Optimização de esforços em estruturas: influência da localização e rigidez dos apoios

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Perfil Estruturas

Optimização robusta de estruturas

A optimização com constrangimentos de fiabilidade (RBDO) procura obter sistemas estruturais seguros e optimizados, considerando a variabilidade dos parâmetros relacionados com propriedades do material, cargas aplicadas e geometria. A optimização robusta (RDO) tenta encontrar esses sistemas que, para além disso, apresentam menor variabilidade da resposta estrutural. O objectivo desta dissertação é estudar problemas de RBDO e de RDO, aplicando novas formulações para estes últimos. Também se pretende criar uma plataforma básica para ser usada e desenvolvida por estudantes de engenharia estrutural e por investigadores, a fim de promover a aplicação destas técnicas de optimização. Esta plataforma é constituída por um conjunto de programas, escritos em MATLAB, capazes de resolver estes dois tipos de problemas. É composta por, um programa de análise estrutural capaz de calcular sensibilidades utilizando o método contínuo, um programa de análise de fiabilidade que utiliza o método FORM e um algoritmo de optimização (SQP) que está implementado na optimtool do MATLAB. A eficiência do sistema proposto é demonstrada através da resolução de problemas RBDO e RDO; para isso são apresentados quatro exemplos onde são utilizadas todas as funcionalidades dos programas desenvolvidos

Método híbrido para projeto de superfícies seletivas em frequência

This thesis presents a hybrid technique of frequency selective surfaces project (FSS) on a isotropic dielectric layer, considering various geometries for the elements of the unit cell. Specifically, the hybrid technique uses the equivalent circuit method in conjunction with genetic algorithm, aiming at the synthesis of structures with response single-band and dual-band. The equivalent circuit method allows you to model the structure by using an equivalent circuit and also obtaining circuits for different geometries. From the obtaining of the parameters of these circuits, you can get the transmission and reflection characteristics of patterned structures. For the optimization of patterned structures, according to the desired frequency response, Matlab™ optimization tool named optimtool proved to be easy to use, allowing you to explore important results on the optimization analysis. In this thesis, numeric and experimental results are presented for the different characteristics of the analyzed geometries. For this, it was determined a technique to obtain the parameter N, which is based on genetic algorithms and differential geometry, to obtain the algebraic rational models that determine values of N more accurate, facilitating new projects of FSS with these geometries. The optimal results of N are grouped according to the occupancy factor of the cell and the thickness of the dielectric, for modeling of the structures by means of rational algebraic equations. Furthermore, for the proposed hybrid model was developed a fitness function for the purpose of calculating the error occurred in the definitions of FSS bandwidths with transmission features single band and dual band. This thesis deals with the construction of prototypes of FSS with frequency settings and band widths obtained with the use of this function. The FSS were initially reviewed through simulations performed with the commercial software Ansoft Designer ™, followed by simulation with the equivalent circuit method for obtaining a value of N in order to converge the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of the FSS analyzed, then the results obtained were compared. The methodology applied is validated with the construction and measurement of prototypes with different geometries of the cells of the arrays of FSS.

Método híbrido para projeto de superfícies seletivas em frequência

This thesis presents a hybrid technique of frequency selective surfaces project (FSS) on a isotropic dielectric layer, considering various geometries for the elements of the unit cell. Specifically, the hybrid technique uses the equivalent circuit method in conjunction with genetic algorithm, aiming at the synthesis of structures with response single-band and dual-band. The equivalent circuit method allows you to model the structure by using an equivalent circuit and also obtaining circuits for different geometries. From the obtaining of the parameters of these circuits, you can get the transmission and reflection characteristics of patterned structures. For the optimization of patterned structures, according to the desired frequency response, Matlab™ optimization tool named optimtool proved to be easy to use, allowing you to explore important results on the optimization analysis. In this thesis, numeric and experimental results are presented for the different characteristics of the analyzed geometries. For this, it was determined a technique to obtain the parameter N, which is based on genetic algorithms and differential geometry, to obtain the algebraic rational models that determine values of N more accurate, facilitating new projects of FSS with these geometries. The optimal results of N are grouped according to the occupancy factor of the cell and the thickness of the dielectric, for modeling of the structures by means of rational algebraic equations. Furthermore, for the proposed hybrid model was developed a fitness function for the purpose of calculating the error occurred in the definitions of FSS bandwidths with transmission features single band and dual band. This thesis deals with the construction of prototypes of FSS with frequency settings and band widths obtained with the use of this function. The FSS were initially reviewed through simulations performed with the commercial software Ansoft Designer ™, followed by simulation with the equivalent circuit method for obtaining a value of N in order to converge the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of the FSS analyzed, then the results obtained were compared. The methodology applied is validated with the construction and measurement of prototypes with different geometries of the cells of the arrays of FSS.