General landscape

Cross section of a general landscape showing topography.

Algercum munita metropolis Regni Algeriani : in littore Africano Barbariæ in monte declivi Amphitheatri instar quadrata forma extructa, cum portu Commodissimo Sedes est Bassæ Turcici et ob piraticam per orbem famosissima =: Algier die Befestigte Haupt-Statt des Königr. Algier, Auf die Africanischen Küsten in der Barbarey auf einem abhängigen Berg wie ein Amphiteatrum in gevierten form gebauet samt dem bequemen hasen. Ift die Residenz des Türkischen Bassa u: wegen ihrer Secrauberey Welt berussen

cura et sumptibus Matth. Seutteri.

Birds eye view of trolley routes in New England, 1904 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Trolley wayfinder, birds eye view of trolley routes in New England, published by the New England Street Railway Club, 1904. This is a perspective map not drawn to scale. Covers eastern portion of New England from Lewiston, Maine, to Newport, Rhode Island. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as steam railroads, electric railroads, parks, buildings, drainage, and more. Relief and some features are shown pictorially. Includes 7 insets. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Bicknell's village builder : elevations and plans for cottages, villas, suburban residences, farm houses ... also exterior and interior details for public and private buildings, with approved forms of contracts and specifications ... : Containing fifty-five plates drawn to scale ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Modern architectural designs and details : a monthly publication, giving details of exterior and interior woodwork drawn to scale, gelatine plates of late work by prominent architects, and such other designs and details as are likely to prove useful in the practical work of an architect or builder.

Mode of access: Internet.

Panoramic view of the city of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. Michigan, 1880

not drawn to scale; Oriented with north to the upper right.

Bird's eye view of Clinton, Mass. 1876.

Perspective map not drawn to scale.

The White House gardens and grounds /

Perspective map not drawn to scale.

Pennsboro, West Virginia 1899 /

Perspective map not drawn to scale.

The role of AIP and CDKN1B/p27Kip1 in endocrine neoplasia

Identification of genes predisposing to tumor syndromes has raised general awareness of tumorigenesis. Genetic testing of tumor susceptibility genes aids the recognition of individuals at increased risk of tumors. Identification of novel predisposing genes enables further studies concerning the classification of potential associated tumors and the definition of target patient group. Pituitary adenomas are common, benign neoplasms accounting for approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors. Accurate incidence estimation is challenging since a great portion of these adenomas are small and asymptomatic. Clinically relevant adenomas, that cause symptoms due to the expansion of the cell mass or the over-secretion of normally produced hormones, occur in approximately one of 1 000 individuals. Although the majority of pituitary adenomas are sporadic, a minority occur as components of familial syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Carney complex (CNC). MEN1 syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the MEN1 gene, whereas most of the CNC patients carry the mutated protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit-1-α (PRKAR1A) gene. Recently, other conditions predisposing to endocrine tumors have been identified: Pituitary Adenoma Predisposition (PAP) and MEN type 4 (MEN4). PAP was originally identified in a genetically homogeneous Finnish population. In a population based cohort from Northern Finland, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene mutations were found in 16% of all patients diagnosed with growth hormone (GH) producing pituitary adenoma, and in 40% of the subset of patients who were diagnosed under the age of 35 years. Since AIP mutations were originally described in a defined, homogeneous population from Northern Finland, it was relevant to study whether mutations also occur in more heterogeneous populations. In patient cohorts with different ethnic origins and variable clinical phenotypes, germ-line AIP mutations were detectable at low frequencies (range 0.8-7.4%). AIP mutation-positive patients were often diagnosed with a GH-producing adenoma at a young age, and usually had no family history of endocrine tumors. The low frequency of AIP mutations in randomly selected patients, and the lack of any family history of pituitary adenomas create a challenge for the identification of PAP patients. Our preliminary study suggests that AIP immunohistochemistry may serve as a pre-screening tool to distinguish between the AIP mutation-negative and the mutation-positive tumors. Tumors of various endocrine glands are components of MEN1 and CNC syndromes. Somatic MEN1 and PRKAR1A mutations in sporadic pituitary adenomas are rare, but occur in some of the other tumors related to these syndromes. The role of AIP mutations in endocrine neoplasia was studied and our results indicated that somatic AIP mutations are rare or non-existent in sporadic tumors of endocrine glands (0 of 111). Furthermore, germ-line AIP mutations in prolactin producing adenomas (2 of 9) confirmed the role of this pituitary tumor type in the PAP phenotype. Thyroid disorders are common in the general population, and the majority of them are sporadic. Interestingly, it has been suggested that thyroid disorders might be more common in PAP families. For this reason we studied germ-line AIP mutations in 93 index cases from familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) families. The underlying gene or genes for familial NMTC have not been identified yet. None of the patients had any potentially pathogenic AIP mutation. This suggests that AIP is unlikely to play a role in familial NMTCs. A novel multiple endocrine syndrome was originally described in rats with phenotypic features of human MEN type 1 and 2. Germ-line mutations of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B also known as p27Kip1) gene were reported later in these rats and a germ-line mutation was also identified in one human family with MEN1-like phenotype (later named MEN4). To confirm the importance of this gene’s mutations in humans, we performed a mutation screening in MEN-like patients and in patients with pituitary adenoma. Our results indicate that CDKN1B/p27Kip1 mutations appear in a small portion of MEN1-like patients (one of 36), and that such mutations are rare or non-existent in both familial (0 of 19) and sporadic pituitary adenoma patients (0 of 50). In conclusion, this work strengthens the tumor susceptibility role of AIP and CDKN1B/p27Kip1 in endocrine neoplasia. Clarifying the PAP phenotype facilitates the identification of potential AIP mutation carriers. Genetic counseling can be offered to the relatives and follow-up of the mutation carriers can be organized, hence an earlier diagnosis is feasible.

Impacto de la prestación de servicios de salud bajo el modelo de red en el municipio de Sogamoso

El presente estudio es de tipo analítico, cohorte retrospectiva, tiene como objeto estudiar un modelo de prestación de servicios de salud bajo el concepto de red integrada, conformada por las clínicas privadas de segundo y tercer nivel de complejidad del municipio de Sogamoso (Boyacá). Se analizó el período comprendido entre los años 2012 a 2014, donde se puede evidenciar la implementación y puesta en marcha del modelo. En el mes de agosto del año 2012, la estrategia de asociatividad la adelantaron las tres instituciones de manera libre y autónoma, utilizando como guía la metodología propuesta por la Cepal en el año 2010; las diferencias entre esta metodología y el modelo utilizado se deben a las particularidades de las clínicas y del contexto en el que se desarrolló. Este modelo de atención surgió de la necesidad de prestar los servicios de salud ofertados por las clínicas, acorde con su capacidad instalada, al total de la población de la Nueva EPS en Sogamoso, que en ese momento coyuntural no se estaba cumpliendo en el municipio, y ninguna de las instituciones tenía la infraestructura individual para atender a toda su población. El resultado de la asociación de las tres clínicas se logró gracias a un grado de confianza previo entre los directivos de las instituciones y posterior a varias reuniones, en las que se tomó la determinación de trabajar con el modelo de Unión Temporal, ya que no son una persona jurídica diferente a las que la conforman Se demuestra el impacto de este modelo asociativo de cada una de las organizaciones que la componen evaluando cuatro ámbitos como la capacidad de aprendizaje, capacidad de gestión estratégica, economía de escala y poder de negociación y externalidades. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron las bases de datos de las instituciones hospitalarias con la información de los indicadores de oportunidad, así como el incremento de la facturación y del recaudo antes y después de la formación de la Unión Temporal; adicionalmente se realizaron encuestas a los directores de las clínicas como fuente de información para desarrollo de nuevos productos, reducción de costos, ampliación de la oferta hospitalaria, establecimientos de alianza, puesta en marcha de servicios comunes y apertura de nuevos mercados. Sumado a lo anterior, se realizó una encuesta adicional a los usuarios del nuevo producto desarrollado. Como resultado de este estudio se encuentra beneficio en todos los ámbitos evaluados para las instituciones que interactúan bajo este modelo y se espera que obtengan los mismos beneficios que los demás actores participantes en él, como las EAPB, los cuales no hacen parte del presente estudio. En Colombia no se observa la existencia de un modelo similar en sistema de salud, a pesar del leve intento de la Ley 1438 del 2011 por iniciar la conformación de redes; por esta razón se puede decir que este estudio marca un derrotero para que las organizaciones de salud tengan un modelo de articulación ante la falta de desarrollos de esquemas de red y por tratarse de un modelo con ausencia de reglamentación.

Can the dynamical impact of the stratosphere on the troposphere be described by large-scale adjustment to the stratospheric PV distribution?

Recent numerical experiments have demonstrated that the state of the stratosphere has a dynamical impact on the state of the troposphere. To account for such an effect, a number of mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, all of which amount to a large-scale adjustment of the troposphere to potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in the stratosphere. This paper analyses whether a simple PV adjustment suffices to explain the actual dynamical response of the troposphere to the state of the stratosphere, the actual response being determined by ensembles of numerical experiments run with an atmospheric general-circulation model. For this purpose, a new PV inverter is developed. It is shown that the simple PV adjustment hypothesis is inadequate. PV anomalies in the stratosphere induce, by inversion, flow anomalies in the troposphere that do not coincide spatially with the tropospheric changes determined by the numerical experiments. Moreover, the tropospheric anomalies induced by PV inversion are on a larger scale than the changes found in the numerical experiments, which are linked to the Atlantic and Pacific storm-tracks. These findings imply that the impact of the stratospheric state on the troposphere is manifested through the impact on individual synoptic-scale systems and their self-organization in the storm-tracks. Changes in these weather systems in the troposphere are not merely synoptic-scale noise on a larger scale tropospheric response, but an integral part of the mechanism by which the state of the stratosphere impacts that of the troposphere.

Patient characteristics but not virulence factors discriminate between asymptomatic and symptomatic E. coli bacteriuria in the hospital

Background Escherichia coli is a common cause of asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria in hospitalized patients. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is frequently treated with antibiotics without a clear indication. Our goal was to determine patient and pathogen factors suggestive of ASB. Methods We conducted a 12-month prospective cohort study of adult inpatients with E. coli bacteriuria seen at a tertiary care hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Urine cultures were taken at the discretion of treating physicians. Bacterial isolates were tested for 14 putative virulence genes using high-throughput dot-blot hybridization. Results The median age of the 287 study patients was 65 (19–101) years; 78% were female. Seventy percent had community-acquired bacteriuria. One-hundred ten (38.3%) patients had ASB and 177 (61.7%) had symptomatic urinary tract infection (sUTI). Asymptomatic patients were more likely than symptomatic patients to have congestive heart failure (p = 0.03), a history of myocardial infarction (p = 0.01), chronic pulmonary disease (p = 0.045), peripheral vascular disease (p = 0.04), and dementia (p = 0.03). Patients with sUTI were more likely to be neutropenic at the time of bacteriuria (p = 0.046). Chronic pulmonary disease [OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.04, 4.1)] and dementia [OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.02, 5.8)] were independent predictors for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Absence of pyuria was not predictive of ASB. None of the individual virulence genes tested were associated with ASB nor was the total number of genes. Conclusions Asymptomatic E. coli bacteriuria in hospitalized patients was frequent and more common in patients with dementia and chronic pulmonary disease. Bacterial virulence factors could not discriminate symptomatic from asymptomatic bacteriurias. Asymptomatic E. coli bacteriuria cannot be predicted by virulence screening.

Social cognitive mediators of the effect of the MobileMums intervention on physical activity

Objective To explore whether improvements in physical activity following the MobileMums intervention were mediated by changes in Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) constructs targeted in the intervention (barrier self efficacy, goal setting skills, outcome expectancy, social support, and perceived environmental opportunity for exercise). This paper also examined if the mediating constructs differed between initial (baseline to 6 weeks) and overall (baseline to 13 weeks) changes in physical activity. Methods Secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial involving 88 postnatal women (<12 months postpartum). Participants were randomized to receive either the 12-week MobileMums intervention or a minimal-contact control condition. Physical activity and proposed mediators were assessed by self-report at baseline, 6 weeks, and 13 weeks. Walking for Exercise frequency was assessed using the Australian Women's Activity Survey and frequency of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed using a single-item question. Results Initial improvements in goal-setting skills mediated the relationship between experimental condition and initial changes in MVPA, αβ (95% CI) = 0.23(0.01, 0.59), and Walking for Exercise, αβ (95% CI) = 0.34(0.06, 0.73). Initial improvements in barrier self efficacy mediated the relationship between experimental condition and initial change in MVPA, αβ (95% CI) = 0.36(0.12, 0.65), but not Walking for Exercise. None of the SCT outcomes significantly mediated the relationship between experimental condition and overall (baseline to 13 weeks) change in frequency of MVPA or Walking for Exercise. Conclusion Future interventions with postnatal women using SCT should target barrier self-efficacy and goal setting skills in order to increase physical activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)