Steps towards fully nonlinear simulations of arrays of OWSC

Abandonment of farming systems on upland areas in southwest Britain during the Late Bronze Age – some 3000 years ago – is widely considered a ‘classic’ demonstration of the impact of deteriorating climate on the vulnerability of populations in such marginal environments. Here we test the hypothesis that climate change drove the abandonment of upland areas by developing new chronologies for human activity on upland areas during the Bronze Age across southwest Britain (Dartmoor, Exmoor and Bodmin Moor). We find Bronze Age activity in these areas spanned 3900–2950 calendar years ago with abandonment by 2900 calendar years ago. Holocene Irish bog and lake oak tree populations provide evidence of major shifts in hydroclimate across western Britain and Ireland, coincident with ice rafted debris layers recognized in North Atlantic marine sediments, indicating significant changes in the latitude and intensity of zonal atmospheric circulation across the region. We observe abandonment of upland areas in southwest Britain coinciding with a sustained period of extreme wet conditions that commenced 3100 calendar years ago. Our results are consistent with the view that climate change increased the vulnerability of these early farming communities and led to a less intensive use of such marginal environments across Britain.

CFD Applications for Wave Energy Conversion Devices (MoonWEC) and Turbulent Fountains for Environmental Fluid Mechanics

This thesis is based on two studies that are related to floating wave energy conversion (WEC) devices and turbulent fountains. The ability of the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM® has been studied to simulate these phenomena. The CFD model has been compared with the physical experimental results. The first study presents a model of a WEC device, called MoonWEC, which is patented by the University of Bologna. The CFD model of the MoonWEC under the action of waves has been simulated using OpenFOAM and the results are promising. The reliability of the CFD model is confirmed by the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Bologna, for which a small-scale prototype of the MoonWEC was made from wood and brass. The second part of the thesis is related to the turbulent fountains which are formed when a heavier source fluid is injected upward into a lighter ambient fluid, or else a lighter source fluid is injected downward into a heavier ambient fluid. For this study, the first case is considered for laboratory experiments and the corresponding CFD model. The vertical releases of the source fluids into a quiescent, uniform ambient fluid, from a circular source, were studied with different densities in the laboratory experiments, conducted at the University of Parma. The CFD model has been set up for these experiments. Favourable results have been observed from the OpenFOAM simulations for the turbulent fountains as well, indicating that it can be a reliable tool for the simulation of such phenomena.

Analysis of Phase Separator Design Criteria Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Gravitational phase separation is a common unit operation found in most large-scale chemical processes. The need for phase separation can arise e.g. from product purification or protection of downstream equipment. In gravitational phase separation, the phases separate without the application of an external force. This is achieved in vessels where the flow velocity is lowered substantially compared to pipe flow. If the velocity is low enough, the denser phase settles towards the bottom of the vessel while the lighter phase rises. To find optimal configurations for gravitational phase separator vessels, several different geometrical and internal design features were evaluated based on simulations using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The studied features included inlet distributors, vessel dimensions, demister configurations and gas phase outlet configurations. Simulations were conducted as single phase steady state calculations. For comparison, additional simulations were performed as dynamic single and two-phase calculations. The steady state single phase calculations provided indications on preferred configurations for most above mentioned features. The results of the dynamic simulations supported the utilization of the computationally faster steady state model as a practical engineering tool. However, the two-phase model provides more truthful results especially with flows where a single phase does not determine the flow characteristics.

Engine LES with fuel-spray modeling

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Matrix-free time-stepping methods for the solution of TriGlobal instability problems

La inmensa mayoría de los flujos de relevancia ingenieril permanecen sin estudiar en el marco de la teoría de estabilidad global. Esto es debido a dos razones fundamentalmente, las dificultades asociadas con el análisis de los flujos turbulentos y los inmensos recursos computacionales requeridos para obtener la solución del problema de autovalores asociado al análisis de inestabilidad de flujos tridimensionales, también conocido como problema TriGlobal. En esta tesis se aborda el problema asociado con la tridimensionalidad. Se ha desarrollado una metodología general para obtener soluciones de problemas de análisis modal de las inestabilidades lineales globales mediante el acoplamiento de métodos de evolución temporal, desarrollados en este trabajo, con códigos de mecánica de fluidos computacional de segundo orden, utilizados de forma general en la industria. Esta metodología consiste en la resolución del problema de autovalores asociado al análisis de inestabilidad mediante métodos de proyección en subespacios de Krylov, con la particularidad de que dichos subespacios son generados por medio de la integración temporal de un vector inicial usando cualquier código de mecánica de fluidos computacional. Se han elegido tres problemas desafiantes en función de la exigencia de recursos computacionales necesarios y de la complejidad física para la demostración de la presente metodología: (i) el flujo en el interior de una cavidad tridimensional impulsada por una de sus tapas, (ii) el flujo alrededor de un cilindro equipado con aletas helicoidales a lo largo su envergadura y (iii) el flujo a través de una cavidad abierta tridimensinal en ausencia de homogeneidades espaciales. Para la validación de la tecnología se ha obtenido la solución del problema TriGlobal asociado al flujo en la cavidad tridimensional, utilizando el método de evolución temporal desarrollado acoplado con los operadores numéricos de flujo incompresible del código CFD OpenFOAM (código libre). Los resultados obtenidos coinciden plentamente con la literatura. La aplicación de esta metodología al estudio de inestabilidades globales de flujos abiertos tridimensionales ha proporcionado por primera vez, información sobre la transición tridimensional de estos flujos. Además, la metodología ha sido adaptada para resolver problemas adjuntos TriGlobales, permitiendo el control de flujo basado en modificaciones de las inestabilidades globales. Finalmente, se ha demostrado que la cantidad moderada de los recursos computacionales requeridos para la solución del problema de valor propio TriGlobal usando este método numérico, junto a su versatilidad al poder acoplarse a cualquier código aerodinámico, permite la realización de análisis de inestabilidad global y control de flujos complejos de relevancia industrial. Abstract Most flows of engineering relevance still remain unexplored in a global instability theory context for two reasons. First, because of the difficulties associated with the analysis of turbulent flows and, second, for the formidable computational resources required for the solution of the eigenvalue problem associated with the instability analysis of three-dimensional base flows, also known as TriGlobal problem. In this thesis, the problem associated with the three-dimensionality is addressed by means of the development of a general approach to the solution of large-scale global linear instability analysis by coupling a time-stepping approach with second order aerodynamic codes employed in industry. Three challenging flows in the terms of required computational resources and physical complexity have been chosen for demonstration of the present methodology; (i) the flow inside a wall-bounded three-dimensional lid-driven cavity, (ii) the flow past a cylinder fitted with helical strakes and (iii) the flow over a inhomogeneous three-dimensional open cavity. Results in excellent agreement with the literature have been obtained for the three-dimensional lid-driven cavity by using this methodology coupled with the incompressible solver of the open-source toolbox OpenFOAM®, which has served as validation. Moreover, significant physical insight of the instability of three-dimensional open flows has been gained through the application of the present time-stepping methodology to the other two cases. In addition, modifications to the present approach have been proposed in order to perform adjoint instability analysis of three-dimensional base flows and flow control; validation and TriGlobal examples are presented. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the moderate amount of computational resources required for the solution of the TriGlobal eigenvalue problem using this method enables the performance of instability analysis and control of flows of industrial relevance.

Studio fluidodinamico della caldaia di un impianto a biomassa

Lo studio ha lo scopo di analizzare la fluidodinamica di una caldaia di un co-inceneritore presente a Widmerpool (Nottingham, UK) costruito dall'azienda "STC Power, s.r.l.". L'obiettivo è analizzare profili di velocità, temperatura, densità, calore scambiato e tempo di residenza lungo il bruciatore del suddetto impianto per valutare la possibilità di formazione gas nocivi, come le diossine, durante il processo di combustione. Per la generazione della mesh per le simulazioni fluidodinamiche si sono utilizzati due differenti software: Salome (software open source) e starCCM+ (software con licenza). In particolare sono state prodotte due mesh differenti attraverso Salome. I risultati ottenuti dalle simulazioni con le due mesh sono stati messi a confronto con i risultati prodotti dalla simulazione con la mesh di starCCM+ per provare l'utilizzabilità di software open source anche nei casi ingegneristici reali. Nello studio si discusso inizialmente degli inceneritori a biomassa in maniera generale per poi concentrarsi sulle possibili emissioni che possono essere prodotte da un impianto di questo tipo e sui sistemi di controllo della combustione e abbattimento dei fumi. Si è descritto successivamente l'impianto analizzato e le condizioni di funzionamento analizzate. Sono stati descritti inoltre il metodo di costruzione delle tre diverse meshes, il solutore utilizzato e come sono state impostate le condizioni a contorno. Infine sono stati riportati i risultati e le conclusioni che hanno riportato una temperatura adatta all'abbattimento degli NOx alla'altezza dell'SNCR, tempi di residenza medi conformi con le normative e profili di temperature e velocità corrispondenti a quelle aspettate dalla caldaia. Infine si sono analizzate le differenze tra i risultati ottenuti dalle tre simulazioni con le diverse meshes.

Avaliação da qualidade do ar interior e estudos CFD em espaços do ISEP

Mestrado em Engenharia Química. Ramo Tecnologias de Protecção Ambiental.

Development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM

The main purpose of this work was the development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric ows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM. For this aim, tools and procedures were developed apart from this code for the preprocessing and data extraction, which were thereafter applied in the simulation of a real case. For the generation of the computational domain, a systematic method able to translate the terrain elevation model to a native OpenFOAM format (blockMeshDict) was developed. The outcome was a structured mesh, in which the user has the ability to de ne the number of control volumes and its dimensions. With this procedure, the di culties of case set up and the high computation computational e ort reported in literature associated to the use of snappyHexMesh, the OpenFOAM resource explored until then for the accomplishment of this task, were considered to be overwhelmed. Developed procedures for the generation of boundary conditions allowed for the automatic creation of idealized inlet vertical pro les, de nition of wall functions boundary conditions and the calculation of internal eld rst guesses for the iterative solution process, having as input experimental data supplied by the user. The applicability of the generated boundary conditions was limited to the simulation of turbulent, steady-state, incompressible and neutrally strati ed atmospheric ows, always recurring to RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) models. For the modelling of terrain roughness, the developed procedure allowed to the user the de nition of idealized conditions, like an uniform aerodynamic roughness length or making its value variable as a function of topography characteristic values, or the using of real site data, and it was complemented by the development of techniques for the visual inspection of generated roughness maps. The absence and the non inclusion of a forest canopy model limited the applicability of this procedure to low aerodynamic roughness lengths. The developed tools and procedures were then applied in the simulation of a neutrally strati ed atmospheric ow over the Askervein hill. In the performed simulations was evaluated the solution sensibility to di erent convection schemes, mesh dimensions, ground roughness and formulations of the k - ε and k - ω models. When compared to experimental data, calculated values showed a good agreement of speed-up in hill top and lee side, with a relative error of less than 10% at a height of 10 m above ground level. Turbulent kinetic energy was considered to be well simulated in the hill windward and hill top, and grossly predicted in the lee side, where a zone of ow separation was also identi ed. Despite the need of more work to evaluate the importance of the downstream recirculation zone in the quality of gathered results, the agreement between the calculated and experimental values and the OpenFOAM sensibility to the tested parameters were considered to be generally in line with the simulations presented in the reviewed bibliographic sources.

Simulação de Escoamentos Atmosféricos para Estudo de Parques Eólicos: Estudo comparativo dos softwares OpenFOAM e Windie

A presente tese tem como principal objetivo a comparação entre dois software de CFD (Computer Fluid Dynamics) na simulação de escoamentos atmosféricos com vista à sua aplicação ao estudo e caracterização de parques eólicos. O software em causa são o OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) - freeware open source genérico - e o Windie, ferramenta especializada no estudo de parques eólicos. Para este estudo foi usada a topografia circundante a um parque eólico situado na Grécia, do qual dispúnhamos de resultados de uma campanha de medições efetuada previamente. Para este _m foram usados procedimentos e ferramentas complementares ao Open-FOAM, desenvolvidas por da Silva Azevedo (2013) adequados para a realização do pré-processamento, extração de dados e pós-processamento, aplicados na simulação do caso pratico. As condições de cálculo usadas neste trabalho limitaram-se às usadas na simulação de escoamentos previamente simulados pelo software Windie: condições de escoamento turbulento, estacionário, incompressível e em regime não estratificado, com o recurso ao modelo de turbulência RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes ) k - E atmosférico. Os resultados de ambas as simulações - OpenFOAM e Windie - foram comparados com resultados de uma campanha de medições, através dos valores de speed-up e intensidade turbulenta nas posições dos anemómetros.

Kaasujäähdytteinen nopea reaktori – Virtauskanavan painehäviö CFD-laskennalla

Kandidaatintyössä tarkastellaan kaasujäähdytteistä nopeaa reaktoria, joka on yksi monista tulevaisuuden ydinvoimalaitosten konsepteista. Aluksi esitellään lyhyesti kaupalliset reaktorisukupolvet ja tulevan neljännen sukupolven tärkeimmät linjaukset. Teoriaosuudessa esitellään CFD-laskennan pääperiaatteet ja käsitellään hieman turbulenssin mallinnusta ja työssä käytettyä OpenFOAM-ohjelmistoa. Työhön liittyy CFD-laskenta, jossa polttoaineen virtauskanavan painehäviö lasketaan eri ripakonstruktioilla. Simulaatioiden perusteella pohditaan myös turbulenttisen virtauksen vaikutusta lämmönsiirron tehokkuuteen. Tarkkoja mittauksia ja CFDlaskentoja tarvitaan, jotta voidaan tehdä tarkkoja korrelaatioita painehäviöille ja lämmönsiirtokertoimille termohydrauliikan mallinnusohjelmia varten.

Validazione e taratura dei modelli di cavitazione di Merkle e Kunz implementati in OpenFOAM

Il presente lavoro si prefigge come scopo la validazione e successiva taratura dei modelli di cavitazione di Merkle e Kunz, basati sulla modellazione del trasferimento di massa, implementati nel software OpenFOAM. Lo studio riguarda la fluidodinamica computazionale. L'operazione di taratura e condotta dall'utente variando i parametri liberi dei vari modelli, con lo scopo di avvicinare il risultato computazionale a quello sperimentale.

Development of a wake model for wind farms based on an open source CFD solver. Strategies on parabolization and turbulence modeling

Wake effect represents one of the most important aspects to be analyzed at the engineering phase of every wind farm since it supposes an important power deficit and an increase of turbulence levels with the consequent decrease of the lifetime. It depends on the wind farm design, wind turbine type and the atmospheric conditions prevailing at the site. Traditionally industry has used analytical models, quick and robust, which allow carry out at the preliminary stages wind farm engineering in a flexible way. However, new models based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are needed. These models must increase the accuracy of the output variables avoiding at the same time an increase in the computational time. Among them, the elliptic models based on the actuator disk technique have reached an extended use during the last years. These models present three important problems in case of being used by default for the solution of large wind farms: the estimation of the reference wind speed upstream of each rotor disk, turbulence modeling and computational time. In order to minimize the consequence of these problems, this PhD Thesis proposes solutions implemented under the open source CFD solver OpenFOAM and adapted for each type of site: a correction on the reference wind speed for the general elliptic models, the semi-parabollic model for large offshore wind farms and the hybrid model for wind farms in complex terrain. All the models are validated in terms of power ratios by means of experimental data derived from real operating wind farms.

Development of a PWR-W and an AP1000® containment building 3D model with a CFD code for Best-Estimate Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis

The simulation of design basis accidents in a containment building is usually conducted with a lumped parameter model. The codes normally used by Westinghouse Electric Company (WEC) for that license analysis are WGOTHIC or COCO, which are suitable to provide an adequate estimation of the overall peak temperature and pressure of the containment. However, for the detailed study of the thermal-hydraulic behavior in every room and compartment of the containment building, it could be more convenient to model the containment with a more detailed 3D representation of the geometry of the whole building. The main objective of this project is to obtain a standard PWR Westinghouse as well as an AP1000® containment model for a CFD code to analyze the thermal-hydraulic detailed behavior during a design basis accident. In this paper the development and testing of both containment models is presented.

Validazione del modello di film fluido implementato in OpenFOAM

Le prestazioni dei motori a combustione interna sono fortemente influenzate dalla formazione di un film fluido, a seguito dell'impatto di uno spray con una parete. Nell'ottica di favorire la formazione della miscela e di ridurre le emissioni, lo studio approfondito di tale fenomeno deve essere supportato da un processo di simulazione assistita dal calcolatore. Pertanto, la Fluidodinamica Computazionale (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) ed i modelli ad essa associati rappresentano al giorno d'oggi uno strumento vantaggioso e sempre più utilizzato. In questo ambito si colloca il presente lavoro di tesi, che si propone di validare il modello di film fluido implementato nel software OpenFOAM-2.3.0, confrontando i risultati ottenuti, in termini di altezza del film fluido, con quelli del caso sperimentale di Le Coz et al.

Caratterizzazione mediante flussaggio stazionario CFD di condotti di motori a combustione interna 'SACI'

In questo lavoro di tesi si è voluta creare una metodologia solida per la generazione di geome-trie banchi di flussaggio stazionario, sia per Tumble che per Swirl, a varie alzate valvole (in questo caso solo aspirazione, ma estendibile anche a quelle di scarico), avvalendosi del soft-ware SALOME; seguite da creazione griglia di calcolo e infine simulazione in ambiente Open-FOAM. Per prima cosa si è importata la geometria creata in un CAD esterno e importata in SALOME in formato STEP. A seguito si sono posizionate le valvole all’alzata da simulare, insieme alla creazione del falso cilindro, diversificato tra il caso Tumble e Swirl. Si è importato il file del banco di flussaggio, in formato STL, in snappyHexMesh e generata la griglia; questa è stata utilizzata per la simulazione in ambiente OpenFOAM, utilizzando l’utility rhoPorousSimpleFoam. Infine, si sono estratti i dati per il calcolo di grandezze utili, coppia di Tumble/Swirl e portata in massa, oltre alla creazione di immagini di visualizzazione campi di moto, utilizzando il post processore ParaView. In parallelo si è sviluppata l’automatizzazione delle varie fasi servendosi sia di script scritti in python che in bash.