Strength Predictions of Hat Stiffened Plate

Hat Stiffened Plates are used in composite ships and are gaining popularity in metallic ship construction due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. Light weight structures will result in greater payload, higher speeds, reduced fuel consumption and environmental emissions. Numerical Investigations have been carried out using the commercial Finite Element software ANSYS 12 to substantiate the high strength-to-weight ratio of Hat Stiffened Plates over other open section stiffeners which are commonly used in ship building. Analysis of stiffened plate has always been a matter of concern for the structural engineers since it has been rather difficult to quantify the actual load sharing between stiffeners and plating. Finite Element Method has been accepted as an efficient tool for the analysis of stiffened plated structure. Best results using the Finite Element Method for the analysis of thin plated structures are obtained when both the stiffeners and the plate are modeled using thin plate elements having six degrees of freedom per node. However, one serious problem encountered with this design and analysis process is that the generation of the finite element models for a complex configuration is time consuming and laborious. In order to overcome these difficulties two different methods viz., Orthotropic Plate Model and Superelement for Hat Stiffened Plate have been suggested in the present work. In the Orthotropic Plate Model geometric orthotropy is converted to material orthotropy i.e., the stiffeners are smeared and they vanish from the field of analysis and the structure can be analysed using any commercial Finite Element software which has orthotropic elements in its element library. The Orthotropic Plate Model developed has predicted deflection, stress and linear buckling load with sufficiently good accuracy in the case of all four edges simply supported boundary condition. Whereas, in the case of two edges fixed and other two edges simply supported boundary condition even though the stress has been predicted with good accuracy there has been large variation in the deflection predicted. This variation in the deflection predicted is because, for the Orthotropic Plate Model the rigidity is uniform throughout the plate whereas in the actual Hat Stiffened Plate the rigidity along the line of attachment of the stiffeners to the plate is large as compared to the unsupported portion of the plate. The Superelement technique is a method of treating a portion of the structure as if it were a single element even though it is made up of many individual elements. The Superelement has predicted the deflection and in-plane stress of Hat Stiffened Plate with sufficiently good accuracy for different boundary conditions. Formulation of Superelement for composite Hat Stiffened Plate has also been presented in the thesis. The capability of Orthotropic Plate Model and Superelement to handle typical boundary conditions and characteristic loads in a ship structure has been demonstrated through numerical investigations.

The folded plate model in structural analysis. Elastic, plastic and dynamic formulations for nonprismatic structures

A specific numerical procedure for the analysis of arbitrary nonprismatic folded plate structures is presented. An elastic model is studied and compared with a harmonic solution for a prismatic structure. An extension to the plastic analysis is developed, and the influence of the structural geometry and loading pattern is analyzed. Nonprismatic practical cases, with arbitrary geometry and loading are shown, as well in the elastic range as in the plastic one. Finally, a dynamic formulation is outlined

Evolution of three-dimensional folds for a non-Newtonian plate in a viscous medium

We derive analytical solutions for the three-dimensional time-dependent buckling of a non-Newtonian viscous plate in a less viscous medium. For the plate we assume a power-law rheology. The principal, axes of the stretching D-ij in the homogeneously deformed ground state are parallel and orthogonal to the bounding surfaces of the plate in the flat state. In the model formulation the action of the less viscous medium is replaced by equivalent reaction forces. The reaction forces are assumed to be parallel to the normal vector of the deformed plate surfaces. As a consequence, the buckling process is driven by the differences between the in-plane stresses and out of plane stress, and not by the in-plane stresses alone as assumed in previous models. The governing differential equation is essentially an orthotropic plate equation for rate dependent material, under biaxial pre-stress, supported by a viscous medium. The differential problem is solved by means of Fourier transformation and largest growth coefficients and corresponding wavenumbers are evaluated. We discuss in detail fold evolutions for isotropic in-plane stretching (D-11 = D-22), uniaxial plane straining (D-22 = 0) and in-plane flattening (D-11 = -2D(22)). Three-dimensional plots illustrate the stages of fold evolution for random initial perturbations or initial embryonic folds with axes non-parallel to the maximum compression axis. For all situations, one dominant set of folds develops normal to D-11, although the dominant wavelength differs from the Biot dominant wavelength except when the plate has a purely Newtonian viscosity. However, in the direction parallel to D-22, there exist infinitely many modes in the vicinity of the dominant wavelength which grow only marginally slower than the one corresponding to the dominant wavelength. This means that, except for very special initial conditions, the appearance of a three-dimensional fold will always be governed by at least two wavelengths. The wavelength in the direction parallel to D-11 is the dominant wavelength, and the wavelength(s) in the direction parallel to D-22 is determined essentially by the statistics of the initial state. A comparable sensitivity to the initial geometry does not exist in the classic two-dimensional folding models. In conformity with tradition we have applied Kirchhoff's hypothesis to constrain the cross-sectional rotations of the plate. We investigate the validity of this hypothesis within the framework of Reissner's plate theory. We also include a discussion of the effects of adding elasticity into the constitutive relations and show that there exist critical ratios of the relaxation times of the plate and the embedding medium for which two dominant wavelengths develop, one at ca. 2.5 of the classical Biot dominant wavelength and the other at ca. 0.45 of this wavelength. We propose that herein lies the origin of parasitic folds well known in natural examples.

An electromechanical finite element model for piezoelectric energy harvester plates

Vibration-based energy harvesting has been investigated by several researchers over the last decade. The goal in this research field is to power small electronic components by converting the waste vibration energy available in their environment into electrical energy. Recent literature shows that piezoelectric transduction has received the most attention for vibration-to-electricity conversion. In practice, cantilevered beams and plates with piezoceramic layers are employed as piezoelectric energy harvesters. The existing piezoelectric energy harvester models are beam-type lumped parameter, approximate distributed parameter and analytical distributed parameter solutions. However, aspect ratios of piezoelectric energy harvesters in several cases are plate-like and predicting the power output to general (symmetric and asymmetric) excitations requires a plate-type formulation which has not been covered in the energy harvesting literature. In this paper. an electromechanically coupled finite element (FE) plate model is presented for predicting the electrical power output of piezoelectric energy harvester plates. Generalized Hamilton`s principle for electroelastic bodies is reviewed and the FE model is derived based on the Kirchhoff plate assumptions as typical piezoelectric energy harvesters are thin structures. Presence of conductive electrodes is taken into account in the FE model. The predictions of the FE model are verified against the analytical solution for a unimorph cantilever and then against the experimental and analytical results of a bimorph cantilever with a tip mass reported in the literature. Finally, an optimization problem is solved where the aluminum wing spar of an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) is modified to obtain a generator spar by embedding piezoceramics for the maximum electrical power without exceeding a prescribed mass addition limit. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Strengthening of Existing Single Span Steel Beam and Concrete Deck Bridges, HR-238, Part 1, 1983

The Phase I research, Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) Project HR-214, "Feasibility Study of Strengthening Existing Single Span Steel Beam Concrete Deck Bridges," verified that post-tensioning can be used to provide strengthening of the composite bridges under investigation. Phase II research, reported here, involved the strengthening of two full-scale prototype bridges - one a prototype of the model bridge tested during Phase I and the other larger and skewed. In addition to the field work, Phase II also involved a considerable amount of laboratory work. A literature search revealed that only minimal data existed on the angle-plus-bar shear connectors. Thus, several specimens utilizing angle-plus-bar, as well as channels, studs and high strength bolts as shear connectors were fabricated and tested. To obtain additional shear connector information, the bridge model of Phase I was sawed into four composite concrete slab and steel beam specimens. Two of the resulting specimens were tested with the original shear connection, while the other two specimens had additional shear connectors added before testing. Although orthotropic plate theory was shown in Phase I to predict vertical load distribution in bridge decks and to predict approximate distribution of post-tensioning for right-angle bridges, it was questioned whether the theory could also be used on skewed bridges. Thus, a small plexiglas model was constructed and used in vertical load distribution tests and post-tensioning force distribution tests for verification of the theory. Conclusions of this research are as follows: (1) The capacity of existing shear connectors must be checked as part of a bridge strengthening program. Determination of the concrete deck strength in advance of bridge strengthening is also recommended. (2) The ultimate capacity of angle-plus-bar shear connectors can be computed on the basis of a modified AASHTO channel connector formula and an angle-to-beam weld capacity check. (3) Existing shear connector capacity can be augmented by means of double-nut high strength bolt connectors. (4) Post-tensioning did not significantly affect truck load distribution for right angle or skewed bridges. (5) Approximate post-tensioning and truck load distribution for actual bridges can be predicted by orthotropic plate theory for vertical load; however, the agreement between actual distribution and theoretical distribution is not as close as that measured for the laboratory model in Phase I. (6) The right angle bridge exhibited considerable end restraint at what would be assumed to be simple support. The construction details at bridge abutments seem to be the reason for the restraint. (7) The skewed bridge exhibited more end restraint than the right angle bridge. Both skew effects and construction details at the abutments accounted for the restraint. (8) End restraint in the right angle and skewed bridges reduced tension strains in the steel bridge beams due to truck loading, but also reduced the compression strains caused by post-tensioning.

Komposiittivaipan moderni optimisuunnittelu ja toteutus

Tavoitteena tällä tutkimuksella on soveltaa modernin optimisuunnittelun keinoja komposiittimuovisen nestesäiliön lieriömäisen vaipparakenteen suunnittelemiseksi optimaalisen tyydyttäviksi valmistustekniikan ja kustannusten kannalta. Kuormituksia on kahdenlaisia. Säiliön sisällä on neste, joka tuottaa hydrostaattisen painekuorman ja järjestelmään kytketty puhallin tuottaa ulkoisen ylipaineen. Säiliöt ovat pystysäiliöitä ja ne tukeutuvat alustaan suoran pohjalaatan avulla. FEM- malleissa kuoren alaosat ovat jäykästi kiinnitettyjä ja yläosissa säteensuuntaiset siirtymät ovat estettyjä. Materiaaleiksi kuoreen on valittu kahdella eri menetelmällä lujitetut komposiittimateriaalit. Kantavan kerroksen toimintona on kantaa kuormat. Sulkukerros toimii korroosiosuojana ja sen lujuus on kantavaa kerrosta pienempi. Keinoina käytetään ensin innovatiivista suunnittelua optimaalisten lähtövaihtoehtojen ideoimiseksi ja valitsemiseksi jatkokehittelyä varten. Tavoitteena on asiakkaan tyytyväisyyden maksimointi huomioiden tuotteen kustannukset ja kesto. Yhtenä suunnittelun keinona on käytetty kuoriteoriaa ja komposiittien materiaalimalleja. Kestoehtoina on sovellettu komposiiteille soveltuvia kriteerejä. Toisena keinona käytetään FEM-laskentaa. Elementtityypiksi on valittu kaksiulotteinen kuorielementti, jossa on ortotrooppisen ainemallin mukaiset materiaaliominaisuudet. Jännitystuloksien merkittävyys keston kannalta selvitettiin Tsai-Hillin kriteerillä. Tuloksina saatiin ensin innovoitua rakenteelle kaksi päävaihtoehtoa, joita alettiin optimoida. Valitussa ratkaisussa on huomioitu kokonaisuus ja eri yksityiskohdat, kuten paino, jäykisteet kustannustehokkuus, valmistusnopeus, laatu, hävikit, päästöt, lujuus ja kilpailukykyinen myyntihinta. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että käytetyt keinot ovat hyvin tehokkaita ja niillä voidaan suunnitella ja toteuttaa komposiittirakenteita, jotka tyydyttävät optimaalisesti loppukäyttäjän teknis- taloudelliset vaatimukset. Lisäksi tulokset osoittavat, että standardin ja FEM-laskennan ennustukset ovat lähellä toisiaan sylinterimäisillä kuoriosilla, mutta standardit suosittavat suurempia mittoja itse jäykisteille.

Anisotropy model for mantle convection

The paper presents a new theory for modeling flow in anisotropic, viscous rock. This theory has originally been developed for the simulation of large deformation processes including folding and kinking in multi-layered visco-elastic rock. The orientation of slip planes in the context of crystallographic slip is determined by the normal vector, the so-called director of these surfaces. The model is applied to simulate anisotropic natural mantle convection. We compare the evolution of the director and approximately steady states of isotropic and anisotropic convection. The isotropic case has a simple steady state solution, whereas the orthotropic convection model produces a continuously evolving patterning in tile core of the convection cell which makes only a near-steady condition possible, in which the thermal boundary layer appears to be well aligned with the flow and hence as observed in seismic tomomgraphy strong anistropic.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salicylaldehyde 2-Chlorobenzoyl Hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-466), Salicylaldehyde 4-Chlorobenzoyl Hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-1064) and Their Zinc(II) Complexes

Salicylaldehyde 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-466), salicylaldehyde 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H(2)LASSBio-1064) and their complexes [Zn(LASSBio-466) H(2)O](2) (1) and [Zn(HLASSBio-1064) Cl](2) (2) were evaluated in animal models of peripheral and central nociception, and acute inflammation. All studied compounds significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing response. Upon coordination the anti-nociceptive activity was favored in the complex 1. H(2)LASSBio-466 inhibited only the first phase of the formalin test, while 1 was active in the second phase, like indomethacin, indicating its ability to inhibit nociception associated with the inflammatory response. Hence coordination to zinc(II) altered the pharmacological profile of H(2)LASSBio-466. H(2)LASSBio-1064 inhibited both phases but this effect was not improved by coordination. The studied compounds did not increase the latency of response in the hot plate model, indicating their lack of central anti-nociceptive activity. All compounds showed levels of inhibition of zymosan-induced peritonitis comparable or superior to indomethacin, indicating an expressive anti-inflammatory profile.

Modeling and Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From Aeroelastic Vibrations Using the Doublet-Lattice Method

Multifunctional structures are pointed out as an important technology for the design of aircraft with volume, mass, and energy source limitations such as unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) and micro air vehicles (MAVs). In addition to its primary function of bearing aerodynamic loads, the wing/spar structure of an UAV or a MAV with embedded piezoceramics can provide an extra electrical energy source based on the concept of vibration energy harvesting to power small and wireless electronic components. Aeroelastic vibrations of a lifting surface can be converted into electricity using piezoelectric transduction. In this paper, frequency-domain piezoaeroelastic modeling and analysis of a canti-levered platelike wing with embedded piezoceramics is presented for energy harvesting. The electromechanical finite-element plate model is based on the thin-plate (Kirchhoff) assumptions while the unsteady aerodynamic model uses the doublet-lattice method. The electromechanical and aerodynamic models are combined to obtain the piezoaeroelastic equations, which are solved using a p-k scheme that accounts for the electromechanical coupling. The evolution of the aerodynamic damping and the frequency of each mode are obtained with changing airflow speed for a given electrical circuit. Expressions for piezoaeroelastically coupled frequency response functions (voltage, current, and electrical power as well the vibratory motion) are also defined by combining flow excitation with harmonic base excitation. Hence, piezoaeroelastic evolution can be investigated in frequency domain for different airflow speeds and electrical boundary conditions. [DOI:10.1115/1.4002785]

ROLES OF ACID-SENSING ION CHANNELS (ASICS) IN PERIPHERAL NEUROPEPTIDE SECRETION AND PAIN

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are non-voltage-gated sodium channels activated by an extracellular acidification. They are widely expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. ASICs have a role in learning, the expression of fear, in neuronal death after cerebral ischemia, and in pain sensation. Tissue damage leads to the release of inflammatory mediators. There is a subpopulation of sensory neurons which are able to release the neuropeptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Neurogenic inflammation refers to the process whereby peripheral release of the neuropeptides CGRP and SP induces vasodilation and extravasation of plasma proteins, respectively. Our laboratory has previously shown that calcium-permeable homomeric ASIC1a channels are present in a majority of CGRP- or SP-expressing small diameter sensory neurons. In the first part of my thesis, we tested the hypothesis that a local acidification can produce an ASIC-mediated calcium-dependant neuropeptide secretion. We have first verified the co-expression of ASICs and CGRP/SP using immunochemistry and in-situ hybridization on dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We found that most CGRP/SP-positive neurons also expressed ASIC1a and ASIC3 subunits. Calcium imaging experiments with Fura-2 dye showed that an extracellular acidification can induce an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which is essential for secretion. This increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration is, at least in some cells, ASIC-dependent, as it can be prevented by amiloride, an ASIC antagonist, and by Psalmotoxin (PcTx1), a specific ASIC1a antagonist. We identified a sub-population of neurons whose acid-induced Ca2+ entry was completely abolished by amiloride, an amiloride-resistant population which does not express ASICs, but rather another acid-sensing channel, possibly transient receptor potential vanilloïde 1 (TRPV1), and a population expressing both H+-gated channel types. Voltage-gated calcium channels (Cavs) may also mediate Ca2+ entry. Co-application of the Cavs inhibitors (ω-conotoxin MVIIC, Mibefradil and Nifedipine) reduced the Ca2+ increase in neurons expressing ASICs during an acidification to pH 6. This indicates that ASICs can depolarise the neuron and activate Cavs. Homomeric ASIC1a are Ca2+-permeable and allow a direct entry of Ca2+ into the cell; other ASICs mediate an indirect entry of Ca2+ by inducing a membrane depolarisation that activates Cavs. We showed with a secretion assay that CGRP secretion can be induced by extracellular acidification in cultured rat DRG neurons. Amiloride and PcTx1 were not able to inhibit the secretion at acidic pH, but BCTC, a TRPV1 inhibitor was able to decrease the secretion induced by an extracellular acidification in our in vitro secretion assay. In conclusion, these results show that in DRG neurons a mild extracellular acidification can induce a calcium-dependent neuropeptide secretion. Even if our data show that ASICs can mediate an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, this appears not to be sufficient to trigger neuropeptide secretion. TRPV1, a calcium channel whose activation induces a sustained current - in contrary of ASICs - played in our experimental conditions a predominant role in neurosecretion. In the second part of my thesis, we focused on the role of ASICs in neuropathic pain. We used the spared nerve injury (SNI) model which consists in a nerve injury that induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia. We have previously shown that the SNI model modifies ASIC currents in dissociated rat DRG neurons. We hypothesized that ASICs could play a role in the development of mechanical allodynia. The SNI model was performed on ASIC1a, -2, and -3 knock-out mice and wild type littermates. We measured mechanical allodynia on these mice with calibrated von Frey filaments. There were no differences between the wild-type and the ASIC1, or ASIC2 knockout mice. ASIC3 null mice were less sensitive than wild type mice at 21 day after SNI, indicating a role for ASIC3. Finally, to investigate other possible roles of ASICs in the perception of the environment, we measured the baseline heat responses. We used two different models; the tail flick model and the hot plate model. ASIC1a null mice showed increased thermal allodynia behaviour in the hot plate test at three different temperatures (49, 52, 55°C) compared to their wild type littermates. On the contrary, ASIC2 null mice showed reduced thermal allodynia behaviour in the hot plate test compared to their wild type littermates at the three same temperatures. We conclude that ASIC1a and ASIC2 in mice can play a role in temperature sensing. It is currently not understood how ASICs are involved in temperature sensing and what the reason for the opposed effects in the two knockout models is.

Kouluruokailun kehittäminen Itäkeskuksen peruskoulussa

Tämä opinnäytetyö on osa laajempaa kouluruokailuhanketta, joka liittyy Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto Sitran rahoittamaan elintarvike- ja ravitsemusohjelma ERA:aan. Tämän opinnäytetyön pääongelma oli ”Miten kouluruokailua voitaisiin kehittää siten, että koululaiset söisivät enemmän lautasmallin mukaista kouluruokaa, kouluruokailu voitaisiin integroida enemmän opetukseen ja koululaisten suhtautuminen kouluruokailuun muuttuisi myönteisemmäksi?” Tutkimuksessa oli kolme erityisnäkökulmaa: sosiaalisen ympäristön näkökulma, ruoanvalintanäkökulma ja lautasmallinäkökulma. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin syys-lokakuussa 2007 Itäkeskuksen peruskoulun oppilaille, vanhemmille ja opettajille/ kouluterveydenhoitajalle/ keittiöhenkilökunnalle laadituilla kyselylomakkeilla sekä kouluruokailuvastaavan haastatteluun tarkoitetulla teemahaastattelurungolla. Kyselylomakkeen täyttämisen yhteydessä oppilaille esiteltiin kouluruokailuhankkeeseen liittyvää materiaalia (lautasmallijuliste, tytöt&ruoka-, pojat&ruoka-, ravinto ja liikunta tasapainoon ja ota maidosta mallia -esitteet). Kyselylomakkeeseen vastasi yhteensä 40 oppilasta, jotka olivat kahdeksannella ja yhdeksännellä luokalla. Näiden oppilaiden vanhemmilta saatiin vastauksia kyselylomakkeeseen yhteensä 17 kappaletta. Opettajilta, kouluterveydenhoitajalta ja keittiöhenkilökunnalta saatiin vastauksia yhteensä 5 kappaletta. Lisäksi kouluruokailuvastaavan kanssa suoritettiin teemahaastattelu. Kyselylomakkeiden vastaukset käsiteltiin ryhmittäin SPSS -ohjelmalla. Empiiristä SPSS -aineistoa analysoitiin jakaumien, keskiarvojen, moodien, mediaanien, ristiintaulukoiden, pylväsdiagrammien ja piirakkakuvioiden avulla. Tulokseksi saatiin, että oppilaat syövät kouluruokaa melko pitkälle lautasmallin mukaisesti. Pääruokaa ja hiilihydraattilisäkkeitä syötiin hieman suosituksia enemmän. Salaatin, leivän ja ruokajuoman kulutusta sen sijaan voitaisiin hieman lisätä. Tuloksista selvisi myös, että oppilaat ovat melko tietoisia ja kiinnostuneita ruokaan ja terveyteen liittyvistä asioista ja että ravitsemustietoa on jo integroitu opetukseen. Oppilaiden, vanhempien ja kouluhenkilökunnan kehittämisehdotuksista nousi esiin toivomus monipuolisemmasta ja vaihtelevammasta valikoimasta koululounaalla etenkin pääruoan, salaatin ja leivän osalta. Lisäksi kouluravintolaan kaivattiin lisää tilaa ja rauhallisempaa ruokailuympäristöä. Oppilaiden suhtautumista kouluruokailuun voisi parantaa esimerkiksi vuorovaikutteisuuden lisääminen oppilaiden ja kouluruokailusta vastaavien välillä.

Kouluruokailun kehittäminen Pikku Huopalahden ala-asteen koulussa: koululaisten, vanhempien, opettajien ja keittiöhenkilökunnan näkemyksiä

Tämä opinnäytetyö on osa laajempaa kouluruokailuhanketta, joka liittyy Suomen itsenäisyyden juhlarahasto Sitran rahoittamaan elintarvike- ja ravitsemusohjelma ERA:aan. Tämän opinnäytetyön pääongelma oli ”Miten kouluruokailua voitaisiin kehittää siten, että koululaiset söisivät enemmän lautasmallin mukaista kouluruokaa, kouluruokailu voitaisiin integroida enemmän opetukseen ja koululaisten suhtautuminen kouluruokailuun muuttuisi myönteisemmäksi?” Tutkimuksessa oli kolme erityisnäkökulmaa: kouluruokailuympäristönäkökulma, tähderuokanäkökulma ja lautasmallinäkökulma. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin syys-lokakuussa 2007 Pikku Huopalahden ala-asteen oppilaille, vanhemmille ja opettajille/kouluterveydenhoitajille/keittiöhenkilökunnalle laadituilla kyselylomakkeilla sekä kouluruokailuvastaavan haastatteluun tarkoitetulla teemahaastattelurungolla. Kyselylomakkeen täyttämisen yhteydessä oppilaille esiteltiin kouluruokailuhankkeeseen liittyvää materiaalia (lautasmallijuliste, tytöt & ruoka-, pojat & ruoka-, ravinto ja liikunta tasapainoon- ja ota maidosta mallia -esitteet). Kyselylomakkeeseen vastasi yhteensä 48 oppilasta, jotka olivat kuudennella luokalla. Näiden oppilaiden vanhemmilta saatiin vastauksia kyselylomakkeeseen yhteensä 22 kappaletta. Opettajilta, kouluterveydenhoitajalta ja keittiöhenkilökunnalta saatiin vastauksia 6 kappaletta. Lisäksi kouluruokailuvastaavan kanssa suoritettiin teemahaastattelu. Kyselylomakkeiden vastaukset käsiteltiin ryhmittäin SPSS-ohjelmalla. Empiiristä kvantitatiivista SPSS-aineistoa analysoitiin jakaumien, keskiarvojen, moodien, mediaanien, ristiintaulukoiden, pylväs- ja ympyrädiagrammien avulla, sekä kvalitatiivista lauseentäydennystekniikan avulla saatua aineistoa teemoittelemalla. Tulosten mukaan koululaisten asenne kouluruokailua kohtaan on melko positiivinen. Maidon ja leivän syöntiä tulisi lisätä, jotta lautasmallin mukainen ateria toteutuisi entistä paremmin. Koululaisista tytöt jättävät yleensä selkeästi enemmän tähderuokaa kuin pojat ja tuloksista selvisi myös, että suurin osa koululaisista ruokailee iltaisin perheen kanssa. Kehittämisehdotuksista selvisi, että pääruoan, salaatin ja raasteen osalta niitä syötäisiin enemmän, jos ne olisivat parempaa ja valikoima olisi monipuolisempaa. Maidon osalta neljännes oppilaista ilmoitti juovansa maitoa enemmän, jos tykkäisivät siitä. Myös melkein neljännes vastasi juovansa maitoa enemmän, jos se olisi kylmempää. Leivän syönnin osalta oli selkeä toivomus monipuolisemmasta leipävalikoimasta. Kehittämisehdotuksista selvisi myös, että välipalatarjoilulle olisi kysyntää.

Analysis of emergency braking performance with particular consideration of temperature effects on brakes

During vehicle deceleration due to braking there is friction between the lining surface and the brake drum or disc. In this process the kinetic energy of vehicle is turned into thermal energy that raises temperature of the components. The heating of the brake system in the course of braking is a great problem, because besides damaging the system, it may also affect the wheel and tire, which can cause accidents. In search of the best configuration that considers the true conditions of use, without passing the safety limits, models and formulations are presented with respect to the brake system, considering different braking conditions and kinds of brakes. Some modeling was analyzed using well-known methods. The flat plate model considering energy conservation was applied to a bus, using for this a computer program. The vehicle is simulated to undergo an emergency braking, considering the change of temperature on the lining-drum. The results include deceleration, braking efficiency, wheel resistance, normal reaction on the tires and the coefficient of adhesion. Some of the results were compared with dynamometer tests made by FRAS-LE and others were compared with track tests made by Mercedes-Benz. The convergence between the results and the tests is sufficient to validate the mathematical model. The computer program makes it possible to simulate the brake system performance in the vehicle. It assists the designer during the development phase and reduces track tests.

Effect of posture-control insoles on function in children with cerebral palsy: Randomized controlled clinical trial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Added mass and wave radiation damping for flow-induced rotational vibrations of skinplates of hydraulic gates

One observed vibration mode for Tainter gate skinplates involves the bending of the skinplate about a horizontal nodal line. This vibration mode can be approximated as a streamwise rotational vibration about the horizontal nodal line. Such a streamwise rotational vibration of a Tainter gate skinplate must push away water from the portion of the skinplate rotating into the reservoir and draw water toward the gate over that portion of the skinplate receding from the reservoir. The induced pressure is termed the push-and-draw pressure. In the present paper, this push-and-draw pressure is analyzed using the potential theory developed for dissipative wave radiation problems. In the initial analysis, the usual circular-arc skinplate is replaced by a vertical, flat, rigid weir plate so that theoretical calculations can be undertaken. The theoretical push-and-draw pressure is used in the derivation of the non-dimensional equation of motion of the flow-induced rotational vibrations. Non-dimensionalization of the equation of motion permits the identification of the dimensionless equivalent added mass and the wave radiation damping coefficients. Free vibration tests of a vertical, flat, rigid weir plate model, both in air and in water, were performed to measure the equivalent added mass and the wave radiation damping coefficients. Experimental results compared favorably with the theoretical predictions, thus validating the theoretical analysis of the equivalent added mass and wave radiation damping coefficients as a prediction tool for flow-induced vibrations. Subsequently, the equation of motion of an inclined circular-arc skinplate was developed by incorporating a pressure correction coefficient, which permits empirical adaptation of the results from the hydrodynamic pressure analysis of the vertical, flat, rigid weir plate. Results from in-water free vibration tests on a 1/31-scale skinplate model of the Folsom Dam Tainter gate are used to demonstrate the utility of the equivalent added mass coefficient.