Liquid crystal mobility and PDLC memory effects

Dissertation presented at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa to obtain the Degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Selective synthesis under microwave irradiation of new monomers for potential applications in PDLC films

Dissertation to obtain the degree of master in Bioorganic

Effect of surfactant on PDLC films with and without permanent memory effect

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Caracterização mecânica e estrutural de um dispositivo PDLC baseado em hidrogéis de PAAm e cristal líquido liotrópico LP/DeOH/H2O

In this work, a novel device based on polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels and KL - DeOH - H2O lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC), with potential for application as Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC), was proposed and its properties characterized. The confinement of LLC promoted significant changes in spectroscopic, morphological, optical, hydrophilic, structural and mechanical properties due to the interaction between the LLC-PAAm matrix and entropic parameter changes. The mechanical and structural properties can be controlled by adjusting AAm, temperature and presence of LLC, which can be useful for technological applications of these systems in optical devices.

Caracterização mecânica e estrutural de um dispositivo PDLC baseado em hidrogéis de PAAm e cristal líquido liotrópico LP/DeOH/H2O

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Light shutters from nanocrystalline cellulose rods in a nematic liquid crystal

This work reports a recently developed electro-optical (EO) device that can potentially be used as a light shutter or a privacy window. By using nanocrystalline cellulose rods, we were able to improve some of the most relevant parameters characterising the EO behaviour. A brief description of the proposed working mechanism for these devices is presented, and numerical simulations based on this mechanism of both the optical transmission and the cells' electrical capacitance are compared with the obtained results, validating the underlying working model considered.

Efeito da reticulação no desempenho de PDLC´s

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Efeito da velocidade de polimerização na eficiência de PDLCs

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obter o Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Smart windows with permanent memory effect

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Janelas inteligentes com efeito de memória

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um controlador electrónico de potência capaz de actuar sobre a janela inteligente por forma a permitir a transição do estado opaco para o estado transparente. O controlador foi desenhado com o propósito de ser o único elemento necessário para o funcionamento das janelas inteligentes, evitando assim a utilização de uma parafernália de equipamentos isolados, ligados entre si, para executarem o mesmo propósito. A topologia utilizada para criar este controlador baseou-se num módulo rectificador AC/DC, seguido por um módulo Buck e terminado por um inversor do tipo Boost. Esta topologia permitiu que se alcançasse uma grande amplitude de tensões á saída, as quais variam entre os 0V e os 600V, necessárias para o desenvolvimento das janelas inteligentes. Esta solução foi pensada por forma a permitir, no futuro, o desenvolvimento de um controlador capaz de fazer a transição do estado transparente para opaco e a ligação ao software laboratorial LabView para recolha de dados e interpretação dos mesmos.

Novas matrizes para PDLCs com efeito de memória

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver novas matrizes para PDLCs de modo a otimizar o par “matriz-cristal líquido”, diminuindo a ancoragem do cristal líquido na matriz para que este apresente maior efeito de memória permanente. Para tal, introduziram-se tensioativos a um dos sistemas estudados. No decorrer deste trabalho produziram-se filmes de cristal líquido disperso numa matriz polimérica (PDLC). Os filmes foram preparados a partir de uma mistura homogénea de cristal líquido comercializado pela MERCK e monómeros, nomeadamente dimetacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=15 (BAEDMA n=15), diacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=2 (BAEDA n=2) e diacrilato etoxilado de bisfenol a n=4 (BAEDA n=4) cuja polimerização foi realizada termicamente, utilizando o iniciador AIBN. Estudou-se ainda a opacidade/transparência dos filmes de PDLC, medindo-se a tensão elétrica necessária para a comutação entre os estados OFF/ON. Fizeram-se estudos eletro-óticos de modo a se determinar o efeito de memória permanente que os PDLCs apresentavam. Através desses estudos concluiu-se que o sistema BAEDA n=4/E7 (20/80) com 5% de TX100, possui um efeito de memória permanente de 99% e um E90 de 4 V/μm e o sistema BAEDA n=4/E7 (20/80) com 5% de TX45 possui um efeito de memória permanente de 85% e um E90 de 4V/μm. Os PDLCs produzidos caraterizaram-se através de Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (SEM) com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia da rede polimérica, Microscopia de Luz Polarizada (POM) que permitiu observar a distribuição do cristal líquido na matriz, antes e depois de aplicar um campo elétrico e a Calorimetria Diferencial de Varrimento (DSC) a fim de determinar a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) dos monómeros e dos polímeros.

Efeito de memória na gravação de informação em PDLCs

Neste trabalho, para a preparação de filmes de PDLC, utilizou-se o cristal líquido E7 comercializado pela Merck, dois oligómeros e um monómero, comercializados pela Sigma-Aldrich (PPGA, PPGMA e DTMP4A) e um monómero sintetizado (PE4MA). Os PDLCs foram obtidos através do método de separação de fases induzida por polimerização utilizando o AIBN como iniciador térmico de polimerização. Foram estudados dois tipos de copolimerização utilizando diferentes proporções em peso de DTMP4A com PPGA e PE4MA com PPGMA. Para caracterizar os PDLCs, utilizaram-se várias técnicas: estudos eletro-óticos (EO) de modo a determinar a resposta de transmitância com a aplicação do campo elétrico, Microscopia de Luz Polarizada (POM) que permitiu observar a distribuição do cristal líquido na rede polimérica antes e depois da aplicação de um campo elétrico, Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (SEM) com o objetivo de estudar a morfologia da rede polimérica e Calorimetria Diferencial de Varrimento (DSC) para a caraterização térmica dos monómeros/oligómeros e dos polímeros. Para testar o aquecimento por efeito de Joule através de uma fonte elétrica, produziram-se células em maior escala. Para tal, foram utilizados dois vidros condutores com uma camada de alinhamento de poli-imida. Estes foram sobrepostos com um espaçamento de 23 μm. As células foram preenchidas com uma amostra que obteve 100% de efeito de memória permanente nas células comerciais (30% (25%PE4MA + 75%PPGMA) /70%E7).

Evaluación genética de búfalos de la raza Murrah para la producción de leche en el día de control y a los 305 días de lactancia

There were analyzed 4757 complete lactations of the Murrah breed, daughters of 187 bulls, with the goal of verifying the viability upon employing the test-day (PDLC), on substitution of the milk yield at 305th day of lactation (PL305), in the genetic evaluations. The components of variance for the PDLC1 to PDLC9 and for the PL305 were estimated in uni-traits analysis according to maximum restricted likelihood method. The used model included the genetic direct additive random effects, of residual and permanent environment. There were considered as fixed effects, the contemporary group and the number of milkings and the age of the cow at the moment of parity co-variable (quadratic and linear effect). The contemporary groups were constituted by the herd-year-month of control for the PDLC and by herd-year-epoch of parity for PL305. The estimates of heritability for the PDLC and PL305 were 0.12 to 0.23 and 0.22, respectively. The correlations of order of the predicted genetic values for the 187 bulls, obtained between the PDLC and the PL305, were from moderate to high, varying from 67.74 to 83.12. From the minimum selection of the 10% of the best bulls relating to the predicted genetic value for the PL305, the coincidence among the classification of these animals was over 68%, when evaluated by the PDLC3,PDLC4,PDLC5 and PDLC6. Upon selecting the 5% of the best animals that coincidence presented a lower value.

Sistemi liquido cristallini complessi: simulazioni al calcolatore e studi ESR

The aim of this PhD thesis was to study at a microscopic level different liquid crystal (LC) systems, in order to determine their physical properties, resorting to two distinct methodologies, one involving computer simulations, and the other spectroscopic techniques, in particular electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. By means of the computer simulation approach we tried to demonstrate this tool effectiveness for calculating anisotropic static properties of a LC material, as well as for predicting its behaviour and features. This required the development and adoption of suitable molecular models based on a convenient intermolecular potentials reflecting the essential molecular features of the investigated system. In particular, concerning the simulation approach, we have set up models for discotic liquid crystal dimers and we have studied, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, their phase behaviour and self­-assembling properties, with respect to the simple monomer case. Each discotic dimer is described by two oblate Gay­Berne ellipsoids connected by a flexible spacer, modelled by a harmonic "spring" of three different lengths. In particular we investigated the effects of dimerization on the transition temperatures, as well as on the characteristics of molecular aggregation displayed and the relative orientational order. Moving to the experimental results, among the many experimental techniques that are typically employed to evaluate LC system distinctive features, ESR has proved to be a powerful tool in microscopic scale investigation of the properties, structure, order and dynamics of these materials. We have taken advantage of the high sensitivity of the ESR spin probe technique to investigate increasingly complex LC systems ranging from devices constituted by a polymer matrix in which LC molecules are confined in shape of nano- droplets, as well as biaxial liquid crystalline elastomers, and dimers whose monomeric units or lateral groups are constituted by rod-like mesogens (11BCB). Reflection-mode holographic-polymer dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs) are devices in which LCs are confined into nanosized (50­-300 nm) droplets, arranged in layers which alternate with polymer layers, forming a diffraction grating. We have determined the configuration of the LC local director and we have derived a model of the nanodroplet organization inside the layers. Resorting also to additional information on the nanodroplet size and shape distribution provided by SEM images of the H-PDLC cross-section, the observed director configuration has been modeled as a bidimensional distribution of elongated nanodroplets whose long axis is, on the average, parallel to the layers and whose internal director configuration is a uniaxial quasi- monodomain aligned along the nanodroplet long axis. The results suggest that the molecular organization is dictated mainly by the confinement, explaining, at least in part, the need for switching voltages significantly higher and the observed faster turn-off times in H-PDLCs compared to standard PDLC devices. Liquid crystal elastomers consist in cross-linked polymers, in which mesogens represent the monomers constituting the main chain or the laterally attached side groups. They bring together three important aspects: orientational order in amorphous soft materials, responsive molecular shape and quenched topological constraints. In biaxial nematic liquid crystalline elastomers (BLCEs), two orthogonal directions, rather than the one of normal uniaxial nematic, can be controlled, greatly enhancing their potential value for applications as novel actuators. Two versions of a side-chain BLCEs were characterized: side­-on and end­-on. Many tests have been carried out on both types of LCE, the main features detected being the lack of a significant dynamical behaviour, together with a strong permanent alignment along the principal director, and the confirmation of the transition temperatures already determined by DSC measurements. The end­-on sample demonstrates a less hindered rotation of the side group mesogenic units and a greater freedom of alignment to the magnetic field, as already shown by previous NMR studies. Biaxial nematic ESR static spectra were also obtained on the basis of Molecular Dynamics generated biaxial configurations, to be compared to the experimentally determined ones, as a mean to establish a possible relation between biaxiality and the spectral features. This provides a concrete example of the advantages of combining the computer simulation and spectroscopic approaches. Finally, the dimer α,ω-bis(4'-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)undecane (11BCB), synthesized in the "quest" for the biaxial nematic phase has been analysed. Its importance lies in the dimer significance as building blocks in the development of new materials to be employed in innovative technological applications, such as faster switching displays, resorting to the easier aligning ability of the secondary director in biaxial phases. A preliminary series of tests were performed revealing the population of mesogenic molecules as divided into two groups: one of elongated straightened conformers sharing a common director, and one of bent molecules, which display no order, being equally distributed in the three dimensions. Employing this model, the calculated values show a consistent trend, confirming at the same time the transition temperatures indicated by the DSC measurements, together with rotational diffusion tensor values that follow closely those of the constituting monomer 5CB.

EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF LIGHT TRAPPING AND INTERNAL LIGHT SCATTERING IN SOLAR CELLS

Renewable energy technologies have long-term economic and environmental advantages over fossil fuels, and solar power is the most abundant renewable resource, supplying 120 PW over earth’s surface. In recent years the cost of photovoltaic modules has reached grid parity in many areas of the world, including much of the USA. A combination of economic and environmental factors has encouraged the adoption of solar technology and led to an annual growth rate in photovoltaic capacity of 76% in the US between 2010 and 2014. Despite the enormous growth of the solar energy industry, commercial unit efficiencies are still far below their theoretical limits. A push for thinner cells may reduce device cost and could potentially increase device performance. Fabricating thinner cells reduces bulk recombination, but at the cost of absorbing less light. This tradeoff generally benefits thinner devices due to reduced recombination. The effect continues up to a maximum efficiency where the benefit of reduced recombination is overwhelmed by the suppressed absorption. Light trapping allows the solar cell to circumvent this limitation and realize further performance gains (as well as continue cost reduction) from decreasing the device thickness. This thesis presents several advances in experimental characterization, theoretical modeling, and device applications for light trapping in thin-film solar cells. We begin by introducing light trapping strategies and discuss theoretical limits of light trapping in solar cells. This is followed by an overview of the equipment developed for light trapping characterization. Next we discuss our recent work measuring internal light scattering and a new model of scattering to predict the effects of dielectric nanoparticle back scatterers on thin-film device absorption. The new model is extended and generalized to arbitrary stacks of stratified media containing scattering structures. Finally, we investigate an application of these techniques using polymer dispersed liquid crystals to produce switchable solar windows. We show that these devices have the potential for self-powering.