Teacher Education, School Effectiveness and Improvement : A Study of Academic and Professional Qualification on Teachers' Job Effectiveness in Nigerian Secondary Schools

This academic work begins with a compact presentation of the general background to the study, which also includes an autobiography for the interest in this research. The presentation provides readers who know little of the topic of this research and of the structure of the educational system as well as of the value given to education in Nigeria. It further concentrates on the dynamic interplay of the effect of academic and professional qualification and teachers' job effectiveness in secondary schools in Nigeria in particular, and in Africa in general. The aim of this study is to produce a systematic analysis and rich theoretical and empirical description of teachers' teaching competencies. The theoretical part comprises a comprehensive literature review that focuses on research conducted in the areas of academic and professional qualification and teachers' job effectiveness, teaching competencies, and the role of teacher education with particular emphasis on school effectiveness and improvement. This research benefits greatly from the functionalist conception of education, which is built upon two emphases: the application of the scientific method to the objective social world, and the use of an analogy between the individual 'organism' and 'society'. To this end, it offers us an opportunity to define terms systematically and to view problems as always being interrelated with other components of society. The empirical part involves describing and interpreting what educational objectives can be achieved with the help of teachers' teaching competencies in close connection to educational planning, teacher training and development, and achieving them without waste. The data used in this study were collected between 2002 and 2003 from teachers, principals, supervisors of education from the Ministry of Education and Post Primary Schools Board in the Rivers State of Nigeria (N=300). The data were collected from interviews, documents, observation, and questionnaires and were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods to strengthen the validity of the findings. The data collected were analyzed to answer the specific research questions and hypotheses posited in this study. The data analysis involved the use of multiple statistical procedures: Percentages Mean Point Value, T-test of Significance, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Cross Tabulation. The results obtained from the data analysis show that teachers require professional knowledge and professional teaching skills, as well as a broad base of general knowledge (e.g., morality, service, cultural capital, institutional survey). Above all, in order to carry out instructional processes effectively, teachers should be both academically and professionally trained. This study revealed that teachers are not however expected to have an extraordinary memory, but rather looked upon as persons capable of thinking in the right direction. This study may provide a solution to the problem of teacher education and school effectiveness in Nigeria. For this reason, I offer this treatise to anyone seriously committed in improving schools in developing countries in general and in Nigeria in particular to improve the lives of all its citizens. In particular, I write this to encourage educational planners, education policy makers, curriculum developers, principals, teachers, and students of education interested in empirical information and methods to conceptualize the issue this study has raised and to provide them with useful suggestions to help them improve secondary schooling in Nigeria. Though, multiple audiences exist for any text. For this reason, I trust that the academic community will find this piece of work a useful addition to the existing literature on school effectiveness and school improvement. Through integrating concepts from a number of disciplines, I aim to describe as holistic a representation as space could allow of the components of school effectiveness and quality improvement. A new perspective on teachers' professional competencies, which not only take into consideration the unique characteristics of the variables used in this study, but also recommend their environmental and cultural derivation. In addition, researchers should focus their attention on the ways in which both professional and non-professional teachers construct and apply their methodological competencies, such as their grouping procedures and behaviors to the schooling of students. Keywords: Professional Training, Academic Training, Professionally Qualified, Academically Qualified, Professional Qualification, Academic Qualification, Job Effectiveness, Job Efficiency, Educational Planning, Teacher Training and Development, Nigeria.

Pyhä Kolminaisuus vai pilven reunalla istuva partasuu? : Jumalakuva evankelisluterilaisissa ja ortodoksissa 1.–4.-luokan uskonnon oppikirjoissa 1970–80- ja 2000-luvuilla

A concept of god is a wholeness that an individual experiences as God. The Christian concept of god is based on triune God: Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. The concept of god is examined in different kinds of contexts particularly between the 1940's and the 1970's. Many researches of school books have widely been made in Finland, but, however, only a few from the point of view of the concept of god. Considering this, the concept of god in the school books of Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox religion from first to fourth grade in 1970–80 and 2000 is examined in this survey. Additionally, the concept of god in curricula between years 1970 and 2004 is studied. The perspective on the concept of god is the change in the course of time and denominational emphasis. As a first hypothesis, God the Father is represented in books in 21st century as a kind and loving figure. As a second hypothesis, the Trinity and the Holy Spirit get more space in Orthodox books comparing with the Lutheran books. Twelve school books of Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox religion from first to fourth grade were used as a research material. The books were from four different series between the years 1978 and 2005. Teacher's guidebooks and student's exercise books were left outside of this survey. The research material was analyzed by using abductive content analysis and methodological triangulation. This study included both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The classification system which defined the classifying of concept of god from the research material was consisted of the basis of research material, former reseach, and subtext of used theories. The number of mentions in concept of god was higher in books from the 21st century. In Lutheran books, the change was seen as a growth of the category of God the Father. In Orthodox books, the trend was opposite: the category of Jesus the Son had grown. Differing from the presupposition, the features of loving God in new books had less emphasis than in older books in both churces. The mentions of the Holy Spirit and Trinity were marginal. In the Orthodox books, the categories were bigger, as it was presupposed. It could be seen, that the books confirmed the legalistic period of the concept of god on 3rd and 4th grades. The mentions of concept of god in curriculas have diminished and generalized. The diminution was seen most radically in the curriculum from the year 1994. The results tell something about social changes and views of innovation in curricula. In books the change was not perceived that bright. The idea of the concept of god getting shrank and decreased during the time can be refused.

Kokonaisvaltainen fysiikanopetus peruskoulussa fysiikan valinnaiskurssilla

Holistic physics education in upper secondary level based on the optional course of physics Keywords: physics education, education, holistic, curriculum, world view, values A physics teacher s task is to put into practice all goals of the curriculum. Holistic physics education means in this research teaching, in which the school s common educational goals and the goals particular to the physics curriculum are taken into account. These involve knowledge, skills and personal value and attitude goals. Research task was to clarify how the educational goals involving student s values and attitudes can be carried out through the subject content of physics. How does the physics teacher communicate the modern world view through the content of the physics class? The goal of this research was to improve teaching, to find new points of view and to widen the perspective on how physics is taught. The teacher, who acted also as a researcher, planned and delivered an optional course where she could study the possibilities of holistic physics education. In 2001-2002 ten girls and two boys of the grade 9th class participated in that elective course. According to principles of action research the teacher-researcher reflected also on her own teaching action. Research method was content analysis that involved both analyzing student feedback, and relevant features of the teacher s knowledge, which are needed for planning and giving the physics lessons. In this research that means taking into account the subject matter knowledge, curriculum, didactic and the pedagogical content knowledge of the teacher. The didactic includes the knowledge of the learning process, students motivation, specific features of the physics didactics and the research of physics education. Among other things, the researcher constructed the contents of the curriculum and abstracted sentences as keywords, from which she drew a concept map. The concept maps, for instance, the map of educational goals and the mapping of the physics essence, were tools for studying contents which are included in the holistic physics education. Moreover, conclusions were reached concerning the contents of physics domains by which these can be achieved. According to this research, the contents employing the holistic physics education is as follows: perception, the essence of science, the development of science, new research topics and interactions in physics. The starting point of teaching should be connected with the student s life experiences and the approach to teaching should be broadly relevant to those experiences. The teacher-researcher observed and analyzed the effects of the experimental physics course, through the lens of a holistic physics education. The students reported that the goals of holistic physics education were achieved in the course. The discourses of the students indicated that in the experimental course they could express their opinions and feelings and make proposals and evaluations. The students had experiences about chances to affect the content of the course, and they considered the philosophical physics course interesting, it awakened questions, increased their self-esteem and helped them to become more aware of their world views. The students analytic skills developed in the interactive learning environment. The physics teacher needs broad knowledge for planning his or her teaching, which is evaluated in this research from contents maps made for the tools of the teaching. In the holistic physics education the teacher needs an open and curious mind and skills for interaction in teaching. This research indicates the importance of teaching physics in developing attitudes and values beside substance of the physics in class environment. The different points of view concerning human beings life make it possible to construct the modern world view of the students and to develop analytic skills and the self-esteem and thus help them in learning. Overall and wide points of view also help to transfer knowledge to practice. Since such contents is not employed by teaching the physics included in the standard curriculum, supplement relevant teaching material that includes such topics are needed.

Miten käsityön aineenopettajaksi opiskeleva opiskelija kokee monikulttuurisen opetuksen opetusharjoittelussa?

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Turun Yliopiston Rauman yksikössä käsityön aineenopettajaksi opiskelevia opiskelijoita. Opiskelijat suorittivat syventävän harjoittelun Turun normaalikoulussa monikulttuurisessa opetusryhmässä teknisen työn tunneilla. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen tapaustutkimus, jossa käytettiin tutkimusmenetelmänä lomakehaastattelua ja puolistrukturoitua haastattelua. Kokemuksen tutkimiseen on käytetty fenomenologista näkökulmaa ja tulokset on analysoitu teorialähtöisellä sisällönanalyysilla. Tarkastelun keskiössä ovat viiden opetusharjoittelijan ennakkokäsitykset ja käytännön kokemukset opetusharjoittelusta monikulttuurisessa koulussa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että opiskelijat lähtivät harjoittelemaan monikulttuuriseen kouluun avoimin mielin. Opiskelijat odottivat monikulttuuriselta harjoittelulta enemmän haasteita kuin aikaisemmilta harjoitteluiltaan. Opiskelijat eivät kohdanneet kielellisten vaikeuksien lisäksi harjoittelun aikana juurikaan muita monikulttuurisuudesta aiheutuvia vaikeuksia. Opiskelijat oppivat opetusharjoittelun aikana toimimaan paremmin monikulttuurisen ryhmän kanssa ja kokivat osaavansa jatkossa valmistella tuntinsa paremmin monikulttuurista luokkaa varten. Lisäksi opiskelijoiden mielestä opettajankoulutus valmistaa opiskelijoitaan erittäin niukasti monikulttuuriseen harjoitteluun ja opetustyöhön.

Seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvat opettajat heteronormatiivisuutta murtamassa

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli ottaa selvää seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvien opettajien kokemuksista kouluyhteisöissä. Keskeisimpiä tutkittavia asioita olivat, ovatko seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvat opettajat avoimia seksuaalisesta suuntautumisestaan, miten kollegat, esimiehet, oppilaat ja vanhemmat ovat haastateltavien mielestä asiaan suhtautuneet ja pyrkivätkö seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvat opettajat horjuttamaan heteronormatiivista koulumaailmaa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen, ja sen aineisto hankittiin teemahaastattelujen avulla. Haastattelujoukko koostuu 11 eri-ikäisestä ja eri puolella Suomea opettavista seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvista opettajista. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin teemoittelemalla. Tutkimuksen kaikki haastateltavat olivat avoimia seksuaalisesta suuntautumisestaan kollegoilleen. Rehtorille kertomista harkittiin enemmän, ja vain muutama opettaja oli kertonut asiasta oppilailleen. Pääosin opettajat olivat kohdanneet neutraaleja tai positiivisia reaktioita asian kertomisen yhteydessä. Suurin syy, miksi oppilaille haluttiin olla avoimia tai ainakin mietittiin avoimempaa linjaa, oli heteronormatiivisuuden murtaminen sekä halu tarjota roolimalli seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluville nuorille. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on nostaa aihe tietoisen pohdinnan alaisuuteen ja sitä kautta parantaa seksuaalivähemmistöihin kuuluvien opettajien ja oppilaiden hyvinvointia. Vastauksissa nousi esille, että opettajankoulutus ei tarjoa tietoa asian käsittelemiseen. Tuloksia voidaankin hyödyntää myös opettajankoulutuksen sisältöjen päivittämisessä.