Miguel Dalmaroni, Una república de las letras. Lugones, Rojas, Payró. Escritores argentinos y Estado

Fil: Monteleone, Jorge José. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Roberto Payró, crítica periódica y literatura nacional

La serie de artículos publicados por Roberto Payró en el diario La Nación, entre diciembre de 1923 y febrero de 1925, permite pensar el papel estratégico de la crítica literaria de circulación periódica, en el momento en que coinciden diversos esfuerzos por refundar una literatura nacional, con el surgimiento de un público lector ampliado y un mercado editorial que alienta expectativas crecientes en los nuevos sectores implicados en la circulación de bienes culturales. Los artículos exponen la perspectiva de Payró sobre la literatura nacional en la segunda década del siglo XX. Una tendencia empresarial define la cultura como capital administrable y propone acumular bienes simbólicos, trabajarlos para mejorar su calidad y fomentar su distribución. El punto de vista es moderno, con un sentido que le permite participar de las transformaciones en la circulación de la cultura, a las que habían comenzado a integrarse los nuevos sectores medios de los que Payró provenía. Se trata de una propuesta estéticamente conservadora (por su distancia respecto de los experimentos vanguardistas) e ilustrada: proyecta la formación de un público y sus escritores

Miguel Dalmaroni, Una república de las letras. Lugones, Rojas, Payró. Escritores argentinos y Estado

Fil: Monteleone, Jorge José. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Roberto Payró, crítica periódica y literatura nacional

La serie de artículos publicados por Roberto Payró en el diario La Nación, entre diciembre de 1923 y febrero de 1925, permite pensar el papel estratégico de la crítica literaria de circulación periódica, en el momento en que coinciden diversos esfuerzos por refundar una literatura nacional, con el surgimiento de un público lector ampliado y un mercado editorial que alienta expectativas crecientes en los nuevos sectores implicados en la circulación de bienes culturales. Los artículos exponen la perspectiva de Payró sobre la literatura nacional en la segunda década del siglo XX. Una tendencia empresarial define la cultura como capital administrable y propone acumular bienes simbólicos, trabajarlos para mejorar su calidad y fomentar su distribución. El punto de vista es moderno, con un sentido que le permite participar de las transformaciones en la circulación de la cultura, a las que habían comenzado a integrarse los nuevos sectores medios de los que Payró provenía. Se trata de una propuesta estéticamente conservadora (por su distancia respecto de los experimentos vanguardistas) e ilustrada: proyecta la formación de un público y sus escritores

Miguel Dalmaroni, Una república de las letras. Lugones, Rojas, Payró. Escritores argentinos y Estado

Fil: Monteleone, Jorge José. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Roberto Payró, crítica periódica y literatura nacional

La serie de artículos publicados por Roberto Payró en el diario La Nación, entre diciembre de 1923 y febrero de 1925, permite pensar el papel estratégico de la crítica literaria de circulación periódica, en el momento en que coinciden diversos esfuerzos por refundar una literatura nacional, con el surgimiento de un público lector ampliado y un mercado editorial que alienta expectativas crecientes en los nuevos sectores implicados en la circulación de bienes culturales. Los artículos exponen la perspectiva de Payró sobre la literatura nacional en la segunda década del siglo XX. Una tendencia empresarial define la cultura como capital administrable y propone acumular bienes simbólicos, trabajarlos para mejorar su calidad y fomentar su distribución. El punto de vista es moderno, con un sentido que le permite participar de las transformaciones en la circulación de la cultura, a las que habían comenzado a integrarse los nuevos sectores medios de los que Payró provenía. Se trata de una propuesta estéticamente conservadora (por su distancia respecto de los experimentos vanguardistas) e ilustrada: proyecta la formación de un público y sus escritores

Atomic force and electron microscopic-based study of sarcolemmal surface of living cardiomyocytes unveils unexpected mitochondrial shift in heart failure.

Loss of T-tubules (TT), sarcolemmal invaginations of cardiomyocytes (CMs), was recently identified as a general heart failure (HF) hallmark. However, whether TT per se or the overall sarcolemma is altered during HF process is still unknown. In this study, we directly examined sarcolemmal surface topography and physical properties using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in living CMs from healthy and failing mice hearts. We confirmed the presence of highly organized crests and hollows along myofilaments in isolated healthy CMs. Sarcolemma topography was tightly correlated with elasticity, with crests stiffer than hollows and related to the presence of few packed subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) as evidenced by electron microscopy. Three days after myocardial infarction (MI), CMs already exhibit an overall sarcolemma disorganization with general loss of crests topography thus becoming smooth and correlating with a decreased elasticity while interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM), myofilaments alignment and TT network were unaltered. End-stage post-ischemic condition (15days post-MI) exacerbates overall sarcolemma disorganization with, in addition to general loss of crest/hollow periodicity, a significant increase of cell surface stiffness. Strikingly, electron microscopy revealed the total depletion of SSM while some IFM heaps could be visualized beneath the membrane. Accordingly, mitochondrial Ca(2+) studies showed a heterogeneous pattern between SSM and IFM in healthy CMs which disappeared in HF. In vitro, formamide-induced sarcolemmal stress on healthy CMs phenocopied post-ischemic kinetics abnormalities and revealed initial SSM death and crest/hollow disorganization followed by IFM later disarray which moved toward the cell surface and structured heaps correlating with TT loss. This study demonstrates that the loss of crest/hollow organization of CM surface in HF occurs early and precedes disruption of the TT network. It also highlights a general stiffness increased of the CM surface most likely related to atypical IFM heaps while SSM died during HF process. Overall, these results indicate that initial sarcolemmal stress leading to SSM death could underlie subsequent TT disarray and HF setting.

Polydispersity index from linear viscoelastic data: Unimodal and bimodal linear polymer melts

This article describes a method for determining the polydispersity index Ip2=Mz/Mw of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of linear polymeric materials from linear viscoelastic data. The method uses the Mellin transform of the relaxation modulus of a simple molecular rheological model. One of the main features of this technique is that it enables interesting MWD information to be obtained directly from dynamic shear experiments. It is not necessary to achieve the relaxation spectrum, so the ill-posed problem is avoided. Furthermore, a determinate shape of the continuous MWD does not have to be assumed in order to obtain the polydispersity index. The technique has been developed to deal with entangled linear polymers, whatever the form of the MWD is. The rheological information required to obtain the polydispersity index is the storage G′(ω) and loss G″(ω) moduli, extending from the terminal zone to the plateau region. The method provides a good agreement between the proposed theoretical approach and the experimental polydispersity indices of several linear polymers for a wide range of average molecular weights and polydispersity indices. It is also applicable to binary blends.

Crystallization and properties of poly(ethylene terephtalate) copolymers containing 5-tert-butyl isophtalic units

The influence of incorporating 5-tert-butyl isophthalic units (tBI) in the polymer chain of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) on the crystallization behavior, crystal structure, and tensile and gas transport properties of this polyester was evaluated. Random poly(ethyleneterephthalate-co-5-tert-butyl isophthalate) copolyesters (PETtBI) containing between 5 and 40 mol% of tBI units were examined. Isothermal crystallization studies were performed on amorphous glassy films at 120 8C and on molten samples at 200 8C by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the copolyesters was investigated. It was observed that both crystallinity and crystallization rate of the PETtBI copolyesters tend to decrease largely with the comonomeric content, except for the copolymer containing 5 mol% of tBI units, which crystallized faster than PET. Fiber X-ray diffraction patterns of the semicrystalline PETtBI copolyesters proved that they adopt the same triclinic crystal structure as PET with the comonomeric units being excluded from the crystalline phase. Although PETtBI copolyesters became brittle for higher contents in tBI, the tensile modulus and strength of PET were barely affected by copolymerization. The ncorporation of tBI units slightly increased the permeability of PET, but copolymers containing up to 20 mol% of the comonomeric units were still able to present barrier properties.

Seguimiento continuo del proceso de gelificacion de alcoxidos de silicio y titanio mediante ensayos reologicos

En este trabajo se ha estudiado el proceso de gelificación desde un nuevo punto de vista: el seguimiento de la transición solgel mediante la evolución con el tiempo de la distribución de tiempos de relajación, que está directamente relacionada con la distribución de pesos moleculares. La técnica utilizada para la determinación de la distribución de tiempos de relajación es la reología. El proceso de gelificación se ha seguido de forma continua mediante dos ensayos reológicos distintos: (1) ensayos dinámicos u oscilatorios y (2) ensayos de retardo y recuperación, con el objetivo de caracterizar de forma completa la viscoelasticidad del sistema a lo largo de todo el proceso. El estudio ha abarcado todos los estadios de la gelificación: (a) el estadio pre-gel, (b) el propio estadio gel y (c) el estadio post-gel. Los procesos estudiados corresponden a soles poliméricos de titanio y de silicio. Los resultados obtenidos permiten evaluar la influencia de la composición de los soles, así como comparar los dos tipos de soles analizados. Además, permiten describir el tiempo de gelificación desde una nueva perspectiva, basada en la distribución de tiempos de relajación, ya que se observa que este momento corresponde a una distribución de polidispersidad máxima.

Comblike poly(a-alkyl g glutamate)s: computer simulation studies of an intermediate thermal phase.

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have been used to study the structure of an intermediate thermal phase of poly(R-octadecyl ç,D-glutamate). This is a comblike poly(ç-peptide) able to adopt a biphasic structure that has been described as a layered arrangement of backbone helical rods immersed in a paraffinic pool of polymethylene side chains. Simulations were performed at two different temperatures (348 and 363 K), both of them above the melting point of the paraffinic phase, using the configurational bias MC algorithm. Results indicate that layers are constituted by a side-by-side packing of 17/5 helices. The organization of the interlayer paraffinic region is described in atomistic terms by examining the torsional angles and the end-to-end distances for the octadecyl side chains. Comparison with previously reported comblike poly(â-peptide)s revealed significant differences in the organization of the alkyl side chains.

Effects of inorganic nitrogen (NH4Cl) and biodegradable organic carbon (CH3COONa) additions on a pilot-scale seawater biofilter

Biofilters degrade only a small fraction of the natural organic matter (NOM) contained in seawater which is the leading cause of biofouling in downstream processes. This work studies the effects of chemical additions on NOM biodegradation by biofilters. In this work, biofiltration of seawater with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 6 min and a hydraulic loading rate of 10 m h-1 reduces the biological oxygen demand (BOD7) by 8%, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 6% and the UV absorbance at 254 nm (A254) by 7%. Different amounts of ammonium chloride are added to the seawater (up to twice the total dissolved nitrogen in untreated seawater) to study its possible effect on the removal of NOM by a pilot-scale biofilter. Seawater is amended with different amounts of easily biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) supplied as sodium acetate (up to twice the DOC) for the same purpose. The results of this work reveal that the ammonium chloride additions do not significantly affect NOM removal and the sodium acetate is completely consumed by the biofiltration process. For both types of chemical additions, the BOD7, DOC and A254 in the outlet stream of the biofilter are similar to the values for the untreated control. These results indicate that this biofilter easily removes the BDOC from the seawater when the EBCT is not above 6 min. Furthermore, nitrogen does not limit the NOM biodegradation in seawater under these experimental conditions.

Study of seawater biofiltration by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity

In the present study, we examined seawater biofiltration in terms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and turbidity. A pilot biofilter continuously fed with fresh seawater reduced both turbidity and biological activity measured by ATP. Experiments operated with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of between 2 and 14 min resulted in cellular ATP removals of 32% to 60% and turbidity removals of 38% to 75%. Analysis of the water from backwashing the biofilter revealed that the first half of the biofilter concentrated around 80% of the active biomass and colloidal material that produces turbidity. By reducing the EBCT, the biological activity moved from the first part of the biofilter to the end. Balances of cellular ATP and turbidity between consecutive backwashings indicated that the biological activity generated in the biofilter represented more than 90% of the detached cellular ATP. In contrast, the trapped ATP was less than 10% of the overall cellular ATP detached during the backwashing process. Furthermore, the biological activity generated in the biofilter seemed to be more dependent on the elapsed time than the volume filtered. In contrast, the turbidity trapped in the biofilter was proportional to the volume filtered, although a slightly higher amount of turbidity was found in the backwashing water; this was probably due to attrition of the bed medium. Finally, no correlations were found between turbidity and ATP, indicating that the two parameters focus on different matter. This suggests that turbidity should not be used as an alternative to cellular concentration.

A simple model to describe the thixotropic behavior of paints.

We propose a simple rheological model to describe the thixotropic behavior of paints, since the classical hysteresis area, which is usually used, is not enough to evaluate thixotropy. The model is based on the assumption that viscosity is a direct measure of the structural level of the paint. The model depends on two equations: the Cross-Carreau equation to describe the equilibrium viscosity and a second order kinetic equation to express the time dependence of viscosity. Two characteristic thixotropic times are differentiated: one for the net structure breakdown, which is defined as a power law function of shear rate, and an other for the net structure buildup, which is not dependent on the shear rate. The knowledge of both kinetic processes can be used to improve the quality and applicability of paints. Five representative commercial protective marine paints are tested. They are based on chlorinated rubber, acrylic, alkyd, vinyl, and epoxy resins. The temperature dependence of the rheological behavior is also studied with the temperature ranging from 5 ºC to 35 ºC. It is found that the paints exhibit both shear thinning and thixotropic behavior. The model fits satisfactorily the thixotropy of the studied paints. It is also able to predict the thixotropy dependence on temperature. Both viscosity and the degree of thixotropy increase as the temperature decreases.

Poly(butylene terephthalate-co-5-tert-butyl isophthalate) Copolyesters: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties

A series of poly(butylene terephthalate) copolyesters containing 5-tert-butyl isophthalate units up to 50%-mole, as well as the homopolyester entirely made of these units, were prepared by polycondensation from the melt. The microstructure of the copolymers was determined by NMR to be at random for the whole range of compositions. The effect exerted by the 5-tert-butyl isophthalate units on thermal, tensile and gas transport properties was evaluated. Both Tm and crystallinity as well as the mechanical moduli were found to decrease steadily with copolymerization whereas Tg increased and the polyesters became more brittle. Permeability and solubility sligthly increased also with the content in substituted units whereas the diffusion coefficient remained practically constant. For the homopolyester poly(5-tert-butyl isophthalate), all these properties were found to deviate significantly from the general trend displayed by copolyesters suggesting that a different chain mode of packing in the amorphous phase is likely adopted in this case.