999 resultados para Optical illusions


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Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Artes Visuais, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

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Human electrophysiological studies support a model whereby sensitivity to so-called illusory contour stimuli is first seen within the lateral occipital complex. A challenge to this model posits that the lateral occipital complex is a general site for crude region-based segmentation, based on findings of equivalent hemodynamic activations in the lateral occipital complex to illusory contour and so-called salient region stimuli, a stimulus class that lacks the classic bounding contours of illusory contours. Using high-density electrical mapping of visual evoked potentials, we show that early lateral occipital cortex activity is substantially stronger to illusory contour than to salient region stimuli, whereas later lateral occipital complex activity is stronger to salient region than to illusory contour stimuli. Our results suggest that equivalent hemodynamic activity to illusory contour and salient region stimuli probably reflects temporally integrated responses, a result of the poor temporal resolution of hemodynamic imaging. The temporal precision of visual evoked potentials is critical for establishing viable models of completion processes and visual scene analysis. We propose that crude spatial segmentation analyses, which are insensitive to illusory contours, occur first within dorsal visual regions, not the lateral occipital complex, and that initial illusory contour sensitivity is a function of the lateral occipital complex.

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Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, mit Hilfe von Scheinkonturen und Größentäuschungen durch psychophysische Methoden die Formen- und Größenwahrnehmung beim Goldfisch zu untersuchen. Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurden Dressurexperimente durchgeführt und unter Verwendung zweier verschiedener Untersuchungsmethoden das Verhalten der Versuchstiere bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Goldfisch verschiedene Scheinkonturen wahrnehmen kann. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass sich diese Scheinkonturen durch klare Kanten vom Hintergrund abgrenzen. Die Untersuchung der verschiedenen Größentäuschungen zeigte kein einheitliches Ergebnis. Sowohl bei der MÜLLER-LYER- als auch bei der PONZO-Täuschung zeigten sich die Versuchstiere in ihrem Verhalten unabhängig von den Bestandteilen der Täuschungsfiguren, die die Dressurreize umgaben. Sie ließen sich also durch die Figuren nicht „täuschen“, sondern richteten sich nur nach ihren Dressurformen. Nur bei der EBBINGHAUS-Täuschung ließen sich die Versuchstiere von den umgebenden Elementen beeinflussen und bevorzugten die Täuschungsfigur. Allgemein zeigte sich, dass die Fische ihre jeweiligen Dressurstimuli sehr genau erlernt hatten und eine erlernte Unterscheidungsfähigkeit nicht auf anderen Formen oder Größen übertrugen. Zusätzlich wurde bei zwei unterschiedlichen Formen der minimale Größenunterschied ermittelt, der notwendig ist, um die beiden Formen als unterschiedlich groß wahrzunehmen. Die Messungen ergaben sehr deutliche Unterschiede in den absoluten Größenunterschieden bei den zwei getesteten Arten von Formen. Vergleicht man jedoch das Flächenverhältnis der beiden Größen der jeweiligen Figur, bei der eine Größenunterscheidung gerade noch möglich war, so stellt man fest, dass dieses Verhältnis bei beiden Formen identisch ist. Lediglich der Sehwinkel kann bei kompakteren Figuren kleiner sein, um zwei verschiedene Größen noch voneinander unterscheiden zu können.

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"Contract no. N61339-506."

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We optically imaged a visual masking illusion in primary visual cortex (area V-1) of rhesus monkeys to ask whether activity in the early visual system more closely reflects the physical stimulus or the generated percept. Visual illusions can be a powerful way to address this question because they have the benefit of dissociating the stimulus from perception. We used an illusion in which a flickering target (a bar oriented in visual space) is rendered invisible by two counter-phase flickering bars, called masks, which flank and abut the target. The target and masks, when shown separately, each generated correlated activity on the surface of the cortex. During the illusory condition, however, optical signals generated in the cortex by the target disappeared although the image of the masks persisted. The optical image thus was correlated with perception but not with the physical stimulus.

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Person tracking systems to date have either relied on motion detection or optical flow as a basis for person detection and tracking. As yet, systems have not been developed that utilise both these techniques. We propose a person tracking system that uses both, made possible by a novel hybrid optical flow-motion detection technique that we have developed. This provides the system with two methods of person detection, helping to avoid missed detections and the need to predict position, which can lead to errors in tracking and mistakes when handling occlusion situations. Our results show that our system is able to track people accurately, with an average error less than four pixels, and that our system outperforms the current CAVIAR benchmark system.

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Person tracking systems are dependent on being able to locate a person accurately across a series of frames. Optical flow can be used to segment a moving object from a scene, provided the expected velocity of the moving object is known; but successful detection also relies on being able segment the background. A problem with existing optical flow techniques is that they don’t discriminate the foreground from the background, and so often detect motion (and thus the object) in the background. To overcome this problem, we propose a new optical flow technique, that is based upon an adaptive background segmentation technique, which only determines optical flow in regions of motion. This technique has been developed with a view to being used in surveillance systems, and our testing shows that for this application it is more effective than other standard optical flow techniques.