106 resultados para Oceanos
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente – Perfil Engenharia Ecológica
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores
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Several hundreds of artificial radionuclides are produced as the result of human activities, such as the applications of nuclear reactors and particle accelerators, testing of nuclear weapons and nuclear accidents. Many of these radionuclides are short-lived and decay quickly after their production, but some of them are longer-lived and are released into the environment. From the radiological point of view the most important radionuclides are cesium-137, strontium-90 and plutonium-239, due to their chemical and nuclear characteristics. The two first radioisotopes present long half life (30 and 28 years), high fission yields and chemical behaviour similar to potassium and calcium, respectively. No stable element exists for plutonium-239, that presents high radiotoxicity, long half-life (24000 years) and some marine organisms accumulate plutonium at high levels. The radionuclides introduced into marine environment undergo various physical, chemical and biological processes taking place in the sea. These processes may be due to physical dispersion or complicated chemical and biological interactions of the radionuclides with inorganic and organic suspend matter, variety of living organisms, bottom sediments, etc. The behaviour of radionuclides in the sea depends primarily on their chemical properties, but it may also be influenced by properties of interacting matrices and other environmental factors. The major route of radiation exposure of man to artificial radionuclides occuring in the marine environment is through ingestion of radiologically contamined marine organisms. This paper summarizes the main sources of contamination in the marine environment and presents an overview covering the oceanic distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in the FAO regions. A great number of measurements of artificial radionuclides have been carried out on various marine environmental samples in different oceans over the world, being cesium-137 the most widely measured radionuclide. Radionuclide concentrations vary from region to region, according to the specific sources of contamination. In some regions, such as the Irish Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, the concentrations depend on the inputs due to discharges from reprocessing facilities and from Chernobyl accident. In Brazil, the artificial radioactivity is low and corresponds to typical deposition values due to fallout for the Southern Hemisphere.
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Previous studies have verified that free radicals such as quinone moieties in organic matter participate in the redox reactions in natural systems. These functional groups were positively correlated with the increase in aromaticity and hydrophobicity of the humic substances. As an alternative to relatively complex and expensive spectroscopic methods, the redox properties of the humic substances, determined by potentiometric titrations, have been used to evaluate organic carbon stability in soil and sediments. The present study aimed to perform organic matter fractionation and isolation of humic substances from deep oceans in different isobaths (750; 1,050; 1,350; 1,650; 1,950 m) to determine their redox properties by iodimetric titrations under an inert atmosphere and specified conditions of pH and ionic strength. Sediment samples were collected to the North and South of platforms of petroleum exploration located in the North of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Fractions of organic carbon and redox properties of humic substances varied with origin and depth of the samples and with position North and South of the petroleum exploration area.
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The marine environment is certainly one of the most complex systems to study, not only because of the challenges posed by the nature of the waters, but especially due to the interactions of physical, chemical and biological processes that control the cycles of the elements. Together with analytical chemists, oceanographers have been making a great effort in the advancement of knowledge of the distribution patterns of trace elements and processes that determine their biogeochemical cycles and influences on the climate of the planet. The international academic community is now in prime position to perform the first study on a global scale for observation of trace elements and their isotopes in the marine environment (GEOTRACES) and to evaluate the effects of major global changes associated with the influences of megacities distributed around the globe. This action can only be performed due to the development of highly sensitive detection methods and the use of clean sampling and handling techniques, together with a joint international program working toward the clear objective of expanding the frontiers of the biogeochemistry of the oceans and related topics, including climate change issues and ocean acidification associated with alterations in the carbon cycle. It is expected that the oceanographic data produced this coming decade will allow a better understanding of biogeochemical cycles, and especially the assessment of changes in trace elements and contaminants in the oceans due to anthropogenic influences, as well as its effects on ecosystems and climate. Computational models are to be constructed to simulate the conditions and processes of the modern oceans and to allow predictions. The environmental changes arising from human activity since the 18th century (also called the Anthropocene) have made the Earth System even more complex. Anthropogenic activities have altered both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and the legacy of these impacts in the oceans include: a) pollution of the marine environment by solid waste, including plastics; b) pollution by chemical and medical (including those for veterinary use) substances such as hormones, antibiotics, legal and illegal drugs, leading to possible endocrine disruption of marine organisms; and c) ocean acidification, the collateral effect of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere, irreversible in the human life time scale. Unfortunately, the anthropogenic alteration of the hydrosphere due to inputs of plastics, metal, hydrocarbons, contaminants of emerging concern and even with formerly "exotic" trace elements, such us rare earth elements is likely to accelerate in the near future. These emerging contaminants would likely soon present difficulties for studies in pristine environments. All this knowledge brings with it a great responsibility: helping to envisage viable adaptation and mitigation solutions to the problems identified. The greatest challenge faced by Brazil is currently to create a framework project to develop education, science and technology applied to oceanography and related areas. This framework would strengthen the present working groups and enhance capacity building, allowing a broader Brazilian participation in joint international actions and scientific programs. Recently, the establishment of the National Institutes of Science and Technology (INCTs) for marine science, and the creation of the National Institute of Oceanographic and Hydrological Research represent an exemplary start. However, the participation of the Brazilian academic community in the latest assaults on the frontier of chemical oceanography is extremely limited, largely due to: i. absence of physical infrastructure for the preparation and processing of field samples at ultra-trace level; ii. limited access to oceanographic cruises, due to the small number of Brazilian vessels and/or absence of "clean" laboratories on board; iii. restricted international cooperation; iv. limited analytical capacity of Brazilian institutions for the analysis of trace elements in seawater; v. high cost of ultrapure reagents associated with processing a large number of samples, and vi. lack of qualified technical staff. Advances in knowledge, analytic capabilities and the increasing availability of analytical resources available today offer favorable conditions for chemical oceanography to grow. The Brazilian academic community is maturing and willing to play a role in strengthening the marine science research programs by connecting them with educational and technological initiatives in order to preserve the oceans and to promote the development of society.
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Devido à acumulação atmosférica de CO2 antropogénico, a pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (ρCO2) na água do mar aumenta e o pH diminui. Atualmente, este processo conhecido como a acidificação dos oceanos, está a ocorrer a um ritmo mais rápido do que em qualquer outro momento dos últimos 300 milhões de anos, o que leva a um desafio ecológico para os organismos marinhos a nível mundial. Embora este processo afete significativamente mais os organismos marinhos que sintetizam exosqueletos de calcário ou conchas, ainda não está claro como este processo irá afetar organismos calcificados internamente, tais como peixes marinhos. Embora se pense que os peixes adultos são relativamente mais tolerantes a níveis elevados de CO2 ambiental, sabe-se muito pouco sobre a sensibilidade dos estágios iniciais de vida, que são geralmente mais vulneráveis às mudanças ambientais do que os juvenis e os adultos. Determinar que espécies marinhas são sensíveis ou tolerantes aos elevados níveis de CO2 e redução do pH é fundamental para prever os impactos da acidificação dos oceanos nas cadeias alimentares marinhas e nos ecossistemas nos próximos 300 anos. O presente estudo aborda o efeito da acidificação dos oceanos sobre os estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento de três espécies comercialmente importantes, Solea senegalensis, Diplodus sargus, Argyrosomus regius. Estas espécies foram sujeitas a diferentes níveis de pH e ρCO2 (pH 8.0, ~400 μatm; pH 7.8, ~1000 μatm; pH 7.6, ~2000 μatm) desde a fase do ovo até à abertura de boca. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a exposição das fases iniciais de vida de Solea senegalensis e Diplodus sargus a elevadas concentrações de CO2 podem levar a taxas de eclosão e crescimento reduzidas e taxas de sobrevivência e peso seco elevados. Quando comparado com os níveis atuais de ρCO2 (400 ppm), a exposição de embriões Argyrosomus regius a 1000 μatm aumentou a sua sobrevivência, crescimento e comprimento total ao fim de 3 dias após eclosão. Não se detetaram diferenças significativas entre tratamentos no que respeita à organogénese e às dimensões e morfologia do ovo. De uma forma geral, este estudo parece indicar que Diplodus sargus e Solea senegalensis são substancialmente mais suscetíveis aos efeitos fisiológicos da acidificação dos oceanos do que Argyrososmus regius que está presumivelmente melhor adaptada às variações das condições ambientais, devido ao seu rápido desenvolvimento e ampla distribuição geográfica.
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O presente trabalho tem como objectivo efectuar a avaliação económica e determinar a viabilidade com e sem os incentivos fiscais de duas tecnologias de conversão de duas fontes distinta e emergentes de energia renovável, o Concentrador Cilindro-parabólico e a Torre Solar para a energia solar termoeléctrica e a Coluna de Água Oscilante e o Pelamis para a energia das ondas. Realiza-se uma curta abordagem à energia Solar e à energia dos Oceanos, e às tecnologias existentes para estes tipos de energia renovável. Apresenta-se um estudo do potencial em Portugal e no Mindo, das tecnologias abordadas neste trabalho. É desenvolvido o modelo de conversão de energia para as centrais solares termoeléctricas e utilizado o modelo de superfície de potência para as centrais de energia das ondas adaptado de António Falcão. As centrais são modeladas por meio de uma folha de cálculo, onde é calculada a energia produzida em Mértola e São Pedro de Moel (energia solar termoeléctrica e das ondas respectivamente) consoante o recurso do local. É feita a avaliação económica para quatro cenários designados como optimista, base, pessimista e base sem aplicação da tarifa bonificada, e é realizada uma análise de sensibilidade do VAL a diversas variáveis. Conclui-se sobre a viabilidade dos vários cenários e sobre possíveis alterações à tarifa binificada en consequência dos resultados obtidos. Segundo os pressupostos deste trabalho concluíu-se que a tarifa bonificada é demasiado elevada para os projectos em energia solar de concentração e demasiado baixa para projectos em energia das ondas.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 3 de Maio 2012, Universidade dos Açores.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 13 de Fevereiro de 2014, Universidade dos Açores.