Roost tree characteristics determine use by the white-striped freetail bat (Tadarida australis, Chiroptera : Molossidae) in suburban subtropical Brisbane, Australia

We examined factors affecting roost tree selection by the white-striped freetail bat Tadarida australis (Chiroptera: Molossidae), a large insectivorous bat in suburban Brisbane, Australia. We compared biophysical characteristics associated with 34 roost trees and 170 control trees of similar diameter, height and tree senescence characters. Roost trees used by the white-striped freetail bat had significantly higher numbers of hollows in the trunk and branches (P < 0.003) and were more likely to contain a large trunk cavity with an internal diameter of > 30 cm (P < 0.001) than control trees. These trees also accommodated more species of hollow-using fauna (P = 0.005). When comparing roost trees with control trees of similar diameters and heights, roost trees were on average at a later stage of tree senescence (P < 0.001). None of the roost trees were found in the large forest reserves fringing the Brisbane metropolitan area despite these areas being used for foraging by the white-striped freetail bat. Although all tree locations in this study were in modified landscapes, roost trees tended to be surrounded by groups of trees and undergrowth. Roost trees provide important habitat requirements for hollow-using fauna in suburban, rural and forested environments.

Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosome library of black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)

The large-insert genomic DNA library is a critical resource for genome-wide genetic dissection of target species. We constructed a high-redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a New World monkey species, the black-handed spider monkey

Anatomía Cerebral del mono araña Ateles geoffroyi estudiada utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética. Primer reporte: estudio comparativo con el cerebro humano Homo Sapiens

El objetivo del presente estudio cualitativo fue analizar los aspectos morfológicos de la anatomía cerebral interna utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM) en dos especies de primates, El mono Araña (A. geoffroyi) y el humano (H. sapiens), tomando como base un estudio comparativo de las estructuras cerebrales de las dos especies, concentrándose primordialmente en el sistema límbico del cerebro del mono araña. Aunque es una especie común en el hemisferio occidental, es interesante para estudiar dada su organización social y funciones motoras, el mono araña (A. geoffroyi) ha sido poco estudiado en cuanto a su neuroanatomía. Las IRM fueron hechas a un mono araña utilizando un resonador General Electrics Signa 1.5 T. Esta investigación se llevo a cabo conforme a las leyes internacionales para la protección de animales en cautiverio y teniendo en cuenta todas las medidas de protección para el manejo experimental para evitar cualquier efecto residual de índole comportamental o fisiológico. Desde un punto de vista cualitativo, los cerebros del mono araña y el humano tenían estructuras similares. Con respecto a la forma, las estructuras más parecidas fueron encontradas en el sistema límbico, sin embargo la curvatura cervical, la amígdala, el hipocampo, la comisura anterior y el colículo fueron más grandes proporcionalmente en el mono araña que en el humano.

Anatomía Cerebral del mono araña Ateles geoffroyi estudiada utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética. Primer reporte: estudio comparativo con el cerebro humano Homo Sapiens

El objetivo del presente estudio cualitativo fue analizar los aspectos morfológicos de la anatomía cerebral interna utilizando imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM) en dos especies de primates, El mono Araña (A. geoffroyi) y el humano (H. sapiens), tomando como base un estudio comparativo de las estructuras cerebrales de las dos especies, concentrándose primordialmente en el sistema límbico del cerebro del mono araña. Aunque es una especie común en el hemisferio occidental, es interesante para estudiar dada su organización social y funciones motoras, el mono araña (A. geoffroyi) ha sido poco estudiado en cuanto a su neuroanatomía. Las IRM fueron hechas a un mono araña utilizando un resonador General Electrics Signa 1.5 T. Esta investigación se llevo a cabo conforme a las leyes internacionales para la protección de animales en cautiverio y teniendo en cuenta todas las medidas de protección para el manejo experimental para evitar cualquier efecto residual de índole comportamental o fisiológico. Desde un punto de vista cualitativo, los cerebros del mono araña y el humano tenían estructuras similares. Con respecto a la forma, las estructuras más parecidas fueron encontradas en el sistema límbico, sin embargo la curvatura cervical, la amígdala, el hipocampo, la comisura anterior y el colículo fueron más grandes proporcionalmente en el mono araña que en el humano.

Avaliação da influência do enriquecimento ambiental nas variáveis comportamentais de saguis-de-cara-branca (Callithrix geoffroyi) em cativeiro

Six species of the genus Callithrix can be found across the Atlantic Forest extension, being the Callithrix geoffroyi, Geoffroy`s marmoset, the least studied species. The objective of this study is to investigate the behavioral aspects of the species in captivity, and how the environmental enrichment techniques influence those behaviors. To this end, we have studied three specimens of C. geoffroyi, in captivity at Municipal Zoo of Piracicaba, São Paulo. The enclosure includes a 37m2 with under masonry, concrete platforms with external deep, trunks, a floor of grass and soil, e grid in their other three sides. The sampling method was focal per time interval, with records every 30 seconds in sessions of 30 minutes, totaling 30 hours for each animal, which were distributed in a baseline phase, an environmental enrichment phase and post-enrichment phase (n = 3660 records in each phase). The twelve enrichment techniques were applied: the physical environment (branches for perches and hoses fabrics for bedding and vanishing points), cognitive (radio, mirror, puzzle food) and food (insects, flowers and eggs hidden, wrapped). Initially, to determine the period of greatest activity of marmosets, we investigated the pattern of activity for three days (9:00 am to 17:00 pm) consecutively at intervals of 15 minutes, recording the number of active and inactive individuals. The 495 records signaled greater activity in the morning, then selected period for the completion of this work. The ethogram comprised 16 behaviors. The inactivity was the predominant phase behavior baseline and post-enrichment with a significant decrease (h=8,62, p <0.01) in the enrichment phase, and a significant increase in the post enrichment (h=18,15, p <0.001). The same was seen for the use of substrate (grid and ground vs. Trunk and concrete, h=5,09, p <0.001 and h=3,98, p <0.05)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Palaeoecology of the Mount Etna bat fauna, coastal Eastern Queensland

Global warming is already threatening many animal and plant communities worldwide, however, the effect of climate change on bat populations is poorly known. Understanding the factors influencing the survival of bats is crucial to their conservation, and this cannot be achieved solely by modern ecological studies. Palaeoecological investigations provide a perspective over a much longer temporal scale, allowing the understanding of the dynamic patterns that shaped the distribution of modern taxa. In this study twelve microchiropteran fossil assemblages from Mount Etna, central-eastern Queensland, ranging in age from more than 500,000 years to the present day, were investigated. The aim was to assess the responses of insectivorous bats to Quaternary environmental changes, including climatic fluctuations and recent anthropogenic impacts. In particular, this investigation focussed on the effects of increasing late Pleistocene aridity, the subsequent retraction of rainforest habitat, and the impact of cave mining following European settlement at Mount Etna. A thorough examination of the dental morphology of all available extant Australian bat taxa was conducted in order to identify the fossil taxa prior to their analysis in term of species richness and composition. This detailed odontological work provided new diagnostic dental characters for eighteen species and one genus. It also provided additional useful dental characters for three species and seven genera. This odontological analysis allowed the identification of fifteen fossil bat taxa from the Mount Etna deposits, all being representatives of extant bats, and included ten taxa identified to the species level (i.e., Macroderma gigas, Hipposideros semoni, Rhinolophus megaphyllus, Miniopterus schreibersii, Miniopterus australis, Scoteanax rueppellii, Chalinolobus gouldii, Chalinolobus dwyeri, Chalinolobus nigrogriseus and Vespadelus troughtoni) and five taxa identified to the generic level (i.e., Mormopterus, Taphozous, Nyctophilus, Scotorepens and Vespadelus). Palaeoecological analysis of the fossil taxa revealed that, unlike the non-volant mammal taxa, bats have remained essentially stable in terms of species diversity and community membership between the mid-Pleistocene rainforest habitat and the mesic habitat that occurs today in the region. The single major exception is Hipposideros semoni, which went locally extinct at Mount Etna. Additionally, while intensive mining operations resulted in the abandonment of at least one cave that served as a maternity roost in the recent past, the diversity of the Mount Etna bat fauna has not declined since European colonisation. The overall resilience through time of the bat species discussed herein is perhaps due to their unique ecological, behavioural, and physiological characteristics as well as their ability to fly, which have allowed them to successfully adapt to their changing environment. This study highlights the importance of palaeoecological analyses as a tool to gain an understanding of how bats have responded to environmental change in the past and provides valuable information for the conservation of threatened modern species, such as H. semoni.

Distribution, ecology, life history, genetic variation, and risk of extinction of nonhuman primates from Costa Rica

We examined the association between geographic distribution, ecological traits, life history, genetic diversity, and risk of extinction in nonhuman primate species from Costa Rica. All of the current nonhuman primate species from Costa Rica are included in the study; spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), capuchins (Cebus capucinus), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii). Geographic distribution was characterized accessing existing databases. Data on ecology and life history traits were obtained through a literature review. Genetic diversity was characterized using isozyme electrophoresis. Risk of extinction was assessed from the literature. We found that species differed in all these traits. Using these data, we conducted a Pearson correlation between risk of extinction and ecological and life history traits, and genetic variation, for widely distributed species. We found a negative association between risk of extinction and population birth and growth rates; indicating that slower reproducing species had a greater risk of extinction. We found a positive association between genetic variation and risk of extinction; i.e., species showing higher genetic variation had a greater risk of extinction. The relevance of these traits for conservation efforts is discussed.

Spider monkey home ranges: A comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation

The ranging patterns of two male and five female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were studied with the use of radio telemetry in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. The average size of a spider monkey home range was 62.4 hectares; however, range size varied with sex, and, for females, with the presence of a dependent infant. The probability of encountering a radio‐collared spider monkey in a three‐hour search using radio telemetry (0.91) was much greater than using a visual search (0.20), and telemetric data resulted in a larger estimate of mean home range size than did observational data, when all subjects were compared. However, the difference appeared to be owing to the presence of male ranges in the telemetric, but not the observational, data. When the size of home ranges derived from radio‐tracking data for adult females was compared to size of ranges for adult females derived from observations, the results were not significantly different. Adult males had larger home ranges than adult females, thus lending support to the hypothesis that males have adapted to the dispersion of females by occupying a large home range that overlaps the ranges of several adult females. The smallest home ranges were occupied by low‐weight females with dependent infants, perhaps reflecting social and energetic constraints. Copyright © 1988 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company

A coprological survey of parasites of wild mantled howling monkeys, Alouatta palliata palliata.

Fecal samples from 155 mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) examined at Centro Ecologico La Pacifica, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, revealed 75 (48%) had parasitic infections. A sampling of nine howling monkeys from Santa Rosa National Park. Costa Rica indicated only one infected animal (11%). Only three of 19 (16%) spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) also from Santa Rosa were infected. Controrchis biliophilus, Trypanoxyuris minutus, unidentified strongylid eggs and Isospora sp. oocysts were found. Three monkeys from La Pacifica died and were examined for adult helminths. They were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, C. biliophilus and T. minutus.

Field methods for capture and measurement of three monkey species in Costa Rica.

A total of 54 free-ranging monkeys were captured and marked in Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica, during May 1985, and an additional 17 were captured during March 1986. The animals were darted using a blowpipe or a CO2 gun. The drugs used were Ketaset, Sernylan and Telazol. Ketaset was effective for Cebus capucinus but unsuccessful for Alouatta palliata and Ateles geoffroyi. Sernylan was successful for A. geoffroyi and A. palliata but is no longer commercially available. Telazol proved to be an excellent alternative capture drug for both A. palliata and A. geoffroyi.

Stable isotope ratios indicate diet and habitat use in New World monkeys.

This paper demonstrates the use of stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in animal tissue for indicating aspects of species behavioral strategy. We analyzed hair from individuals representing four species of New World monkeys (Alouatta palliata, the mantled howler; Ateles geoffroyi, the spider monkey; Cebus capucinus, the capuchin; and Brachyteles arachnoides, the woolly-spider monkey or muriqui) for delta 13C and delta 15N using previously developed methods. There are no significant differences in either carbon or nitrogen ratios between sexes, sampling year, or year of analysis. Seasonal differences in delta 13C reached a low level of significance but do not affect general patterns. Variation within species was similar to that recorded previously within single individuals. The omega 13C data show a bimodal distribution with significant difference between the means. The two monkey populations living in an evergreen forest were similar to each other and different from the other two monkey populations that inhabited dry, deciduous forests. This bimodal distribution is independent of any particular species' diet and reflects the level of leaf cover in the two types of forest. The delta 15N data display three significantly different modes. The omnivorous capuchins were most positive reflecting a trophic level offset. The spider monkeys and the muriquis were similar to one another and significantly more positive than the howlers. This distribution among totally herbivorous species correlates with the ingestion of legumes by the howler monkey population. In combination, these data indicate that museum-curated primate material can be analyzed to yield information on forest cover and diet in populations and species lacking behavioral data.

Efecto de las forestaciones sobre el uso de hábitat y la disponibilidad de recursos de mamíferos carnívoros nativos en el NO patagónico

La plantación de pino en Patagonia ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, y es escaso el conocimiento de su impacto sobre la biodiversidad, particularmente sobre especies de altos requerimientos de hábitat. Mediante trampas cámara se estudiaron cambios en el uso de hábitat de carnívoros en vegetación de ecotono estepa-bosque respecto a plantaciones, y a otras estructuras del paisaje forestado, como cortafuegos, remanentes de vegetación nativa, y plantaciones ralas. Para explorar las diferencias en el uso del hábitat, se caracterizó el mismo a distintas escalas espaciales y se determinó la abundancia recursos tróficos. Se registraron cuatro especies: 1) Gato montés (Leopardus geoffroyi), fue registrado en vegetación nativa, cortafuegos y remanentes de vegetación nativa, pero no en plantaciones; estuvo correlacionado negativamente con la cobertura y densidad arbórea y positivamente con la abundancia de liebre. 2) Zorro colorado (Lycalopex culpaeus) y 3) zorrino (Conepatus chinga), fueron más abundantes en vegetación nativa que en plantaciones, y dentro del paisaje forestado prefirieron plantaciones ralas y cortafuegos. Ambas se asociaron positivamente a la cobertura de vegetación nativa, y el zorro también se asoció positivamente a la abundancia de liebre y riqueza herbácea. 4) Puma (Puma concolor) utilizó en similar medida todos los tipos de hábitat; y se asoció positivamente con la abundancia de jabalí y cobertura de plantación a escala de paisaje. En conclusión, las plantaciones desencadenan cambios en los distintos niveles tróficos de la comunidad, afectando a las presas nativas y favoreciendo a las exóticas, lo cual repercute de distinta manera sobre los carnívoros. A pesar de que gran parte de las especies se ven afectadas en alguna medida, los resultados indican que mediante prácticas de manejo y diseños de paisaje es posible mejorar significativamente la calidad del hábitat, de modo de hacer compatible la actividad forestal con la conservación de la fauna

Efecto de las forestaciones sobre el uso de hábitat y la disponibilidad de recursos de mamíferos carnívoros nativos en el NO patagónico

La plantación de pino en Patagonia ha aumentado en las últimas décadas, y es escaso el conocimiento de su impacto sobre la biodiversidad, particularmente sobre especies de altos requerimientos de hábitat. Mediante trampas cámara se estudiaron cambios en el uso de hábitat de carnívoros en vegetación de ecotono estepa-bosque respecto a plantaciones, y a otras estructuras del paisaje forestado, como cortafuegos, remanentes de vegetación nativa, y plantaciones ralas. Para explorar las diferencias en el uso del hábitat, se caracterizó el mismo a distintas escalas espaciales y se determinó la abundancia recursos tróficos. Se registraron cuatro especies: 1)Gato montés (Leopardus geoffroyi), fue registrado en vegetación nativa, cortafuegos y remanentes de vegetación nativa, pero no en plantaciones; estuvo correlacionado negativamente con la cobertura y densidad arbórea y positivamente con la abundancia de liebre. 2)Zorro colorado (Lycalopex culpaeus)y 3)zorrino (Conepatus chinga), fueron más abundantes en vegetación nativa que en plantaciones, y dentro del paisaje forestado prefirieron plantaciones ralas y cortafuegos. Ambas se asociaron positivamente a la cobertura de vegetación nativa, y el zorro también se asoció positivamente a la abundancia de liebre y riqueza herbácea. 4)Puma (Puma concolor)utilizó en similar medida todos los tipos de hábitat; y se asoció positivamente con la abundancia de jabalí y cobertura de plantación a escala de paisaje. En conclusión, las plantaciones desencadenan cambios en los distintos niveles tróficos de la comunidad, afectando a las presas nativas y favoreciendo a las exóticas, lo cual repercute de distinta manera sobre los carnívoros. A pesar de que gran parte de las especies se ven afectadas en alguna medida, los resultados indican que mediante prácticas de manejo y diseños de paisaje es posible mejorar significativamente la calidad del hábitat, de modo de hacer compatible la actividad forestal con la conservación de la fauna

SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN CAPTIVE NEOTROPICAL FELIDS IN FOZ do IGUACU, PARANA, BRAZIL

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morcegos cavernícolas da região do Distrito Federal, centro-oeste do Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)