Endothelin-like immunoreactivity and receptor binding in the choroid and retina

This study has examined the localisation and receptor-binding of the endothelins in retina and choroid of human and rat origin. Immunoreactivity to anti-ET1 and anti-ET3 was investigated in trypsin digests, frozen sections and ultrathin sections using immunocytochemistry and immunogold labelling techniques. In addition, receptor binding of 125I-ET1 and 125I-ET3 was visualised and quantified using autoradiography and image analysis. Intense immunoreactivity to anti-ET1 and anti-ET3 was observed in the photoreceptor inner segments and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of human and rat retina. Ultrastructural localisation using immunogold labelling confirmed the presence of ET1 and ET3 in the photoreceptor cells. In retinal vascular digests, ET1 was visualised in the arteries, arterioles and at the pre-arteriolar sphincters, however, immunoreactivity to anti-ET3 was absent in the retinal vasculature. Both ETA and ETB-type receptor binding sites to 125I-ET1 and 125I-ET3 were detected in the vascular smooth muscle of choroidal and retinal vessels with the former being predominant. Extravascular binding sites of the ETB-type were found in the ganglion cell layer.

Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate-like immunoreactivity within the nervous system of the cestode Mesocestoides corti and the trematode Fasciola hepatica

The localization and distribution of glutamate-like immunoreactivity (IR) in the nervous system of both the cestode Mesocestoides corti and the trematode Fasciola hepatica has been determined by an indirect immunofluorescent technique, in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Immunostaining was widespread in the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems of both species examined. In the CNS, IR was evident in nerve cells and fibres in the cerebral ganglia, the cerebral commissure and the dorsal, ventral and longitudinal nerve cords. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of M. corti, IR was apparent in nerve plexuses associated with the subtegmental musculature and the musculature associated with the anteriorly positioned suckers. In F. hepatica, IR was evident in the innervation of both the oral and the ventral suckers, In the reproductive system of F. hepatica, glutamate-IR was observed around the ootype/Mehlis' gland complex.

Cellular and subcellular localization of SALMFamide (S1)-like immunoreactivity within the central nervous system of the nematode Ascaris suum (Nematoda, Ascaroidea)

The localization and distribution of SALMFamide (S1)-like immunoreactivity (IR), was determined at both the cellular and subcellular level in the central nervous system (CNS) of the nematode roundworm Ascaris suum. The techniques of indirect immunofluorescence in conjunction with confocal scanning laser microscopy and post-embedding, IgG-conjugated colloidal gold immunostaining were used, respectively. Immunostaining was widespread in the CNS of adult A. suum, with immunoreactivity (IR) being localized in nerve cells and fibres in the ganglia associated with the anterior nerve ring and in the main nerve cords and their commissures. At the subcellular level, gold labeling of peptide was localized exclusively over dense-cored vesicles within nerve cell bodies, nerve axons and nerve terminals of the neuropile of the anterior nerve ring, main ganglia and nerve cords in the CNS. Double-labeling demonstrated an apparent co-localization of S1- and FMRFamide-IR-together IR-together with S1- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-IR in the same dense-cored vesicles. Antigen preabsorption experiments indicated little cross-reactivity, if any, between the three antisera; indeed, neither FMRFamide nor PP antigens abolished S1 immunostaining.

LOCALIZATION OF DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA ALLATOSTATIN-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN HELMINTHS - AN IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY

The nervous systems of helminths are predominantly peptidergic in nature, although it is likely that the full range of regulatory peptides used by these organisms has yet to be elucidated. Attempts to identify novel helminth neuropeptides are being made using immunocytochemistry with antisera raised against peptides isolated originally from insects. One of these antisera was raised against allatostatin III, a peptide isolated originally from the cockroach, Diploptera punctata, and a member of a family of related peptides found in insects. Allatostatin immunoreactivity was found throughout the nervous systems of Mesocestoides corti tetrathyridia, and adult Moniezia expansa, Diclidophora merlangi, Fasciola hepatica, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris suum and Panagrellus redivivus. Immunostaining was observed in the nerve cords and anterior ganglia of all the helminths. It was also apparent in the subtegumental nerves and around the reproductive apparatus of the flatworms, in neurones in the pharynx of D. merlangi, F. hepatica, A. suum and P. redivivus, and in fibres innervating the anterior sense organs in the nematodes. Immunostaining in all species was both reproducible and specific in that it could be abolished by pre-absorption of the antiserum with allatostatins I-IV. These results suggest that molecules related to the D. punctata allatostatins are important components in the nervous systems of a number of helminth parasites, and a free-living nematode. Their distribution within the nervous system suggests they function as neurotransmitters/ neuromodulators with roles in locomotion, feeding, reproduction and sensory perception.

Fos-like immunoreactivity in central nervous system of mice simultaneously exposed to the elevated plus-maze and nociception

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

TGF-beta1 in Aplysia: role in long-term changes in the excitability of sensory neurons and distribution of TbetaR-II-like immunoreactivity.

Exogenous recombinant human transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) induced long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses. In addition, 5-HT-induced facilitation was blocked by application of a soluble fragment of the extracellular portion of the TGF-beta1 type II receptor (TbetaR-II), which presumably acted by scavenging an endogenous TGF-beta1-like molecule. Because TbetaR-II is essential for transmembrane signaling by TGF-beta, we sought to determine whether Aplysia tissues contained TbetaR-II and specifically, whether neurons expressed the receptor. Western blot analysis of Aplysia tissue extracts demonstrated the presence of a TbetaR-II-immunoreactive protein in several tissue types. The expression and distribution of TbetaR-II-immunoreactive proteins in the central nervous system was examined by immunohistochemistry to elucidate sites that may be responsive to TGF-beta1 and thus may play a role in synaptic plasticity. Sensory neurons in the ventral-caudal cluster of the pleural ganglion were immunoreactive for TbetaR-II, as well as many neurons in the pedal, abdominal, buccal, and cerebral ganglia. Sensory neurons cultured in isolation and cocultured sensory and motor neurons were also immunoreactive. TGF-beta1 affected the biophysical properties of cultured sensory neurons, inducing an increase of excitability that persisted for at least 48 hr. Furthermore, exposure to TGF-beta1 resulted in a reduction in the firing threshold of sensory neurons. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that TGF-beta1 plays a role in long-term synaptic plasticity in Aplysia.

Synaptogenesis in the mushroom body calyx during metamorphosis in the honeybee Apis mellifera: An electron microscopic study

The goals of this study are to determine relationships between synaptogenesis and morphogenesis within the mushroom body calyx of the honeybee Apis mellifera and to find out how the microglomerular structure characteristic for the mature calyx is established during metamorphosis. We show that synaptogenesis in the mushroom body calycal neuropile starts in early metamorphosis (stages P1-P3), before the microglomerular structure of the neuropile is established. The initial step of synaptogenesis is characterized by the rare occurrence of distinct synaptic contacts. A massive synaptogenesis starts at stage P5, which coincides with the formation of microglomeruli, structural units of the calyx that are composed of centrally located presynaptic boutons surrounded by spiny postsynaptic endings. Microglomeruli are assembled either via accumulation of fine postsynaptic processes around preexisting presynaptic boutons or via ingrowth of thin neurites of presynaptic neurons into premicroglomeruli, tightly packed groups of spiny endings. During late pupal stages (P8-P9), addition of new synapses and microglomeruli is likely to continue. Most of the synaptic appositions formed there are made by boutons (putative extrinsic mushroom body neurons) into small postsynaptic profiles that do not exhibit presynaptic specializations (putative intrinsic mushroom body neurons). Synapses between presynaptic boutons characteristic of the adult calyx first appear at stage P8 but remain rare toward the end of metamorphosis. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that most of the synapses established during metamorphosis provide the structural basis for afferent information flow to calyces, whereas maturation of local synaptic circuitry is likely to occur after adult emergence.

Immunolocalisation of sodium/proton exchanger-like proteins in the gills of elasmobranchs

Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers are integral membrane proteins that exchange Na⁺ and H⁺ across cell membranes. The Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers 2 and 3 are epithelial isoforms in mammals and contribute to acid–base homeostasis. The gills of fishes, including elasmobranchs, are also associated with acid/base balance, and are probably the primary acid/base regulatory organ. This study examines the presence of Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers 2 and 3 using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in the gills of four species of elasmobranchs, the banjo ray (Trygonorrhina fasciata), southern eagle ray (Myliobatis australis), the gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus) and the Australian angel shark (Squatina australis) using heterologous antibodies. Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 2-like immunoreactivity was observed in the gills of the banjo ray, eagle ray and angel shark. In the banjo and eagle rays, this Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger-like immunoreactivity co-localised with immunoreactivity to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, a marker for the mitochondrial-rich cells of fishes. Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 3-like immunoreactivity was only observed in the gills of the angel and gummy sharks, some Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 3-like cells also showed Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase immunoreactivity. However, immunoblotting of banjo and eagle ray gill membranes demonstrated Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 3-like immunoreactivity, which was not consistent with the immunohistochemical results. These data demonstrate the presence of epithelial Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers 2 and 3 in the gills of elasmobranchs and a link with acid/base regulation is suggested.

CHOLECYSTOKININ-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVE RETINAL GANGLION-CELLS PROJECT TO THE VENTRAL LATERAL GENICULATE-NUCLEUS IN PIGEONS

A subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the pigeon ventral lateral geniculate nucleus was shown to contain cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity. These ganglion cells were mainly distributed in the peripheral retina, and their somata sizes were medium to large (14-23-mu-m). Taken together with previous findings, these results indicate that the retinal input to the ventral geniculate is chemically heterogeneous.

GABA IN THE NERVOUS-SYSTEM OF PARASITIC FLATWORMS

In an immunocytochemical study, using an antiserum and a monoclonal antibody specific for the amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), GABA-like immunoreactivity (GLIR) has been demonstrated for the first time in parasitic flatworms. In Moniezia expansa (Cestoda), GLIR was seen in nerve nets which were closely associated with the body wall musculature and in the longitudinal nerve cords. In the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda), the GLIR occurred in the longitudinal nerve cords and lateral nerves in the posterior half of the worm. GLIR was also detected in subtegumental fibres in F. hepatica. The presence of GABA was verified, using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. The concentration of GABA (mean+/-S.D.) in M. expansa anterior region was 124.8+/-15.3 picomole/mg wet weight, while in F. hepatica it was 16.8+/-4.9 picomole/mg. Since several insecticides and anti-nematodal drugs are thought to interfere with GABA-receptors, the findings indicate that GABAergic neurotransmission may be a potential target for chemotherapy in flatworms too.

PEPTIDES RELATED TO THE DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA ALLATOSTATINS IN NONARTHROPOD INVERTEBRATES - AN IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL SURVEY

The allatostatins are a family of peptides isolated originally from the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Related peptides have been identified in Periplaneta americana and the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria. These peptides have been shown to be potent inhibitors of juvenile hormone synthesis in these species. A peptide inhibitor of juvenile hormone biosynthesis has also been isolated from the moth, Manduca sexta; however, this peptide has no structural homology with the D. punctata-type allatostatins. Investigations of the phylogeny of the D. punctata allatostatin peptide family have been started by examining a number of nonarthropod invertebrates for the presence of allatostatin-like molecules using immunocytochemistry with antisera directed against the conserved C-terminal region of this family. Allatostatin-like immunoreactivity (ALIR) was demonstrated in the nervous systems of Hydra oligactis (Hydrozoa), Moniezia expansa (Cestoda), Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda), Artioposthia triangulata (Turbellaria), Ascaris suum (Nematoda), Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta), Limax pseudoflavus (Gastropoda), and Eledone cirrhosa (Cephalopoda). ALIR could not be demonstrated in Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea). These results suggest that molecules related to the allatostatins may play an important role in nervous system function in many invertebrates as well as in insects and that they also have an ancient evolutionary lineage. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.