Innovation in the road and bridge industry

This paper reviews innovation activity in a key service industry – road and bridge construction. Based on a large-scale Australian survey and descriptive statistics, the paper finds that there is little difference in innovation levels between different types of industry participants and that innovation is difficult to implement. The survey gathered responses from suppliers, consultants, contracts and clients and compared results across these four industry sectors. The absorptive capacity and relationship capacities of respondents were also investigated. One in five respondents had poor absorptive capacity. Suppliers were found to the most effective learners and were the best adopters of ideas from outside their organisations and consultants were the least effective. Australian construction organisations have relatively good relationship skills because relationship-based contracts are common compared to other countries. Indeed, the survey found that nearly 60% of respondents had experience with such contracts, with clients having more experience than the other three sectors. The results have implications for the measurement of innovation in project-based industries, and the relative roles of clients and suppliers in driving innovation in the construction industry. Further research will examine the extent to which particular governance mechanisms within relationship contracts lead to improved innovation and project performance.

Gaming well: Links between videogames and flourishing mental health

This paper is a review of the state of play of research linking videogaming and flourishing, and explores the role of videogames and technology to improve mental health and well-being. Its purpose is to develop understandings about the positive intersection of gaming and well-being, to document evidence regarding links between videogames and positive mental health, and to provide guidelines for use by other researchers as they design and use tools and games to improve mental health and well-being. Using Huppert's (Huppert and So, 2013) proposition that to flourish is more than the absence of mental disorder but rather a combination of feeling good and functioning effectively, resulting in high levels of mental well-being, and Seligman's (Seligman, 2011) PERMA theory of well-being, the paper identifies strengths in existing games that generate positive affect, positive functioning, and positive social functioning, contributing to, and supporting mental health and well-being.

The role of lakes in carbon cycling in boreal catchments

Lakes are an important component of ecosystem carbon cycle through both organic carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide and methane emissions, although they cover only a small fraction of the Earth's surface area. Lake sediments are considered to be one of rather perma-nent sinks of carbon in boreal regions and furthermore, freshwater ecosystems process large amounts of carbon originating from terrestrial sources. These carbon fluxes are highly uncer-tain especially in the changing climate. -- The present study provides a large-scale view on carbon sources and fluxes in boreal lakes situated in different landscapes. We present carbon concentrations in water, pools in lake se-diments, and carbon gas (CO2 and CH4) fluxes from lakes. The study is based on spatially extensive and randomly selected Nordic Lake Survey (NLS) database with 874 lakes. The large database allows the identification of the various factors (lake size, climate, and catchment land use) determining lake water carbon concentrations, pools and gas fluxes in different types of lakes along a latitudinal gradient from 60oN to 69oN. Lakes in different landscapes vary in their carbon quantity and quality. Carbon (C) content (total organic and inorganic carbon) in lakes is highest in agriculture and peatland dominated areas. In peatland rich areas organic carbon dominated in lakes but in agricultural areas both organic and inorganic C concentrations were high. Total inorganic carbon in the lake water was strongly dependent on the bedrock and soil quality in the catchment, especially in areas where human influence in the catchment is low. In inhabited areas both agriculture and habitation in the catchment increase lake TIC concentrations, since in the disturbed soils both weathering and leaching are presumably more efficient than in pristine areas. TOC concentrations in lakes were related to either catchment sources, mainly peatlands, or to retention in the upper watercourses. Retention as a regulator of the TOC concentrations dominated in southern Finland, whereas the peatland sources were important in northern Finland. The homogeneous land use in the north and the restricted catchment sources of TOC contribute to the close relationship between peatlands and the TOC concentrations in the northern lakes. In southern Finland the more favorable climate for degradation and the multiple sources of TOC in the mixed land use highlight the importance of retention. Carbon processing was intensive in the small lakes. Both CO2 emission and the Holocene C pool in sediments per square meter of the lake area were highest in the smallest lakes. How-ever, because the total area of the small lakes on the areal level is limited, the large lakes are important units in C processing in the landscape. Both CO2 and CH4 concentrations and emissions were high in eutrophic lakes. High availability of nutrients and the fresh organic matter enhance degradation in these lakes. Eutrophic lakes are often small and shallow, enabling high contact between the water column and the sediment. At the landscape level, the lakes in agricultural areas are often eutrophic due to fertile soils and fertilization of the catchments, and therefore they also showed the highest CO2 and CH4 concentrations. Export from the catchments and in-lake degradation were suggested to be equally important sources of CO2 and CH4 in fall when the lake water column was intensively mixed and the transport of sub-stances from the catchment was high due to the rainy season. In the stagnant periods, especially in the winter, in-lake degradation as a gas source was highlighted due to minimal mixing and limited transport of C from the catchment. The strong relationship between the annual CO2 level of lakes and the annual precipitation suggests that climate change can have a major impact on C cycling in the catchments. Increase in precipitation enhances DOC export from the catchments and leads to increasing greenhouse gas emissions from lakes. The total annual CO2 emission from Finnish lakes was estimated to be 1400 Gg C a-1. The total lake sediment C pool in Finland was estimated to be 0.62 Pg, giving an annual sink in Finnish lakes of 65 Gg C a-1.

Autoria em casos de irresponsabilidade organizada: uma proposta de sistematização dos critérios do Tribunal Penal Internacional

Estabelecido em 2002, o Tribunal Penal Internacional foi a primeira corte perma-nente com competência para investigar e julgar crimes contra a humanidade. Emborarecente,a Cortejá tem uma jurisprudência considerável na qual tem fixado critérios para determinar autores e cúmplices. Avalia rcriticamente as escolhas de uma Corte depende primeiramente de uma visão geral de qua issão essas escolhas.Assim,o presente ensaio analisa e sistematiza , por meio de um diagrama de decisão ,os critérios fixados na jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para sedeterminar autores e cúmplices.

A Guide to Office Clerical Time Standards

A Guide to Office Clerical Time Standards is an instructional performance piece based on a corporate manual from 1960. The pamphlet is focused on the time necessary for the accomplishment of minute labour procedures in the office, from the depressing and releasing of typewriter keys to the opening and closing of filing cabinet drawers. In the performance, seven costumed performers represent the different levels of management and employment while performing the actions described in the guide, accompanied by a live musical score. There has been much discussion of the changes to work in the west following the decline of post-Fordist service sector jobs. These increasingly emphasise the specificity of employees’ knowledge and cognitive skill. However, this greater flexibility and creativity at work has been accompanied by an opposite trajectory. The proletarisation of white collar work has given rise to more bureaucracy, target assessment and control for workers in previously looser creative professions, from academia to the arts. The midcentury office is the meeting point of these cultures, where the assembly line efficiency management of the factory meets the quantifying control of the knowledge economy. A Guide to Office Clerical Time Standards explores the survival of one regime into its successor following the lines of combined and uneven development that have turned the emancipatory promise of immaterial labour into the perma-temp hell of the cognitariat. The movement is accompanied by a score of guitar, bass and drums, the componenets of the rock ‘n’ roll music that rose from the car factories of the motor city and the cotton fields of the southern states to represent the same junction of expression and control.

Fatores prognósticos para o abandono precoce do tratamento da dependência do álcool, crack e outras drogas em uma comunidade terapêutica

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Planejamento dinâmico a longo prazo de ativos de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando a incorporação de diferentes tipos de elementos adicionais de expansão

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Evaluation of fluid transport processes in dental enamel. Methods to assess the relevance of enamel permeability in caries prevention and etching treatments.

This thesis evaluated in vivo and in vitro enamel permeability in different physiological and clinical conditions by means of SEM inspection of replicas of enamel surface obtained from polyvinyl siloxane impressions subsequently later cast in polyether impression ma-terial. This technique, not invasive and risk-free, allows the evaluation of fluid outflow from enamel surface and is able to detect the presence of small quantities of fluid, visu-alized as droplets. Fluid outflow on enamel surface represents enamel permeability. This property has a paramount importance in enamel physiolgy and pathology although its ef-fective role in adhesion, caries pathogenesis and prevention today is still not fully under-stood. The aim of the studies proposed was to evaluate enamel permeability changes in differ-ent conditions and to correlate the findings with the actual knowledge about enamel physiology, caries pathogenesis, fluoride and etchinhg treatments. To obtain confirmed data the replica technique has been supported by others specific techniques such as Ra-man and IR spectroscopy and EDX analysis. The first study carried out visualized fluid movement through dental enamel in vivo con-firmed that enamel is a permeable substrate and demonstrated that age and enamel per-meability are closely related. Examined samples from subjects of different ages showed a decreasing number and size of droplets with increasing age: freshly erupted permanent teeth showed many droplets covering the entire enamel surface. Droplets in permanent teeth were prominent along enamel perikymata. These results obtained through SEM inspection of replicas allowed innovative remarks in enamel physiology. An analogous testing has been developed for evaluation of enamel permeability in primary enamel. The results of this second study showed that primary enamel revealed a substantive permeability with droplets covering the entire enamel sur-face without any specific localization accordingly with histological features, without changes during aging signs of post-eruptive maturation. These results confirmed clinical data that showed a higher caries susceptibility for primary enamel and suggested a strong relationship between this one and enamel permeability. Topical fluoride application represents the gold standard for caries prevention although the mechanism of cariostatic effect of fluoride still needs to be clarified. The effects of topical fluoride application on enamel permeability were evaluated. Particularly two dif-ferent treatments (NaF and APF), with different pH, were examined. The major product of topical fluoride application was the deposition of CaF2-like globules. Replicas inspec-tion before and after both treatments at different times intervals and after specific addi-tional clinical interventions showed that such globule formed in vivo could be removed by professional toothbrushing, sonically and chemically by KOH. The results obtained in relation to enamel permeability showed that fluoride treatments temporarily reduced enamel water permeability when CaF2-like globules were removed. The in vivo perma-nence of decreased enamel permeability after CaF2 globules removal has been demon-strated for 1 h for NaF treated teeth and for at least 7 days for APF treated teeth. Important clinical consideration moved from these results. In fact the caries-preventing action of fluoride application may be due, in part, to its ability to decrease enamel water permeability and CaF2 like-globules seem to be indirectly involved in enamel protection over time maintaining low permeability. Others results obtained by metallographic microscope and SEM/EDX analyses of or-thodontic resins fluoride releasing and not demonstrated the relevance of topical fluo-ride application in decreasing the demineralization marks and modifying the chemical composition of the enamel in the treated area. These data obtained in both the experiments confirmed the efficacy of fluoride in caries prevention and contribute to clarify its mechanism of action. Adhesive dentistry is the gold standard for caries treatment and tooth rehabilitation and is founded on important chemical and physical principles involving both enamel and dentine substrates. Particularly acid etching of dental enamel enamel has usually employed in bonding pro-cedures increasing microscopic roughness. Different acids have been tested in the litera-ture suggesting several etching procedures. The acid-induced structural transformations in enamel after different etching treatments by means of Raman and IR spectroscopy analysis were evaluated and these findings were correlated with enamel permeability. Conventional etching with 37% phosphoric acid gel (H3PO4) for 30 s and etching with 15 % HCl for 120 s were investigated. Raman and IR spectroscopy showed that the treatment with both hydrochloric and phosphoric acids induced a decrease in the carbonate content of the enamel apatite. At the same time, both acids induced the formation of HPO42- ions. After H3PO4 treatment the bands due to the organic component of enamel decreased in intensity, while in-creased after HCl treatment. Replicas of H3PO4 treated enamel showed a strongly reduced permeability while replicas of HCl 15% treated samples showed a maintained permeability. A decrease of the enamel organic component, as resulted after H3PO4 treatment, involves a decrease in enamel permeability, while the increase of the organic matter (achieved by HCl treat-ment) still maintains enamel permeability. These results suggested a correlation between the amount of the organic matter, enamel permeability and caries. The results of the different studies carried out in this thesis contributed to clarify and improve the knowledge about enamel properties with important rebounds in theoretical and clinical aspects of Dentistry.

Colete Instrumentado para reeducação postural

A coluna vertebral é um dos elementos do corpo humano que mais lesões e danos irreparáveis sofre. Segundo a organização mundial de saúde, 85% da população mundial sofre de dores na coluna e estas representam mais de 50% das causas de incapacidade física transitória ou perma-nente em idade laboral. Uma das principais causas desses danos prende-se com uma postura cor-poral incorreta o que provoca alterações nas estruturas da coluna. Nesse contexto, a existência de um dispositivo capaz de avaliar em tempo real a postura corporal, e que simultaneamente, alerte para a ocorrência de posturas incorretas assume-se como uma mais-valia para a prevenção deste tipo de situações. Neste trabalho é proposto um “colete” instrumentado para reeducação postural, capaz de dotar os utilizadores de informação relativa à sua postura ao nível da coluna vertebral. O dispositivo é com-posto por um conjunto de sensores IMU, estrategicamente colocados para melhor caraterização do perfil da coluna. Os dados sensoriais são classificados por uma unidade de processamento central. Nesta unidade, além de outras funcionalidades, está implementado um classificador cujos dados de treino foram obtidos numa outra tese de mestrado desenvolvida paralelamente. Em caso de postura incorreta, os utilizadores serão alertados através de um sinal sonoro e vibratório. O sistema funciona como um wearable, stand-alone, ou seja, não necessita de qualquer tipo de aplicação ou componente externo. Contudo, foi desenvolvida uma API cujo objetivo é potenciar a utilização do dispositivo noutro tipo de aplicações. Para demonstrar a aplicabilidade da API, foram desenvolvidas duas aplicações, uma para computador e outra para dispositivos móveis Android. Estas permitem monitorizar em tempo real o perfil da coluna, lançar notificações de postura incor-reta, entre outros. O protótipo e as aplicações foram testados em contexto de aula por 10 indivíduos em dois momentos de monitorização distintos, um primeiro momento sem qualquer tipo de feedback ativo e um segundo com feedback ativo. Estes testes serviram para validação de usabilidade, fiabilidade e depuração de erros. Os testes demonstraram que o sistema possui elevado nível de fiabilidade na classificação da postura promovendo a reeducação postural. A totalidade dos sujeitos apresentaram um decrés-cimo percentual no tempo passado com postura incorreta no segundo dia de testes face ao dia de referência em que os sistemas de feedback se encontravam desligados. Em alguns casos, a diminuição atingiu valores próximos de 80%.

Estrutura populacional e potencial para o manejo de Bertholletia excelsa (Bonpl.) em castanhais nativos do Acre e Amapá.

Este estudo discute a estrutura populacional e o potencial para o manejo de castanhais em duas regiõesextremas da Amazônia (Acre e Amapá), avaliando a densidade de castanheiras, a distribuição diamétrica,e variáveis de copa. O diâmetro a 1,3 m do solo (DAP), a forma e posição da copa, presença de cipós nacopa estatusreprodutivo foram avaliados para cada árvore mapeada (DAP ≥ 10 cm) em parcelas perma-nentes de 9 ha. Foram inventariadas seis parcelas em cada Estado, totalizando 108 ha de amostragem. Adensidade e distribuição de indivíduos em classes de diâmetro foram determinadas por região (Alto Acreou Alto Cajari) e dentro de cada região. No total, foram mapeadas 610 castanheiras, sendo 124 no AltoAcre e 486 no Alto Cajari. A densidade de castanheiras nos castanhais do Alto Cajari foi quatro vezes maiorque no Alto Acre. Os castanhais do Alto Cajari apresentaram árvores com melhores características paraa produção, como forma e posição da copa, bem como menor ocorrência de cipós na copa das árvores.Em termos de estrutura populacional, o castanhal do Sororoca apresentou problemas recentes com a re-generação ou alteração na dinâmica da regeneração natural ao longo do tempo, talvez por ser uma áreade transição cerrado-floresta. Ambas regiões apresentaram castanhais com potencial para o manejo, comnecessidades específicas de tratos silviculturais que favoreçam o recrutamento de jovens no Sororoca(AP) e corte de cipós no Filipinas (AC).

Modèle analytique de pénétration de particules dans la peau par injection biolistique

L'objectif principal de ce projet était de comprendre et d'identifier les paramètres et conditions influençant la pénétration de microparticules dans la peau afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de l'injecteur sans-aiguille. De toute évidence, les modèles présents dans la littérature ne conviennent pas pour décrire, de façon analytique, les phénomènes qui se produisent lorsque les microparticules pénètrent dans la peau ni même lorsqu'un projectile sphérique est projeté dans un gel. Pour atteindre l'objectif du projet, il a d'abord été nécessaire d'avoir une vue d'ensemble de ce qu'est l'injection sans aiguille et de son fonctionnement ainsi que de connaître les particularités de la peau. Ensuite, l'étude des différents modèles présents dans la littérature, pour l'injection sans aiguille, mais aussi dans le domaine de la balistique a apporté des pistes de réflexion afin de développer le modèle analytique. Face aux imprécisions des paramètres reliés aux microparticules ainsi qu'à la peau et face à l'absence d'outils pour raffiner les paramètres, le modèle a été développé avec un système macroscopique. Ainsi, des projectiles macroscopiques ont été tirés dans des gels transparents afin de visualiser les phénomènes qui se produisent et de suivre la position du projectile dans le gel en temps réel. Ces données ont ensuite été utilisées afin d'établir un système de forces pouvant décrire correctement les forces appliquées sur le projectile et prédire la profondeur maximale atteinte par celui-ci. Des tests d'indentation quasi-statiques et dynamiques ont aussi été effectués sur les gels afin de caractériser leurs propriétés mécaniques et viscoélastiques et d'approfondir la compréhension de leur mécanisme de rupture. Les trois contributions significatives de cette thèse sont le développement d'un modèle analytique de pénétration de projectiles dans des gels, une méthode de caractérisation de la viscosité et de la contrainte ultime à la rupture à de hauts taux de déformation ainsi que l'estimation de la vitesse limite pour qu'un projectile pénètre le gel en fonction des paramètres intrinsèques du projectile et du gel. En ce qui a trait à la peau, le modèle prédit correctement la profondeur finale atteinte par les microparticules ayant un diamètre plus grand ou égal à celui des cellules (pénétration extracellulaire), mais n'est pas valide pour les microparticules ayant un diamètre plus petit que la cellule, car le mécanisme de pénétration est différent (pénétration intracellulaire).