Avaliação da eficiência dos dessecantes Paraquat e Diquat na cultura do milho.

2002

Eficiência dos dessecantes Paraquat e Diquat na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho.

2005

Paraquat-Induced Retinal Degeneration Is Exaggerated in CX3CR1-Deficient Mice and Is Associated with Increased Retinal Inflammation

PURPOSE:
To investigate the role of the Fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 pathway in oxidative insults-mediated retinal degeneration and immune activation.
METHODS:
A prooxidant, paraquat (0.75 µM) was injected into the vitreous of C57BL/6J, CX3CR1(gpf/+), and CX3CR1(gfp/gfp) mice. Retinal lesions were investigated clinically by topic endoscopic fundus imaging and fluorescence angiography, and pathologically by light- and electron microscopy. Retinal immune gene expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Microglial activation and immune cell infiltration were examined by confocal microscopy of retinal flatmounts.
RESULTS:
Intravitreal injection of paraquat (0.75 µM) resulted in acute retinal capillary nonperfusion within 2 days, which improved from 4 days to 4 weeks postinjection (p.i.). Panretinal degeneration was observed at 4 days p.i. and progressed further at 4 weeks p.i. In the absence of CX3CR1, retinal degeneration was exaggerated and was accompanied by increased TNF-a, iNOS, IL-1ß, Ccl2, and Casp-1 gene expression. Confocal microscopy of retinal flatmounts revealed microglial activation and CD44(+)MHC-II(+) monocyte and GR1(+) neutrophil infiltration in paraquat-injected eyes. The number of activated microglia and infiltrating leukocytes was significantly higher in CX3CR1(gfp/gfp) mice than in CX3CR1(gfp/+) mice.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results suggest that the CX3CR1 signaling pathway may play an important role in controlling retinal inflammation under oxidative and ischemia/reperfusion conditions. In the absence of CX3CR1, uncontrolled retinal inflammation results in exaggerated retinal degeneration.

Aspetos gerais da intoxicação por paraquat em animais domésticos

O paraquat, herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura, é um produto tóxico, pois pode causar intoxicações fatais, principalmente pela falta de antídoto eficaz para reversão do quadro clínico. Os efeitos toxicológicos são decorrentes da indução ao stress oxidativo. O órgão alvo principal é o pulmão, que pode apresentar edema, hemorragia, inflamação intersticial e fibrose, culminando com falência respiratória grave e morte. Além disso, é nefrotóxico, hepatotóxico, miotóxico e neurotóxico. O tratamento da intoxicação além de visar a diminuição da absorção e estimular a excreção do paraquat absorvido, atualmente é baseado em medidas que diminuam o stress oxidativo utilizando substâncias antioxidantes e que, consequentemente, revertam o quadro toxicológico instalado, especialmente o pulmonar. Como métodos de diagnóstico, entre as metodologias quantitativas disponíveis, os métodos cromatográficos são os mais relatados para materiais biológicos. Porém, a electroforese capilar e os imunoensaios podem ser utilizados. Por outro lado, uma reação simples e rápida de caracterização urinária com ditionito de sódio é muito utilizada, pois é preditiva na suspeita de intoxicações agudas. Em conclusão, perante o alto potencial de morbimortalidade nas intoxicações por paraquat, a reversão dos danos pulmonares com uso de antioxidantes tem sido muito estudada, porém não há o estabelecimento de um antídoto específico. No diagnóstico laboratorial, métodos cromatográficos, eletroforéticos e imunológicos são usados para quantificá-lo, contudo a reação urinária com ditionito ainda é valiosa na rotina da toxicologia clínica.

Development of a sequential injection-square wave voltammetry method for determination of paraquat in water samples employing the hanging mercury drop electrode

This work describes the development and optimization of a sequential injection method to automate the determination of paraquat by square-wave voltammetry employing a hanging mercury drop electrode. Automation by sequential injection enhanced the sampling throughput, improving the sensitivity and precision of the measurements as a consequence of the highly reproducible and efficient conditions of mass transport of the analyte toward the electrode surface. For instance, 212 analyses can be made per hour if the sample/standard solution is prepared off-line and the sequential injection system is used just to inject the solution towards the flow cell. In-line sample conditioning reduces the sampling frequency to 44 h(-1). Experiments were performed in 0.10 M NaCl, which was the carrier solution, using a frequency of 200 Hz, a pulse height of 25 mV, a potential step of 2 mV, and a flow rate of 100 mu L s(-1). For a concentration range between 0.010 and 0.25 mg L(-1), the current (i(p), mu A) read at the potential corresponding to the peak maximum fitted the following linear equation with the paraquat concentration (mg L(-1)): ip = (-20.5 +/- 0.3) Cparaquat -(0.02 +/- 0.03). The limits of detection and quantification were 2.0 and 7.0 mu g L(-1), respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by recovery studies using spiked water samples that were also analyzed by molecular absorption spectrophotometry after reduction of paraquat with sodium dithionite in an alkaline medium. No evidence of statistically significant differences between the two methods was observed at the 95% confidence level.

Detection of Paraquat in Oral Fluid, Plasma, and Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis for Diagnosis of Acute Poisoning

FAPESP

Paraquat-loaded alginate/chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and soil sorption studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produtividade de feijoeiro de inverno submetido à dessecação com paraquat na pré-colheita

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de feijoeiro, em função de aplicações de paraquat em pré-colheita

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use of Biopolymeric Membranes for Adsorption of Paraquat Herbicide from Water

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efficiency of safety measures applied to a manual knapsack sprayer for paraquat application to Maize (Zea mays L.)

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the safety of mixer/loaders and applicators of paraquat to maize crop by knapsack sprayers and to determine the efficacy of safety measures applied to the sprayers. Potential dermal exposure (PDE) was evaluated in 22 worker body parts. The Cu2+ cation of a copper-based fungicide was used as tracer in the spray solution. Sanitary pads and cotton gloves were used to collect the pesticide solution on the sampled body parts. It was observed that paraquat application in front of the applicator's body (0.5 and 1.0 m lance) is unsafe because PDE was 1,979.8 ml/day (for 0.5 m lance) and 1,290.4 ml/day (for 1.0 m lance) and needs 50-80% and 37-69% control of PDE respectively. Control can be achieved by the use of protective garment on the legs and feet only, which received 92-93% of the PDE. Switching the spray nozzle to the back of the operator reduced the PDE by 98% and was sufficient to make working conditions safe, while maintaining the efficiency of application and making the work lighter and more comfortable. Mixer/loaders received 86% of the PDE to the hands and the work condition was safe (MOS > 1), however impermeable gloves could be used as a further safety measure.

Mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos da cana-de-açúcar sob estresses induzidos por deficiência hídrica e paraquat

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles loaded with paraquat herbicide: An environmentally safer alternative for weed control

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)