Flora de Cabo Verde. Plantas Vasculares. 82. Orobanchaceae

clorofila, de cores variadas, mas nunca verdes. Caules erectos, com folhas escamiformes, geralmente carnudos, simples ou ramificados, glabros a piloso- -glandulares. Inflorescência um racemo terminal ou espiga, raramente solitaria ou pauciflora. Flores hermafroditas, zigomórticas; brácteas escamiformes, com ‘ou sem bractt!olas. Cálice tubuloso, sinsépalo 2-Slobado, as vezes fencíido anterior e .posteriormente em duas partes livres. Corola simpétala, hipogínica, pentâmera, bilabiada, de pieíloracão imbricativa. Estames geralmente 4, didinâmicos, inseridos no tubo da corola, anteras com Ibculos aos pares, dorsifixas, com deiscência longitudinal, glabras a densamente lanosas. Ovario súpero, 1-locular, 2 (3)carpelar; óvulos numerosos; estilete simples, terminal, estigma capitado ou peltado, lobado ou não. Cápsula gcraimente 2-valve, globosa ou ovoide-elipsoidal com deiscência loculicída; sementes pequenas, numerosas, com albúmen carnudo e embrião não diferenciado. Familia com c. 17 generos e aproximadamente 150 especies, amplamente distribuidas no hemisferio norte, particularmente nas regides temperadas e subtropicais do Velho Mundo.

Ecotypes and genetic structure of Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Orobanchaceae) in southwestern Germany

European annual species of the genus Rhinanthus often exhibit seasonal ecotypic variation, a phenomenon also known from related genera of hemiparasitic Orobanchaceae. Populations with different flowering times exist, correlated with differences in a number of morphological characters. The present study evaluates the correlation of morphological characters and genetic differentiation of populations of Rhinanthus alectorolophus. Thirty-nine populations of three different subspecies from southwestern Germany were sampled. A total of 798 individuals were used for morphological analyses and 187 of these for AFLP analyses. Principal component analysis showed that morphological variation is mostly continuous. In a discriminant analysis based on morphological characters, only 89.7 % of all individuals were correctly assigned to their previously determined subspecies, indicating that subspecies identification is ambiguous for some populations. Using AFLP data and Bayesian assignment analysis, the sampled individuals could be grouped in three genetic clusters which do not correspond to the three subspecies. Instead, the clustering shows a clear geographic pattern and a Mantel test likewise revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Correlations of genetic distances with differences in morphological characters were weak and mostly insignificant. The results indicate that the subspecies of R. alectorolophus do not form discrete entities and that the character combinations distinguishing them are homoplastic.

Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: Many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation

The plastid genomes of some nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants have experienced an extreme reduction in gene content and an increase in evolutionary rate of remaining genes. Nothing is known of the dynamics of these events or whether either is a direct outcome of the loss of photosynthesis. The parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae, representing a continuum of heterotrophic ability ranging from photosynthetic hemiparasites to nonphotosynthetic holoparasites, are used to investigate these issues. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis for parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae based on sequences of the plastid gene rps2, encoding the S2 subunit of the plastid ribosome. Parasitic Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae form a monophyletic group in which parasitism can be inferred to have evolved once. Holoparasitism has evolved independently at least five times, with certain holoparasitic lineages representing single species, genera, and collections of nonphotosynthetic genera. Evolutionary loss of the photosynthetic gene rbcL is limited to a subset of holoparasitic lineages, with several holoparasites retaining a full length rbcL sequence. In contrast, the translational gene rps2 is retained in all plants investigated but has experienced rate accelerations in several hemi- as well as holoparasitic lineages, suggesting that there may be substantial molecular evolutionary changes to the plastid genome of parasites before the loss of photosynthesis. Independent patterns of synonymous and nonsynonymous rate acceleration in rps2 point to distinct mechanisms underlying rate variation in different lineages. Parasitic Scrophulariaceae (including the traditional Orobanchaceae) provide a rich platform for the investigation of molecular evolutionary process, gene function, and the evolution of parasitism.