Variabilidade intra-específica em cinco populações de Oncidium varicosum Lindl. (Orchidaceae -- Oncidiinae) em Minas Gerais

Com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade genética intra-específica em Oncidium varicosum Lindl. (Orchidaceae - Oncidiinae), foram avaliadas cinco populações de Minas Gerais, coletadas em Alfenas (AL), Estiva (ES), Pedra do Coração (PC), Pedra Branca (PB) e Pouso Alegre (PA). Foram considerados 22 caracteres florais, medidos a partir de "vouchers" (fichas florais), empregando-se métodos estatísticos univariados e multivariados (análise discriminante canônica - CDA e análise de agrupamento a partir de distância de Mahalanobis). Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre populações, pelo teste F, para 13 caracteres. O primeiro eixo canônico separou a população PA de PB e de PC. Os indivíduos de PA são menores que os de PC, que são menores que os de PB. AL se sobrepôs a PA, ES e PC pelo primeiro eixo, mas se separou completamente de PA e quase que totalmente das demais populações de acordo com o segundo eixo canônico, por apresentar características como colunas compridas e espessas, sépalas laterais compridas e estreitas e ovários mais curtos. De acordo com a análise de agrupamento, novamente a população AL divergiu das demais. Observou-se que as populações ES, PC e PB são mais próximas entre si, seguidas da população de PA. O padrão de variabilidade genética observado não parece estar relacionado a diferenças de latitude. Entretanto, parece estar associado a diferenças de longitude, embora este único fator pode não ser suficiente para explicá-lo.

Reproductive biology of Trichocentrum pumilum: an orchid pollinated by oil-collecting bees

The reproductive biology, reward production and pollination mechanism of Trichocentrum pumilum were studied in a gallery forest in the interior of the State of Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. The floral visitors and pollination mechanism were recorded, and experimental pollinations were carried out in order to determine the breeding system of this species. Trichocentrum pumilum blooms in spring. Each paniculate inflorescence bears an average of 85 flowers that present a central yellow callus and finger-like trichomes on the lateral lobes of the lip. A lipoidal substance is produced and stored among these trichomes. In the studied population, T. pumilum is exclusively visited and pollinated by two bee species (Tetrapedia diversipes and Lophopedia nigrispinis). Pollinaria are deposited on mouthparts of bees during collection of the lipoidal substance from the lateral lobes of the labellum. Trichocentrum pumilum is self-incompatible and pollinator-limited. Natural fruit set was low (9%, compared to 45% in experimentally cross-pollinated flowers). Potentially viable seed exceed 97% in fruits obtained through cross-pollination and in natural conditions (open pollination).

Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids.

The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry-a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model-one mimic system-operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant-animal interactions.

Convergent evolution of floral signals underlies the success of Neotropical orchids

The great majority of plant species in the tropics require animals to achieve pollination, but the exact role of floral signals in attraction of animal pollinators is often debated. Many plants provide a floral reward to attract a guild of pollinators, and it has been proposed that floral signals of non-rewarding species may converge on those of rewarding species to exploit the relationship of the latter with their pollinators. In the orchid family (Orchidaceae), pollination is almost universally animal-mediated, but a third of species provide no floral reward, which suggests that deceptive pollination mechanisms are prevalent. Here, we examine floral colour and shape convergence in Neotropical plant communities, focusing on certain food-deceptive Oncidiinae orchids (e.g. Trichocentrum ascendens and Oncidium nebulosum) and rewarding species of Malpighiaceae. We show that the species from these two distantly related families are often more similar in floral colour and shape than expected by chance and propose that a system of multifarious floral mimicry—a form of Batesian mimicry that involves multiple models and is more complex than a simple one model–one mimic system—operates in these orchids. The same mimetic pollination system has evolved at least 14 times within the species-rich Oncidiinae throughout the Neotropics. These results help explain the extraordinary diversification of Neotropical orchids and highlight the complexity of plant–animal interactions.

Narrow Fungal Mycorrhizal Diversity in a Population of the Orchid Coppensia doniana

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)