Las múltiples dimensiones de un concreto : Prácticas, actores, redes y contratos. Notas sobre el abordaje del crédito en los márgenes hispanoamericanos de Antiguo Régimen (Buenos Aires, siglo XVII)

Proponemos mediante el presente artículo recorrer algunas de las dimensiones que, interrelacionadas, contribuyeron a la constitución del fenómeno crediticio en Buenos Aires durante el siglo XVII. La incidencia de una estructura social estatutaria, la morfología adquirida por el conjunto de vínculos crediticios interpersonales, el enlace de ese conjunto relacional con las redes de relaciones establecidas, la función de la institución notarial y de los dispositivos contractuales por ésta provistos, así como las constricciones legales que signaron la economía rioplatense del seiscientos, conformaron algunos de los elementos que asignaron al crédito formalizado una función económica y social singular. Una publicación académica orientada al estudio de sociedades precapitalistas ofrece por ello un espacio propicio para plantear algunos de los ejes problemáticos vinculados a nuestro objeto de investigación. Con esta presentación se espera un diálogo crítico que enriquezca las perspectivas que ofrecemos, ancladas en las fuentes pero mantenidas aún en el nivel de las hipótesis de nuestro trabajo

Las múltiples dimensiones de un concreto : Prácticas, actores, redes y contratos. Notas sobre el abordaje del crédito en los márgenes hispanoamericanos de Antiguo Régimen (Buenos Aires, siglo XVII)

Proponemos mediante el presente artículo recorrer algunas de las dimensiones que, interrelacionadas, contribuyeron a la constitución del fenómeno crediticio en Buenos Aires durante el siglo XVII. La incidencia de una estructura social estatutaria, la morfología adquirida por el conjunto de vínculos crediticios interpersonales, el enlace de ese conjunto relacional con las redes de relaciones establecidas, la función de la institución notarial y de los dispositivos contractuales por ésta provistos, así como las constricciones legales que signaron la economía rioplatense del seiscientos, conformaron algunos de los elementos que asignaron al crédito formalizado una función económica y social singular. Una publicación académica orientada al estudio de sociedades precapitalistas ofrece por ello un espacio propicio para plantear algunos de los ejes problemáticos vinculados a nuestro objeto de investigación. Con esta presentación se espera un diálogo crítico que enriquezca las perspectivas que ofrecemos, ancladas en las fuentes pero mantenidas aún en el nivel de las hipótesis de nuestro trabajo

Las múltiples dimensiones de un concreto : Prácticas, actores, redes y contratos. Notas sobre el abordaje del crédito en los márgenes hispanoamericanos de Antiguo Régimen (Buenos Aires, siglo XVII)

Proponemos mediante el presente artículo recorrer algunas de las dimensiones que, interrelacionadas, contribuyeron a la constitución del fenómeno crediticio en Buenos Aires durante el siglo XVII. La incidencia de una estructura social estatutaria, la morfología adquirida por el conjunto de vínculos crediticios interpersonales, el enlace de ese conjunto relacional con las redes de relaciones establecidas, la función de la institución notarial y de los dispositivos contractuales por ésta provistos, así como las constricciones legales que signaron la economía rioplatense del seiscientos, conformaron algunos de los elementos que asignaron al crédito formalizado una función económica y social singular. Una publicación académica orientada al estudio de sociedades precapitalistas ofrece por ello un espacio propicio para plantear algunos de los ejes problemáticos vinculados a nuestro objeto de investigación. Con esta presentación se espera un diálogo crítico que enriquezca las perspectivas que ofrecemos, ancladas en las fuentes pero mantenidas aún en el nivel de las hipótesis de nuestro trabajo

Analysis of a socio-professional group underestimated: officials of notaries in Southern Spain according to the cadastre of Ensenada.

This paper tries to show the reality of one of the trades more important for historians, the officials of the notaries. The work of these officials has allowed us to have great historical sources; we refer to the notarial documentation and documenta-tion of the City Council. They were the executive arm of the pub-lic notaries. Nevertheless, the approach to this figure seems diffi-cult, since we do not find lavish allusions of them or any of their obligations in the documentation preserved. However, we have one of the most important historical sources by middle of Eight-eenth century; this is known as the Cadastre of Ensenada. We have been able to approach this type of job through analysis and study of the Cadastre, so we know who were those men who did this huge undertaking and what was his salary for performing their tasks. In addition, we proceeded to the consultation of doc-umentation kept in local files to have a more accurate understand-ing of the real situation of those officials.

Diagnosis of Organizational Soft Problems in a Peruvian Financial Institution by Systemic Thinking

Managing financial institutions in an underdeveloped economic context has become a real challenge nowadays. In order to reach the organization`s planned goals, they have to deal with structural, behavioral and informational problems. From the systemic point of view, this situation gets even worse when the company does not present organizational boundaries and a cohesive identification for their stakeholders. Thus, European countries have some special financial lines in order to help the development of micro credit in Latin communities in an attempt to help the local economy. However, institutions like Caixa dos Andes in Peru present management problems when dealing with this complexity. Based on this, how can the systemic eye help in the diagnosis of soft problems of a Peruvian financial company? This study aims to diagnose soft problems of a Peruvian financial company based on soft variables like identity, communication and autonomy and also intends to identify possible ways to redesign its basic framework. The (VSM--Viable System Model) method from Beer (1967), applied in this diagnostic study, was used in a practical way as a management tool for organizations` analysis and planning. By describing the VSM`s five systems, the creation of a systemic vision or a total vision is possible, showing the organization`s complexity from the inside. Some company`s soft problems like double control, inefficient use of physical and human resources, low information flows, slowness, etc. The VSM presented an organizational diagnosis indicating effective solutions that do integrate its five systems.

Peritonectomy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis: Long-Term Outcomes from a Single Brazilian Institution

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of a single institution, Hospital Sirio-Libanes in SA o pound Paulo, Brazil, regarding the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Between October 2002 and October 2006, 46 consecutive patients were treated with radical cytoreduction and hyperthermic peritoneal chemotherapy. There were 21 patients with peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM) from colorectal origin (among whom 8 had an appendiceal primary), 15 with ovarian carcinomas, 2 with primary peritoneal mesotheliomas, and 8 with other cancers. The median age was 49 years (range 18-77 years). All patients were followed for a median of 20 months. Demographic data, tumor histology, the peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI), operative procedures (extension of resection, lymphadenectomy), and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) characteristics (drugs, temperature, duration) were prospectively recorded. Perioperative mortality and morbidity and the long-term outcome were assessed. Complete cytoreduction was achieved in 45 patients. The median PCI was 11, and the mean operating time was 17 h. There were no procedure-related deaths, but major morbidity was observed in 52% and included fistulas, abscesses, and hematologic complications. The overall Kaplan-Meier 4-year estimated survival was 56%. Among patients with PSM from colorectal carcinoma, the estimated 3-year survival was 70%. Nine (42%) patients had a recurrence, three with peritoneal disease. The median disease-free-interval was 16 months. The ovarian cancer patients had an estimated 4-year survival rate of 75% and median disease-free survival duration of 21 months. Cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC may improve survival of selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, with acceptable morbidity.

Chondrosarcoma of Bone Lessons From 46 Operated Cases in a Single Institution

Background Bone chondrosarcomas are rare malignant tumors that have variable biologic behavior, and their treatment is controversial. For low-grade tumors, there is no consensus on whether intralesional en bloc resections are the best treatment. Questions/purposes We therefore compared patients with Grade 1 and Grade 2 primary central chondrosarcomas to (1) determine difference in survival and (2) local recurrence rates; and (3) determine any association of histological grade with some clinical and demographic characteristics. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 46 patients with grade 1 and 2 chondrosarcomas. There were 25 men and 21 women with a mean age of 43 years (range, 17-79 years). Minimum followup was 32 months (mean, 99 months; range, 32-312 months) for the patients who remained alive in the end of the study. Twenty-three of the tumors were intracompartmental (Enneking A); of these, 19 were Grade 1 and 4 were Grade 2. Twenty-three tumors were extracompartmental (Enneking B); of these, 4 were Grade 1 and 19 were Grade 2. Twenty-five patients underwent intralesional resection, 18 had wide resection, and three had amputations. Results The overall survival rate was 94% and the disease-free survival rate was 90%. Among the 23 Grade 1 tumors, we observed six local recurrences and none of these patients died; among the 23 Grade 2 tumors, 10 recurred and two patients died. Local recurrence negatively influenced survival. Conclusions For lesions with radiographic characteristics of intracompartmental Grade 1 chondrosarcoma, we believe intralesional resection followed by electrocauterization and cement is the best treatment. When the imaging suggests aggressive (Grade 2 or 3) chondrosarcoma, then wide resection is promptly indicated.

Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block - One-hundred-sixteen cases from a single institution

Background-Fetal atrioventricular (AV) block is an uncommon lesion with significant mortality. Because of the rarity of this disorder, the natural course, extensive evaluation of untreated fetuses, and late follow-up remain unclear. Methods and Results-Of the 116 consecutive cases of fetal AV block studied from 1988 to 2006, only 1 was terminated, and 75% were live births. Fifty-nine cases of AV block were associated with major structural heart disease, mainly left atrial isomerism (n = 40), with only 26% of neonatal survivors. Of the 57 fetuses with normal cardiac anatomy, 41 (72%) were positive for maternal antinuclear antibodies, and 32 of these seropositive mothers did not receive any treatment. This untreated group had live-birth and 1-year infant survival rates of 93% and 90%, respectively. Five fetuses from seronegative mothers showed regression to sinus rhythm during pregnancy. The presence of major structural heart disease, hydrops, an atrial rate <= 120 bpm, and a ventricular rate <= 55 bpm were identified as risk factors for mortality. Logistic regression analysis of the whole group showed that the presence of structural heart disease was the only independent predictor of death (P < 0.001). Conclusions-This long-term study confirms that fetal AV block has a poor outcome when associated with structural heart disease and that spontaneous regression of AV block is possible in seronegative forms. The survival rate of >90% of our untreated patients with isolated forms of AV block raises concerns about any decision to intervene with immunosuppressive agents.

Single institution outcomes of treatment of severe aplastic anaemia

Background: In severe aplastic anaemia, the treatment of choice for young patients with a human leucocyte antigen-matched sibling is now established as allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In older patients and in those without a matched sibling donor, immunosuppressive therapy is the usual first option. 'Alternative' marrow donors are emerging as an option for those without a matched sibling donor. Aims: To review 10 years of local experience in treating severe aplastic anaemia with BMT and immunosuppressive therapy with emphasis on long-term outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients with severe aplastic anaemia presenting to the Royal Brisbane and Royal Children's Hos- pitals between 1989 and 1999. Data were abstracted regarding patient demographics, pretreatment characteristics and outcome measures, including response rates, overall survival and long-term complications. Results: Twenty-seven consecutive patients were identified, 12 treated with immunosuppression alone and 15 with BMT. In these two groups, transfusion independence was attained in 25% and 100%, respectively, with overall survival being 36% and 100%, respectively. Those treated with immunosuppression were significantly older (median 41.5 versus 22 years, P = 0.008). Long-term survivors of either treatment had extremely low morbidity. Three patients carried pregnancies to term post-transplant. Three patients received alternative donor BMT with correspondingly excellent survival. Conclusions: Patients treated with allogeneic BMT for severe aplastic anaemia enjoyed extremely good long-term survival and minimal morbidity. Patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy had a poorer outcome reflecting their older age and different usage of therapies over the past decade. Optimal treatment strategies for severe aplastic anaemia remain to be determined.

Nutritional status of children, inmates of a small institution for homeless children in the capital of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil

Nutritional surveys (food consumption, clinical and biochemichal) were conducted in a small institution for homeless children. Results showed that only 30% of the children presented adequate calorie intake. Most of the children presented adequate protein intake, but almost half consumed less than 2/3 of the calcium RDA considered necessary. Food handling, processing, and distribution also proved inadequate and wastage, high. Skinfold measurement showed up one case of obesity. Furthermore, most of the children presented clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency, mostly skin lesions; while about half presented clinical signs of riboflavin deficiency. Biochemical data showed that 63.6% had deficient plasma levels of vitamin A, none showed abnormal results for riboflavin excretion, four showed packed blood cell volume below normal, and all had normal hemoglobin levels. Stool examinations revealed a high rate of pathogenic protozoa (Hymenolepis nana), in fact, one of the highest in Brazilian literature.

Private cloud computing platforms. Analysis and implementation in a Higher Education Institution

The constant evolution of the Internet and its increasing use and subsequent entailing to private and public activities, resulting in a strong impact on their survival, originates an emerging technology. Through cloud computing, it is possible to abstract users from the lower layers to the business, focusing only on what is most important to manage and with the advantage of being able to grow (or degrades) resources as needed. The paradigm of cloud arises from the necessity of optimization of IT resources evolving in an emergent and rapidly expanding and technology. In this regard, after a study of the most common cloud platforms and the tactic of the current implementation of the technologies applied at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar and Faculty of Pharmacy of Oporto University a proposed evolution is suggested in order adorn certain requirements in the context of cloud computing.

Modelos representacionais vs modelos operacionais na escrituralidade notarial médio-latina

Nas comunidades linguísticas modernas estudadas que apresentam uma estratificação social complexa , e na qual vigoram padrões linguísticos que de algum modo condicionam ou regulam o uso linguístico, verifica-se que não existe sempre coincidência entre os juízos que os sujeitos linguísticos são capazes de emitir sobre o uso linguístico e a realidade da produção linguística dos mesmos sujeitos. A distinção entre aquilo que os falantes/escreventes "dizem que dizem ou grafam" (ou "dizem qu e se deve dizer ou escrever" ) e "aquilo que de facto dizem/grafam " é um aspecto a que a emergência da sociolinguística veio dar a devida importância e relevância no contexto dos estudos linguísticos.