Operational Cost Reduction in WDM Networks using Lighttours

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks have been adopted as a near-future solution for the broadband Internet. In previous work we proposed a new architecture, named enhanced grooming (G+), that extends the capabilities of traditional optical routes (lightpaths). In this paper, we compare the operational expenditures incurred by routing a set of demands using lightpaths with that of lighttours. The comparison is done by solving an integer linear programming (ILP) problem based on a path formulation. Results show that, under the assumption of single-hop routing, almost 15% of the operational cost can be reduced with our architecture. In multi-hop routing the operation cost is reduced in 7.1% and at the same time the ratio of operational cost to number of optical-electro-optical conversions is reduced for our architecture. This means that ISPs could provide the same satisfaction in terms of delay to the end-user with a lower investment in the network architecture

Operational Cost Reduction in WDM Networks using Lighttours

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks have been adopted as a near-future solution for the broadband Internet. In previous work we proposed a new architecture, named enhanced grooming (G+), that extends the capabilities of traditional optical routes (lightpaths). In this paper, we compare the operational expenditures incurred by routing a set of demands using lightpaths with that of lighttours. The comparison is done by solving an integer linear programming (ILP) problem based on a path formulation. Results show that, under the assumption of single-hop routing, almost 15% of the operational cost can be reduced with our architecture. In multi-hop routing the operation cost is reduced in 7.1% and at the same time the ratio of operational cost to number of optical-electro-optical conversions is reduced for our architecture. This means that ISPs could provide the same satisfaction in terms of delay to the end-user with a lower investment in the network architecture

Managing server energy and reducing operational cost for online service providers

The past decade has seen the energy consumption in servers and Internet Data Centers (IDCs) skyrocket. A recent survey estimated that the worldwide spending on servers and cooling have risen to above $30 billion and is likely to exceed spending on the new server hardware . The rapid rise in energy consumption has posted a serious threat to both energy resources and the environment, which makes green computing not only worthwhile but also necessary. This dissertation intends to tackle the challenges of both reducing the energy consumption of server systems and by reducing the cost for Online Service Providers (OSPs). Two distinct subsystems account for most of IDC’s power: the server system, which accounts for 56% of the total power consumption of an IDC, and the cooling and humidifcation systems, which accounts for about 30% of the total power consumption. The server system dominates the energy consumption of an IDC, and its power draw can vary drastically with data center utilization. In this dissertation, we propose three models to achieve energy effciency in web server clusters: an energy proportional model, an optimal server allocation and frequency adjustment strategy, and a constrained Markov model. The proposed models have combined Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling (DV/FS) and Vary-On, Vary-off (VOVF) mechanisms that work together for more energy savings. Meanwhile, corresponding strategies are proposed to deal with the transition overheads. We further extend server energy management to the IDC’s costs management, helping the OSPs to conserve, manage their own electricity cost, and lower the carbon emissions. We have developed an optimal energy-aware load dispatching strategy that periodically maps more requests to the locations with lower electricity prices. A carbon emission limit is placed, and the volatility of the carbon offset market is also considered. Two energy effcient strategies are applied to the server system and the cooling system respectively. With the rapid development of cloud services, we also carry out research to reduce the server energy in cloud computing environments. In this work, we propose a new live virtual machine (VM) placement scheme that can effectively map VMs to Physical Machines (PMs) with substantial energy savings in a heterogeneous server cluster. A VM/PM mapping probability matrix is constructed, in which each VM request is assigned with a probability running on PMs. The VM/PM mapping probability matrix takes into account resource limitations, VM operation overheads, server reliability as well as energy effciency. The evolution of Internet Data Centers and the increasing demands of web services raise great challenges to improve the energy effciency of IDCs. We also express several potential areas for future research in each chapter.

Balancing effluent quality, economic cost and greenhouse gas emissions during the evaluation of (plant-wide) control/operational strategies in WWTPs

The objective of this paper was to show the potential additional insight that result from adding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to plant performance evaluation criteria, such as effluent quality (EQI) and operational cost (OCI) indices, when evaluating (plant-wide) control/operational strategies in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The proposed GHG evaluation is based on a set of comprehensive dynamic models that estimate the most significant potential on-site and off-site sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O. The study calculates and discusses the changes in EQI, OCI and the emission of GHGs as a consequence of varying the following four process variables: (i) the set point of aeration control in the activated sludge section; (ii) the removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) in the primary clarifier; (iii) the temperature in the anaerobic digester; and (iv) the control of the flow of anaerobic digester supernatants coming from sludge treatment. Based upon the assumptions built into the model structures, simulation results highlight the potential undesirable effects of increased GHG production when carrying out local energy optimization of the aeration system in the activated sludge section and energy recovery from the AD. Although off-site CO2 emissions may decrease, the effect is counterbalanced by increased N2O emissions, especially since N2O has a 300-fold stronger greenhouse effect than CO2. The reported results emphasize the importance and usefulness of using multiple evaluation criteria to compare and evaluate (plant-wide) control strategies in a WWTP for more informed operational decision making

Cost-Based Models of Economic Growth

In this paper we highlight the importance of the operational costs in explaining economic growth and analyze how the industrial structure affects the growth rate of the economy. If there is monopolistic competition only in an intermediate goods sector, then production growth coincides with consumption growth. Moreover, the pattern of growth depends on the particular form of the operational cost. If the monopolistically competitive sector is the final goods sector, then per capita production is constant but per capita effective consumption or welfare grows. Finally, we modify again the industrial structure of the economy and show an economy with two different growth speeds, one for production and another for effective consumption. Thus, both the operational cost and the particular structure of the sector that produces the final goods determines ultimately the pattern of growth.

Cost-Based Models of Economic Growth

In this paper we highlight the importance of the operational costs in explaining economic growth and analyze how the industrial structure affects the growth rate of the economy. If there is monopolistic competition only in an intermediate goods sector, then production growth coincides with consumption growth. Moreover, the pattern of growth depends on the particular form of the operational cost. If the monopolistically competitive sector is the final goods sector, then per capita production is constant but per capita effective consumption or welfare grows. Finally, we modify again the industrial structure of the economy and show an economy with two different growth speeds, one for production and another for effective consumption. Thus, both the operational cost and the particular structure of the sector that produces the final goods determines ultimately the pattern of growth.

Operational performance of the mechanized and semi-mechanized potato harvest

Potato is an important crop plant throughout the world. Harvesting is a fundamental step in its production system. Maybe, it is the most complex and expensive operation. Thus, the objective of this work was to compare the cost of the mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest, the operational capacity and the production losses during the potato harvest process. The work was accomplished in a commercial farming, cultivated under pivot system, in the municipal district of Perdizes - MG, Brazil. A completely randomized design with two treatments was used: mechanized and semi-mechanized harvest. The mechanized harvest used a self-propelled harvester. In the semi-automated harvest, a digger mounted on tractor was used and the potato was manually harvested. It was concluded that the cost of mechanized harvest was 49.03% lower than the cost of semi-mechanized harvest. On average, the harvester had a work for 23 workers in manual harvest. Mechanized harvest showed losses of 2.35% of potato yield, while the semi-mechanized harvest showed losses of 6.32%.

Cost-efficient virtual machine management : provisioning, admission control, and consolidation

One of the main challenges in Software Engineering is to cope with the transition from an industry based on software as a product to software as a service. The field of Software Engineering should provide the necessary methods and tools to develop and deploy new cost-efficient and scalable digital services. In this thesis, we focus on deployment platforms to ensure cost-efficient scalability of multi-tier web applications and on-demand video transcoding service for different types of load conditions. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds provide Virtual Machines (VMs) under the pay-per-use business model. Dynamically provisioning VMs on demand allows service providers to cope with fluctuations on the number of service users. However, VM provisioning must be done carefully, because over-provisioning results in an increased operational cost, while underprovisioning leads to a subpar service. Therefore, our main focus in this thesis is on cost-efficient VM provisioning for multi-tier web applications and on-demand video transcoding. Moreover, to prevent provisioned VMs from becoming overloaded, we augment VM provisioning with an admission control mechanism. Similarly, to ensure efficient use of provisioned VMs, web applications on the under-utilized VMs are consolidated periodically. Thus, the main problem that we address is cost-efficient VM provisioning augmented with server consolidation and admission control on the provisioned VMs. We seek solutions for two types of applications: multi-tier web applications that follow the request-response paradigm and on-demand video transcoding that is based on video streams with soft realtime constraints. Our first contribution is a cost-efficient VM provisioning approach for multi-tier web applications. The proposed approach comprises two subapproaches: a reactive VM provisioning approach called ARVUE and a hybrid reactive-proactive VM provisioning approach called Cost-efficient Resource Allocation for Multiple web applications with Proactive scaling. Our second contribution is a prediction-based VM provisioning approach for on-demand video transcoding in the cloud. Moreover, to prevent virtualized servers from becoming overloaded, the proposed VM provisioning approaches are augmented with admission control approaches. Therefore, our third contribution is a session-based admission control approach for multi-tier web applications called adaptive Admission Control for Virtualized Application Servers. Similarly, the fourth contribution in this thesis is a stream-based admission control and scheduling approach for on-demand video transcoding called Stream-Based Admission Control and Scheduling. Our fifth contribution is a computation and storage trade-o strategy for cost-efficient video transcoding in cloud computing. Finally, the sixth and the last contribution is a web application consolidation approach, which uses Ant Colony System to minimize the under-utilization of the virtualized application servers.

Monitoramento por entrevistas telefônicas de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas: experiência de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Este estudo descreve alguns resultados do sistema de monitoramento de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas por entrevistas telefônicas no Município de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, 2005. Foi estudada amostra probabilística (n = 2.002) da população adulta servida por linhas telefônicas residenciais fixas. Foram analisadas variáveis comportamentais (consumo alimentar, atividade física, tabagismo e consumo de bebida alcoólica), peso e altura referidos e referência a diagnóstico médico de doenças crônicas. Foram calculadas estimativas de prevalência e valores de qui-quadrado. Observou-se baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças (47,1%), alta freqüência de inatividade física ocupacional (86,6%), no deslocamento para o trabalho (92,6%) e lazer (61,9%), consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas (23,2%), excesso de peso (36,5%), obesidade (10,6%), hipertensão arterial (22,4%), dislipidemias (18,4%) e diabetes (4,4%). A maioria dos fatores de risco apresentou associação inversa com escolaridade e direta com idade, com diferenças significativas entre sexos (p < 0,05). Observou-se alta prevalência dos fatores de risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e de auto-referidas. Aspectos positivos do sistema: baixo custo operacional, possibilidade de monitorar a carga e a tendência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no nível local.

O processo or??ament??rio e a apura????o de custos de produtos e servi??os no setor p??blico do Brasil

O presente artigo aborda a quest??o da apura????o de custos de servi??os p??blicos a partir da perspectiva do processo or??ament??rio no setor p??blico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal do trabalho consiste em explicitar uma sistem??tica de an??lise e apura????o de custos de servi??os p??blicos que seja adaptada ao processo or??ament??rio do setor p??blico brasileiro e, assim, contribuir para a obten????o da efici??ncia alocativa e efici??ncia operacional. A sistem??tica de apura????o de custos aqui proposta ?? totalmente compat??vel com os sistemas gerenciais de informa????o utilizados pelo Governo e tem baixo custo de operacionaliza????o porque n??o implica mudan??as apreci??veis nos sistemas de informa????o em uso e na forma de registro das informa????es na contabilidade p??blica. Por fim, a sistem??tica de apura????o de custos de servi??os p??blicos proposta atende ?? Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal e a complementa quanto ?? apura????o de custos de servi??os e produtos do setor p??blico.

Dimensionamento de um secador em leito fluidizado para secagem de cereais

O objectivo desta tese é dimensionar um secador em leito fluidizado para secagem de cereais, nomeadamente, secagem de sementes de trigo. Inicialmente determinaram-se as condições de hidrodinâmica (velocidade de fluidização, TDH, condições mínimas de “slugging”, expansão do leito, dimensionamento do distribuidor e queda de pressão). Com as condições de hidrodinâmica definidas, foi possível estimar as dimensões físicas do secador. Neste ponto, foram realizados estudos relativamente à cinética da secagem e à própria secagem. Foi também estudado o transporte pneumático das sementes. Deste modo, determinaram-se as velocidades necessárias ao transporte pneumático e respectivas quedas de pressão. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise custos para que se soubesse o custo deste sistema de secagem. O estudo da secagem foi feito para uma temperatura de operação de 50ºC, tendo a ressalva que no limite se poderia trabalhar com 60ºC. A velocidade de operação é de 2,43 m/s, a altura do leito fixo é de 0,4 m, a qual sofre uma expansão durante a fluidização, assumindo o valor de 0,79 m. O valor do TDH obtido foi de 1,97 m, que somado à expansão do leito permite obter uma altura total da coluna de 2,76 m. A altura do leito fixo permite retirar o valor do diâmetro que é de 0,52 m. Verifica-se que a altura do leito expandido é inferior à altura mínima de “slugging” (1,20 m), no entanto, a velocidade de operação é superior à velocidade mínima de “slugging” (1,13 m/s). Como só uma das condições mínimas é cumprida, existe a possibilidade da ocorrência de “slugging”. Finalmente, foi necessário dimensionar o distribuidor, que com o diâmetro de orifício de 3 mm, valor inferior ao da partícula (3,48 mm), permite a distruibuição do fluido de secagem na coluna através dos seus 3061 orifícios. O inicio do estudo da secagem centrou-se na determinação do tempo de secagem. Além das duas temperaturas atrás referidas, foram igualmente consideradas duas humidades iniciais para os cereais (21,33% e 18,91%). Temperaturas superiores traduzem-se em tempos de secagem inferiores, paralelamente, teores de humidade inicial inferiores indicam tempos menores. Para a temperatura de 50ºC, os tempos de secagem assumiram os valores de 2,8 horas para a 21,33% de humidade e 2,7 horas para 18,91% de humidade. Foram também tidas em conta três alturas do ano para a captação do ar de secagem, Verão e Inverno representando os extremos, e a Meia- Estação. Para estes três casos, foi possível verificar que a humidade específica do ar não apresenta alterações significativas entre a entrada no secador e a corrente de saída do mesmo equipamento, do mesmo modo que a temperatura de saída pouco difere da de entrada. Este desvio de cerca de 1% para as humidades e para as temperaturas é explicado pela ausência de humidade externa nas sementes e na pouca quantidade de humidade interna. Desta forma, estes desvios de 1% permitem a utilização de uma razão de reciclagem na ordem dos 100% sem que o comportamento da secagem se altere significativamente. O uso de 100% de reciclagem permite uma poupança energética de cerca de 98% no Inverno e na Meia-Estação e de cerca de 93% no Verão. Caso não fosse realizada reciclagem, seria necessário fornecer à corrente de ar cerca de 18,81 kW para elevar a sua temperatura de 20ºC para 50ºC (Meia-Estação), cerca de 24,67 kW para elevar a sua temperatura de 10ºC para 50ºC (Inverno) e na ordem dos 8,90 kW para elevar a sua temperatura dos 35ºC para 50ºC (Verão). No caso do transporte pneumático, existem duas linhas, uma horizontal e uma vertical, logo foi necessário estimar o valor da velocidade das partículas para estes dois casos. Na linha vertical, a velocidade da partícula é cerca de 25,03 m/s e cerca de 35,95 m/s na linha horizontal. O menor valor para a linha vertical prende-se com o facto de nesta zona ter que se vencer a força gravítica. Em ambos os circuitos a velocidade do fluido é cerca de 47,17 m/s. No interior da coluna, a velocidade do fluido tem o valor de 10,90 m/s e a velocidade das partículas é de 1,04 m/s. A queda de pressão total no sistema é cerca de 2408 Pa. A análise de custos ao sistema de secagem indicou que este sistema irá acarretar um custo total (fabrico mais transporte) de cerca de 153035€. Este sistema necessita de electricidade para funcionar, e esta irá acarretar um custo anual de cerca de 7951,4€. Embora este sistema de secagem apresente a possibilidade de se realizar uma razão de reciclagem na ordem dos 100% e também seja possível adaptar o mesmo para diferentes tipos de cereais, e até outros tipos de materiais, desde que possam ser fluidizados, o seu custo impede que a realização deste investimento não seja atractiva, especialmente tendo em consideração que se trata de uma instalação à escala piloto com uma capacidade de 45 kgs.

Avaliação e Otimização Energética das Fornalhas da Fábrica de Aromáticos

O consumo energético verificado nas refinarias petrolíferas é muito elevado, sendo as fornalhas os equipamentos que mais contribuem para esse consumo. Neste estudo foi efetuada uma avaliação e otimização energética às fornalhas da Fábrica de Aromáticos da Refinaria de Matosinhos. Numa primeira fase foi efetuado um levantamento exaustivo de dados de todas as correntes de entrada e saída dos equipamentos para posteriormente efetuar os balanços de massa e energia a cada uma das fornalhas. Os dados relativos ao levantamento compreenderam dois períodos de funcionamento distintos da unidade fabril, o período de funcionamento normal e o período relativo ao arranque. O período de funcionamento normal foi relativo ao ano de 2012 entre os meses de janeiro a setembro, por sua vez o período de arranque foi de dezembro de 2012 a março de 2013. Na segunda fase foram realizados os balanços de massa e energia quantificando todas as correntes de entrada e saída das fornalhas em termos mássicos e energéticos permitindo o cálculo do rendimento térmico das fornalhas para avaliar a sua performance. A avaliação energética permitiu concluir que existe um consumo maior de energia proveniente da combustão do Fuel Gás do que do Fuel Óleo, tanto no período de funcionamento normal como no arranque. As fornalhas H0101, H0301 e a H0471 possuem os consumos mais elevados, sendo responsáveis por mais de 70% do consumo da Fábrica de Aromáticos. Na terceira fase foram enunciadas duas medidas para a otimização energética das três fornalhas mais consumidoras de energia, a limpeza mensal e o uso exclusivo de Fuel Gás como combustível. As poupanças energéticas obtidas para uma limpeza mensal foram de 0,3% na fornalha H0101, 0,7% na fornalha H0301 e uma poupança de 0,9 % na fornalha H0471. Para o uso exclusivo de Fuel Gás obteve-se uma poupança de 0,9% na fornalha H0101 e uma poupança de 1,3% nas fornalhas H0301 e H0471. A análise económica efetuada à sugestão de alteração do combustível mostra que os custos de operação sofrerão um aumento anual de 621 679 €. Apesar do aumento dos custos, a redução na emissão de 24% de dióxido de carbono, poderá justificar este aumento na despesa.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by photosynthetic mixed cultures

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are natural biologically synthesized polymers that have been the subject of much interest in the last decades due to their biodegradability. Thus far, its microbial production is associated with high operational costs, which increases PHA prices and limits its marketability. To address this situation, this thesis’ work proposes the utilization of photosynthetic mixed cultures (PMC) as a new PHA production system that may lead to a reduction in operational costs. In fact, the operational strategies developed in this work led to the selection of PHA accumulating PMCs that, unlike the traditional mixed microbial cultures, do not require aeration, thus permitting savings in this significant operational cost. In particular, the first PHA accumulating PMC tested in this work was selected under non-aerated illuminated conditions in a feast and famine regime, being obtained a consortium of bacteria and algae, where photosynthetic bacteria accumulated PHA during the feast phase and consumed it for growth during the famine phase, using the oxygen produced by algae. In this symbiotic system, a maximum PHA content of 20% cell dry weight (cdw) was reached, proving for the first time, the capacity of a PMC to accumulate PHA. During adaptation to dark/light alternating conditions, the culture decreased its algae content but maintained its viability, achieving a PHA content of 30% cdw. Also, the PMC was found to be able to utilize different volatile fatty acids for PHA production, accumulating up to 20% cdw of a PHA co-polymer composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) monomers. Finally, a new selective approach for the enrichment of PMCs in PHA accumulating bacteria was tested. Instead of imposing a feast and famine regime, a permanent feast regime was used, thus selecting a PMC that was capable of simultaneously growing and accumulating PHA, being attained a maximum PHA content of 60% cdw, the highest value reported for a PMC thus far. The results presented in this thesis prospect the utilization of cheap, VFA-rich fermented wastes as substrates for PHA production, which combined with this new photosynthetic technology opens up the possibility for direct sunlight illumination, leading to a more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable PHA production process.

Desenvolvimento e teste de um sistema para caracterização de materiais magnetoelétricos

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e Computadores

Quantitative method of viral pollution determination for large volume of water using ferric hydroxide gel impregnated on the surface of glassfibre cartridge

Quantitative method of viral pollution determination for large volume of water using ferric hydroxide gel impregnated on the surface of glassfibre cartridge filter. The use of ferric hydroxide gel, impregnated on the surface of glassfibre cartridge filter enable us to recover 62.5% of virus (Poliomylitis type I, Lsc strain) exsogeneously added to 400 liters of tap-water. The virus concentrator system consists of four cartridge filters, in which the three first one are clarifiers, where the contaminants are removed physically, without significant virus loss at this stage. The last cartridge filter is impregnated with ferric hydroxide gel, where the virus is adsorbed. After the required volume of water has been processed, the last filter is removed from the system and the viruses are recovered from the gel, using 1 liter of glycine/NaOH buffer, at pH 11. Immediately the eluate is clarified through series of cellulose acetate membranes mounted in a 142mm Millipore filter. For the second step of virus concentration, HC1 1N is added slowly to the eluate to achieve pH 3.5-4. MgC1, is added to give a final concentration of 0.05M and the viruses are readsorbed on a 0.45 , porosity (HA) cellulose acetate membrane, mounted in a 90 mm Millipore filter. The viruses are recovered using the same eluent plus 10% of fetal calf serum, to a final volume of 3 ml. In this way, it was possible to concentrate virus from 400 liters of tap-water, into 1 liter in the first stage of virus concentration and just to 3 ml of final volume in a second step. The efficiency, simplicity and low operational cost, provded by the method, make it feasible to study viral pollution of recreational and tap-water sources.