, desventajas y adaptabilidad evidenciadas en los mercados analizados de Nord Pool, Alberta, PJM, Chile, Brasil y Panamá.