O Cuidador de Enfermagem e o Cuidar em Uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; The Nursing Caregiver and the Caring in Intensive Care Units

There are several aggressive factors in Intensive Care Units (ICU), which reach not only patients, but the nursing caregivers, since they participate in complex procedures and death of patients. Nursing caregivers may have difficulties on their daily work routine that can influence the way of care. The goal of this study was to identify the aspects of nursing caregivers working in adult ICU. It is a describe-exploratory study with qualitative approach, developed among 21 ICU adult nursing caregivers of a school hospital in Paraná. The data were collected in May and July, 2009 by recorded and transcribed semi-structured interviews. Four categories for analysis were identified: the aspects of ICU assistance, the meaning of healthcare for the nursing caregivers, the understanding of healthcare positive aspects and disclosing the difficulties of caring. The results revealed that caring is related to some factors such as mixed feelings, the mental and physical damage caused by stress; the understanding of total caring, scientific-technique procedures, family engagement in the assistance and humanization. The positive aspects are related to the welfare due to satisfaction in the work done and recognition of work. The difficulties involved death situations, psychological and biological damages, establishing links with patients and the uncaring toward the nursing caregivers.

Qualidade de vida do cuidador de enfermagem e sua relação com o cuidar; Quality of life of the nursing caregiver and its relationship with care

Objective:To identify aspects that affect the quality of life of nursing caregivers and their relationship with care in an Intensive Care Unit for Adults (A-ICU). Methods:This was a descriptive study with qualitative approach, taking as subjects 21 professionals who constitute the nursing staff of the A-ICU of a school hospital in Maringá-PR. Unstructured interview was used as a strategy to collect data, conducted between May and June 2009. Data analysis was based on the method of content analysis. The categories identified were: overlooking improvement in quality of life related to the resources in an A-ICU; the quality of life influencing the form of care; interpersonal relationships into the health team reflecting on the quality of life and care. Results:The analysis of caregivers’ speech and the results of the observation showed that there is correlation between the aspects they consider influential in their quality of life and the way of caring for patients in an A-ICU.Conclusion: The findings indicate that, among the influential aspects, the stressful factors overlap the enhancing ones. From this perspective, dealing with caregiver’s suffering might be the starting point for the improvement in quality of care in an A-ICU.

Household members and health care workers as supervisors of tuberculosis treatment

OBJECTIVE: To compare tuberculosis cure rates among patients supervised by household members or health care workers. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 171 patients treated by the program in Vitoria, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004 to 2007. Each patient was followed-up for six months until the end of the treatment. Of the patients studied, a household member supervised 59 patients and healthcare workers supervised 112 patients. Patients' sociodemographic and clinic data were analyzed. Differences between groups were assessed using chi-square test or Student's t-test. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Most patients had smear positive, culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. Two patients were HIV-positive. There were more illiterate patients in the healthcare-supervised group, in comparison to those supervised by their families (p=0.01). All patients supervised by a household member were cured compared to 90% of the patients supervised by health care workers (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Successful tuberculosis treatment was more frequent when supervised by household members.

Perfil y realidad social de los cuidadores principales de pacientes dependientes tratados con hemodiálisis

La sociedad actual presenta 2 características sociosanitarias impensables en otras épocas: el espectacular aumento de la esperanza de vida y la cronicidad de muchas enfermedades. La esperanza de vida en los países occidentales ha pasado en menos de 5 décadas de los 60 a los 85 años, produciéndose el fenómeno demográfico denominado el"envejecimiento del envejecimiento", por lo que se prevé que en el año 2016 los mayores de 80 años serán más del 6% de la población total. España es especialmente sensible a este problema, ya que, según datos del IMSERSO, ocupa el quinto lugar en la Unión Europea en cuanto a población de personas mayores de 65 años.

O significado de qualidade de vida para cuidadores de enfermagem de uma unidade de terapia intensiva adulto

Quality of life of nursing caregivers who work in the ICU has been the focus of several studies in recent decades. This study aimed to identify the meaning of quality of life given by nursing caregivers working in ICUs for adults. This was a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach. There were five central themes that gave direction to the meaning of quality of life: QOL as biopsychosociospiritual welfare; time for family and social life; QOL related to leisure; professional achievement as a source of QOL; and financial stability. The findings suggest that the meaning of quality of life is subjective, because it depends on the importance of the factors that nursing caregivers attaches to their life, such as those related to personal needs, resources and training materials for their job performance and professional achievement, as well as being valued by means of economic stability.

Vivências dos cuidadores de idosos durante a internação hospitalar

O estudo objetivou conhecer as vivências do cuidador principal no cuidado do idoso no hospital. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva exploratória de cunho qualitativo. Foi executada nas unidades de clínica médica, cirúrgica e serviço de pronto atendimento de um hospital universitário do sul do país, entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2013, através de um roteiro de entrevista, respondido por 11 cuidadores de idosos com doenças crônicas. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas com a técnica de análise temática de Minayo. Nesta pesquisa, os cuidadores se caracterizam por ser, na sua maioria, do sexo feminino, casadas, com filhos, sem emprego remunerado e serem filhas do idoso hospitalizado. Os cuidadores participantes entendem a atividade de cuidar como um dever moral, resultado das relações pessoais e familiares. A partir do momento em que necessitam desempenhar tal papel, o assumem como uma exigência decorrente do fato de viverem em família. Os motivos que levaram o cuidador a desempenhar este papel relacionam-se com fatores inerentes ao idoso, como estado de saúde e grau de parentesco. Ao cuidador, fazem alusão ao dever/obrigação, gratidão/retribuição, grau de parentesco, gênero, proximidade afetiva, estado civil, situação atual de emprego e ausência de outra pessoa para realizar o cuidado. Durante o processo de hospitalização do idoso, o cuidador desenvolve ações, tem facilidades e dificuldades e utiliza estratégias que o auxiliam a cuidar. Ao vivenciar o cuidado ao idoso no hospital é influenciado a tornar-se cuidador, apresenta diversas experiências ao cuidar e precisa promover mudanças, em relação ao cuidado, com a internação do idoso. Ao implementar estratégias de cuidado durante a hospitalização do idoso, o familiar cuidador se organiza para cuidar e faz uso de uma rede de apoio para o cuidado. Constatou-se que o idoso e seu cuidador centralizam as necessidades e as decisões, que a rede de apoio informal é a principal provedora de auxílio durante a hospitalização do idoso e que a rede de apoio formal extrahospitalar é existente, porém não apresenta participação ativa no suporte do cuidador familiar. Por outro lado, a equipe de enfermagem responsável pelo cuidado intra-hospitalar foi uma participante ativa na totalidade dos relatos, provendo tanto o cuidado técnico especializado quanto a ajuda nas situações cotidianas emergentes, bem como suporte emocional aos cuidadores e idosos. Outro aspecto relevante destacado foi a falta de ajuda de alguns familiares no amparo aos cuidadores ou até mesmo ao idoso hospitalizado. Esse fato é considerado, pelos cuidadores, uma situação inaceitável, pois a família é vista como o sustentáculo em momentos de crise. As implicações deste estudo nas intervenções da enfermagem no cuidado ao doente e sua família estão relacionadas às discussões e reflexões, a serem realizadas pela equipe de saúde, acerca da inclusão do familiar no espaço hospitalar, pois a sua presença auxilia na manutenção da estabilidade física e emocional do idoso. Desta forma, a enfermagem poderá oferecer apoio ao familiar acompanhante para que se mantenha estável e possa formar uma parceria de cuidados, contribuindo na reabilitação do idoso.

Fatigue in Brazilian cancer patients, caregivers, and nursing students: a psychometric validation study of the Piper Fatigue Scale-Revised

The objective of this study was to validate the Piper Fatigue Scale-Revised (PFS-R) for use in Brazilian culture. Translation of the PFS-R into Portuguese and validity and reliability tests were performed. Convenience samples in Brazil we as follows: 584 cancer patients (mean age 57 +/- 13 years; 51.3% female); 184 caregivers (mean age 50 +/- 12.7 years; 65.8% female); and 189 undergraduate nursing students (mean age 21.6 +/- 2.8 years; 96.2% female); Instruments used were as follows: Brazilian PFS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS). The 22 items of the Brazilian PFS loaded well (factor loading > 0.35) on three dimensions identified by factor analysis (behavioral, affective, and sensorial-psychological). These dimensions explained 65% of the variance. Internal consistency reliability was very good (Cronbach`s alpha ranged from 0.841 to 0.943 for the total scale and its dimensions). Cancer patients and their caregivers completed the Brazilian PFS twice for test-retest reliability and results showed good stability (Pearson`s r a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 0,60, p < 0,001). Correlations among the Brazilian PFS and other scales were significant, in hypothesized directions, and mostly moderate contributing to divergent (Brazilian PFS x KPS) and convergent validity (Brazilian PFS x BDI). Mild, moderate, and severe fatigue in patients were reported by 73 (12.5%), 167 (28.6%), and 83 (14.2%), respectively. Surprisingly, students had the highest mean total fatigue scores; no significant differences were observed between patients and caregivers showing poor discriminant validity. While the Brazilian PFS is a reliable and valid instrument to measure fatigue in Brazilian cancer patients, further work is needed to evaluate the discriminant validity of the scale in Brazil.

Development and evaluation of a nursing psycho-educational program focused on communication for family caregivers in early Alzheimer's disease

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Cardiometabolic effects in caregivers of nursing home placement and death of their spouse with Alzheimer's disease

To test the hypothesis that cardiometabolic risk is attenuated when caregivers are relieved of caregiving stress when the caregiving recipient transitions out of the home.

A Job Diagnostic Survey of Nursing Home Caregivers: Implications of Job Redesign

Nursing home caregiving was analyzed as a job, subject to management intervention. Specifically examined was the usefulness of job redesign, a managerial intervention used to enhance worker motivation and effectiveness. Information from interviews with administrators was combined with survey data from aides and LPNs (n= 489) in 21 nursing homes to assess to need for, and feasibility of, redesign of caregiving work. Implementation principles and examples are included.

A randomized control trial of nursing-based case management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This study assessed the impact of a randomized trial of nursing-based case management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, their caregivers, and nursing and medical staff. Sixty-six patients were matched by FEV1 on admission to hospital, and randomized into an intervention or control group. Intervention group patients reported significantly less anxiety at 1 month postdischarge; however, this effect was not sustained. There was little difference between groups in terms of unplanned readmissions, depression, symptoms, support, and subjective well being. Interviews with patients and caregivers found that the case management improved access to resources and staff-patient communication. Interviews with nursing and medical staff found that case management improved communication between staff and enhanced patient care.

Development and psychometric properties of ECPICID-AVC to measure informal caregivers’ skills when caring for older stroke survivors at home

Introduction: Informal caregivers provide a significant part of the total care needed by dependent older people poststroke. Although informal care is often the preferred option of those who provide and those who receive informal care, informal caregivers often report lack of preparation to take care of older dependent people. This article outlines the development and psychometric testing of informal caregivers’ skills when providing care to older people after a stroke – ECPICID-AVC. Design: Prospective psychometric instrument validation study. Methods: Eleven experts participated in a focus group in order to delineate, develop and validate the instrument. Data were gathered among adult informal caregivers (n = 186) living in the community in Northern Portugal from August 2013 to January 2014. Results: The 32-item scale describes several aspects of informal caregiver’s skills. The scale has eight factors: skill to feed/hydrate by nasogastric feeding, skill to assist the person in personal hygiene, skill to assist the person for transferring, skill to assist the person for positioning, skill to provide technical aids, skill to assist the person to use the toilet, skill to feed/hydrate and skill to provide technical aids for dressing/undressing. Analysis demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83) and good temporal stability 0.988 (0.984–0.991). Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the measurement tool showed acceptable results allowing its implementation in clinical practice by the nursing community staff for evaluating practical skills in informal caregivers when providing care to older stroke survivors living at home.

La palce de la spiritualité dans les soins infirmiers: une revue de littérature [The role of spirituality in nursing care: a literature review].

Spirituality addresses the need to give meaning to life events and is characterized by the relationship with oneself, others and the universe. This article aims to provide an overview of the empirical knowledge, and the prevailing thoughts about spirituality in nursing and suggest perspectives for future directions. The literature review was conducted using the main databases; 36 articles, published between 2008-2013, were selected. The themes covered include the definitions of the spirituality, the spiritual care and the spiritual well-being. Spirituality differs from, yet is not opposed to religion and takes different forms in multicultural and secular societies. Cancer incites existential questions and impacts quality of life, and spiritual well-being is recognized as a good indicator of quality of life for people living with cancer. Professional caregivers are concerned about the needs and spiritual well-being of their patients and often consider interventions to address them. This article reflects the depth of thought and research in nursing and touches on both discipline-specific and interdisciplinary issues.