Los manuscritos de El yo y el ello : Una relectura del Icc

Indagamos, a partir de los manuscritos inéditos de Das Ich und das Es, los puntos eminentes instaurados por la lectura de sus tres versiones: borrador, copia en limpio y texto publicado, en el momento en que surge una disimetría entre lo reprimido-icc y un Icc no-todo reprimido. Estos documentos revelan una transcripción 'casi' directa de las formulaciones freudianas en un estado naciente que llevan la marca de pensamientos urgidos por lo real del psicoanálisis, cuando todavía no está presente el tiempo de hacerse comprender en el contexto de su obra. Y es, justamente, en esta condición de inicial que el texto manuscrito ofrece una novedosa redefinición del Icc. Tal como señala en la Introducción las cuestiones que interroga en El yo y el ello retoman los pensamientos iniciados en su escrito de 1920 pero sin seguir la elaboración teórica que llama 'especulación analítica', aunque a último momento incluya sus conclusiones. Esta relectura interroga el encuentro de la pulsión de muerte con la segunda tópica, es decir, con ese material Icc que permanece no-reconocido. Y, a partir de 1924, establece de que manera el supuesto de la pulsión de muerte ilumina la discontinuidad existente ente icc e Icc [ello]. El cruce entre la hipótesis especulativa y un masoquismo erógeno primario produce un giro y da entrada a la cura misma como satisfacción sustitutiva. En síntesis, la lectura de los textos de El yo y el ello contando, por primera vez, con las tres versiones y sus dos anexos, introducen, con la disimilitud icc e Icc, un cambio de pregunta; anticipan la hendidura o Spaltung del sujeto, con ese objeto [el yo-cuerpo] que Freud no termina de construir; y anuncian que el Icc es lo que se funda de la huella de lo no-reconocido, que clama por ese mismo campo heterogéneo que obligaba en 1920 a tomar en consideración un más allá del principio de placer que divide el espacio euclidiano dejando asomar también su carácter disímil, asimétrico. Así, en ciertos momentos privilegiados de un análisis, vía trabajo del sueño, se produce la activación de los restos de lo visto y de lo oído, es decir, de un saber hecho de sedimentos, de los excedentes traumáticos del tesoro de palabras, para cada cual, de su lengua materna, cuando dicha lengua se separa del lenguaje produciendo un Icc no-todo reprimido que bordea el agujero de lo no-reconocido, es decir, de su punto de fracaso mismo: la imposibilidad con que el sexo se inscribe en el inconsciente

Los manuscritos de El yo y el ello : Una relectura del Icc

Indagamos, a partir de los manuscritos inéditos de Das Ich und das Es, los puntos eminentes instaurados por la lectura de sus tres versiones: borrador, copia en limpio y texto publicado, en el momento en que surge una disimetría entre lo reprimido-icc y un Icc no-todo reprimido. Estos documentos revelan una transcripción 'casi' directa de las formulaciones freudianas en un estado naciente que llevan la marca de pensamientos urgidos por lo real del psicoanálisis, cuando todavía no está presente el tiempo de hacerse comprender en el contexto de su obra. Y es, justamente, en esta condición de inicial que el texto manuscrito ofrece una novedosa redefinición del Icc. Tal como señala en la Introducción las cuestiones que interroga en El yo y el ello retoman los pensamientos iniciados en su escrito de 1920 pero sin seguir la elaboración teórica que llama 'especulación analítica', aunque a último momento incluya sus conclusiones. Esta relectura interroga el encuentro de la pulsión de muerte con la segunda tópica, es decir, con ese material Icc que permanece no-reconocido. Y, a partir de 1924, establece de que manera el supuesto de la pulsión de muerte ilumina la discontinuidad existente ente icc e Icc [ello]. El cruce entre la hipótesis especulativa y un masoquismo erógeno primario produce un giro y da entrada a la cura misma como satisfacción sustitutiva. En síntesis, la lectura de los textos de El yo y el ello contando, por primera vez, con las tres versiones y sus dos anexos, introducen, con la disimilitud icc e Icc, un cambio de pregunta; anticipan la hendidura o Spaltung del sujeto, con ese objeto [el yo-cuerpo] que Freud no termina de construir; y anuncian que el Icc es lo que se funda de la huella de lo no-reconocido, que clama por ese mismo campo heterogéneo que obligaba en 1920 a tomar en consideración un más allá del principio de placer que divide el espacio euclidiano dejando asomar también su carácter disímil, asimétrico. Así, en ciertos momentos privilegiados de un análisis, vía trabajo del sueño, se produce la activación de los restos de lo visto y de lo oído, es decir, de un saber hecho de sedimentos, de los excedentes traumáticos del tesoro de palabras, para cada cual, de su lengua materna, cuando dicha lengua se separa del lenguaje produciendo un Icc no-todo reprimido que bordea el agujero de lo no-reconocido, es decir, de su punto de fracaso mismo: la imposibilidad con que el sexo se inscribe en el inconsciente

Los manuscritos de El yo y el ello : Una relectura del Icc

Indagamos, a partir de los manuscritos inéditos de Das Ich und das Es, los puntos eminentes instaurados por la lectura de sus tres versiones: borrador, copia en limpio y texto publicado, en el momento en que surge una disimetría entre lo reprimido-icc y un Icc no-todo reprimido. Estos documentos revelan una transcripción 'casi' directa de las formulaciones freudianas en un estado naciente que llevan la marca de pensamientos urgidos por lo real del psicoanálisis, cuando todavía no está presente el tiempo de hacerse comprender en el contexto de su obra. Y es, justamente, en esta condición de inicial que el texto manuscrito ofrece una novedosa redefinición del Icc. Tal como señala en la Introducción las cuestiones que interroga en El yo y el ello retoman los pensamientos iniciados en su escrito de 1920 pero sin seguir la elaboración teórica que llama 'especulación analítica', aunque a último momento incluya sus conclusiones. Esta relectura interroga el encuentro de la pulsión de muerte con la segunda tópica, es decir, con ese material Icc que permanece no-reconocido. Y, a partir de 1924, establece de que manera el supuesto de la pulsión de muerte ilumina la discontinuidad existente ente icc e Icc [ello]. El cruce entre la hipótesis especulativa y un masoquismo erógeno primario produce un giro y da entrada a la cura misma como satisfacción sustitutiva. En síntesis, la lectura de los textos de El yo y el ello contando, por primera vez, con las tres versiones y sus dos anexos, introducen, con la disimilitud icc e Icc, un cambio de pregunta; anticipan la hendidura o Spaltung del sujeto, con ese objeto [el yo-cuerpo] que Freud no termina de construir; y anuncian que el Icc es lo que se funda de la huella de lo no-reconocido, que clama por ese mismo campo heterogéneo que obligaba en 1920 a tomar en consideración un más allá del principio de placer que divide el espacio euclidiano dejando asomar también su carácter disímil, asimétrico. Así, en ciertos momentos privilegiados de un análisis, vía trabajo del sueño, se produce la activación de los restos de lo visto y de lo oído, es decir, de un saber hecho de sedimentos, de los excedentes traumáticos del tesoro de palabras, para cada cual, de su lengua materna, cuando dicha lengua se separa del lenguaje produciendo un Icc no-todo reprimido que bordea el agujero de lo no-reconocido, es decir, de su punto de fracaso mismo: la imposibilidad con que el sexo se inscribe en el inconsciente

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease : can ultrasound assist in early diagnosis of prediabetes and delay progression to type2 diabetes mellitus

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a condition that is frequently seen but seldom investigated. Until recently, NAFLD was considered benign, self-limiting and unworthy of further investigation. This opinion is based on retrospective studies with relatively small numbers and scant follow-up of histology data. (1) The prevalence for adults, in the USA is, 30%, and NAFLD is recognized as a common and increasing form of liver disease in the paediatric population (1). Australian data, from New South Wales, suggests the prevalence of NAFLD in “healthy” 15 year olds as being 10%.(2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition where fat progressively invades the liver parenchyma. The degree of infiltration ranges from simple steatosis (fat only) to steatohepatitis (fat and inflammation) steatohepatitis plus fibrosis (fat, inflammation and fibrosis) to cirrhosis (replacement of liver texture by scarred, fibrotic and non functioning tissue).Non-alcoholic fatty liver is diagnosed by exclusion rather than inclusion. None of the currently available diagnostic techniques -liver biopsy, liver function tests (LFT) or Imaging; ultrasound, Computerised tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are specific for non-alcoholic fatty liver. An association exists between NAFLD, Non Alcoholic Steatosis Hepatitis (NASH) and irreversible liver damage, cirrhosis and hepatoma. However, a more pervasive aspect of NAFLD is the association with Metabolic Syndrome. This Syndrome is categorised by increased insulin resistance (IR) and NAFLD is thought to be the hepatic representation. Those with NAFLD have an increased risk of death (3) and it is an independent predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (1). Liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, (4), and grading and staging, of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty-liver is diagnosed when there is macrovesicular steatosis with displacement of the nucleus to the edge of the cell and at least 5% of the hepatocytes are seen to contain fat (4).Steatosis represents fat accumulation in liver tissue without inflammation. However, it is only called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease when alcohol - >20gms-30gms per day (5), has been excluded from the diet. Both non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver are identical on histology. (4).LFT’s are indicative, not diagnostic. They indicate that a condition may be present but they are unable to diagnosis what the condition is. When a patient presents with raised fasting blood glucose, low HDL (high density lipoprotein), and elevated fasting triacylglycerols they are likely to have NAFLD. (6) Of the imaging techniques MRI is the least variable and the most reproducible. With CT scanning liver fat content can be semi quantitatively estimated. With increasing hepatic steatosis, liver attenuation values decrease by 1.6 Hounsfield units for every milligram of triglyceride deposited per gram of liver tissue (7). Ultrasound permits early detection of fatty liver, often in the preclinical stages before symptoms are present and serum alterations occur. Earlier, accurate reporting of this condition will allow appropriate intervention resulting in better patient health outcomes. References 1. Chalasami N. Does fat alone cause significant liver disease: It remains unclear whether simple steatosis is truly benign. American Gastroenterological Association Perspectives, February/March 2008 www.gastro.org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=5097 Viewed 20th October, 2008 2. Booth, M. George, J.Denney-Wilson, E: The population prevalence of adverse concentrations with adiposity of liver tests among Australian adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.2008 November 3. Catalano, D, Trovato, GM, Martines, GF, Randazzo, M, Tonzuso, A. Bright liver, body composition and insulin resistance changes with nutritional intervention: a follow-up study .Liver Int.2008; February 1280-9 4. Choudhury, J, Sanysl, A. Clinical aspects of Fatty Liver Disease. Semin in Liver Dis. 2004:24 (4):349-62 5. Dionysus Study Group. Drinking factors as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver change. Gut. 1997; 41 845-50 6. Preiss, D, Sattar, N. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an overview of prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment considerations. Clin Sci.2008; 115 141-50 7. American Gastroenterological Association. Technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology.2002; 123: 1705-25

Physicality in the Information Age : a normative perspective on the patent eligibility of non-physical methods

There has been much conjecture of late as to whether the patentable subject matter standard contains a physicality requirement. The issue came to a head when the Federal Circuit introduced the machine-or-transformation test in In re Bilski and declared it to be the sole test for determining subject matter eligibility. Many commentators criticized the test, arguing that it is inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent and the need for the patent system to respond appropriately to all new and useful innovation in whatever form it arises. Those criticisms were vindicated when, on appeal, the Supreme Court in Bilski v. Kappos dispensed with any suggestion that the patentable subject matter test involves a physicality requirement. In this article, the issue is addressed from a normative perspective: it asks whether the patentable subject matter test should contain a physicality requirement. The conclusion reached is that it should not, because such a limitation is not an appropriate means of encouraging much of the valuable innovation we are likely to witness during the Information Age. It is contended that it is not only traditionally-recognized mechanical, chemical and industrial manufacturing processes that are patent eligible, but that patent eligibility extends to include non-machine implemented and non-physical methods that do not have any connection with a physical device and do not cause a physical transformation of matter. Concerns raised that there is a trend of overreaching commoditization or propertization, where the boundaries of patent law have been expanded too far, are unfounded since the strictures of novelty, nonobviousness and sufficiency of description will exclude undeserving subject matter from patentability. The argument made is that introducing a physicality requirement will have unintended adverse effects in various fields of technology, particularly those emerging technologies that are likely to have a profound social effect in the future.

Monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions to children

Food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing is recognized as an important factor influencing food choices related to non-communicable diseases. The monitoring of populations' exposure to food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions, and the content of these promotions, is necessary to generate evidence to understand the extent of the problem, and to determine appropriate and effective policy responses. A review of studies measuring the nature and extent of exposure to food promotions was conducted to identify approaches to monitoring food promotions via dominant media platforms. A step-wise approach, comprising ‘minimal’, ‘expanded’ and ‘optimal’ monitoring activities, was designed. This approach can be used to assess the frequency and level of exposure of population groups (especially children) to food promotions, the persuasive power of techniques used in promotional communications (power of promotions) and the nutritional composition of promoted food products. Detailed procedures for data sampling, data collection and data analysis for a range of media types are presented, as well as quantifiable measurement indicators for assessing exposure to and power of food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions. The proposed framework supports the development of a consistent system for monitoring food and non-alcoholic beverage promotions for comparison between countries and over time.

Tumour necrosis is an independent prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer : correlation with biological variables

Background Tumour necrosis (TN) is recognized to be a consequence of chronic cellular hypoxia. TN and hypoxia correlate with poor prognosis in solid tumours. Methods In a retrospective study the prognostic implications of the extent of TN was evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and correlated with clinicopathological variables and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, Bcl-2, p53 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Tissue specimens from 178 surgically resected cases of stage I-IIIA NSCLC with curative intent were studied. The specimens were routinely processed, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. TN was graded as extensive or either limited or absent by two independent observers; disagreements were resolved using a double-headed microscope. The degree of reproducibility was estimated by re-interpreting 40 randomly selected cases after a 4 month interval. Results Reproducibility was attained in 36/40 cases, Kappa score=0.8 P<0.001. TN correlated with T-stage (P=0.001), platelet count (P=0.004) and p53 expression (P=0.031). Near significant associations of TN with N-stage (P=0.063) and MMP-9 expression (P=0.058) were seen. No association was found with angiogenesis (P=0.98). On univariate (P=0.0016) and multivariate analysis (P=0.023) TN was prognostic. Conclusion These results indicate that extensive TN reflects an aggressive tumour phenotype in NSCLC and may improve the predictive power of the TMN staging system. The lack of association between TN and angiogenesis may be important although these variables were not evaluated on serial sections. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interactions between hypoxia and epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small-cell-lung cancer

Tumor hypoxia has been recognized to confer resistance to anticancer therapy since the early 20th century. More recently, its fundamental role in tumorigenesis has been established. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 has been identified as an important transcription factor that mediates the cellular response to hypoxia, promoting both cellular survival and apoptosis under different conditions. Increased tumor cell expression of this transcription factor promotes tumor growth In vivo and is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing tumor resection. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) promotes tumor cell proliferation and anglogenesis and inhibits apoptosis. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression increases in a stepwise manner during tumorigenesis and is overexpressed in > 50% of NSCLC tumors. This review discusses the reciprocal relationship between tumor cell hypoxia and EGFR. Recent studies suggest that hypoxia induces expression of EGFR and its ligands. In return, EGFR might enhance the cellular response to hypoxia by increasing expression of HIF-1α, and so act as a survival factor for hypoxic cancer cells. Immunohistochemical studies on a series of resected NSCLC tumors add weight to this contention by demonstrating a close association between expression of EGFR, HIF-1α, and:1 of HIF-1's target proteins, carbonic anhydrase IX. In this article we discuss emerging treatment strategies for NSCLC that target HIF-1, HIF-1 transcriptional targets, and EGFR.

Higher-order non-linear analysis of steel structures. Part II : refined plastic hinge formulation

In the companion paper, a fourth-order element formulation in an updated Lagrangian formulation was presented to handle geometric non-linearities. The formulation of the present paper extends this to include material non-linearity by proposing a refined plastic hinge approach to analyse large steel framed structures with many members, for which contemporary algorithms based on the plastic zone approach can be problematic computationally. This concept is an advancement of conventional plastic hinge approaches, as the refined plastic hinge technique allows for gradual yielding, being recognized as distributed plasticity across the element section, a condition of full plasticity, as well as including strain hardening. It is founded on interaction yield surfaces specified analytically in terms of force resultants, and achieves accurate and rapid convergence for large frames for which geometric and material non-linearity are significant. The solutions are shown to be efficacious in terms of a balance of accuracy and computational expediency. In addition to the numerical efficiency, the present versatile approach is able to capture different kinds of material and geometric non-linearities on general applications of steel structures, and thereby it offers an efficacious and accurate means of assessing non-linear behaviour of the structures for engineering practice.

A near-to-far non-parametric learning approach for estimating traversability in deformable terrain

It is well recognized that many scientifically interesting sites on Mars are located in rough terrains. Therefore, to enable safe autonomous operation of a planetary rover during exploration, the ability to accurately estimate terrain traversability is critical. In particular, this estimate needs to account for terrain deformation, which significantly affects the vehicle attitude and configuration. This paper presents an approach to estimate vehicle configuration, as a measure of traversability, in deformable terrain by learning the correlation between exteroceptive and proprioceptive information in experiments. We first perform traversability estimation with rigid terrain assumptions, then correlate the output with experienced vehicle configuration and terrain deformation using a multi-task Gaussian Process (GP) framework. Experimental validation of the proposed approach was performed on a prototype planetary rover and the vehicle attitude and configuration estimate was compared with state-of-the-art techniques. We demonstrate the ability of the approach to accurately estimate traversability with uncertainty in deformable terrain.

In vivo non-invasive high resolution MR-based method for the determination of the elastic modulus of arterial vessels

The mechanical properties of arterial walls have long been recognized to play an essential role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Early detection of variations in the elastic modulus of arteries would help in monitoring patients at high cardiovascular risk stratifying them according to risk. An in vivo, non-invasive, high resolution MR-phase-contrast based method for the estimation of the time-dependent elastic modulus of healthy arteries was developed, validated in vitro by means of a thin walled silicon rubber tube integrated into an existing MR-compatible flow simulator and used on healthy volunteers. A comparison of the elastic modulus of the silicon tube measured from the MRI-based technique with direct measurements confirmed the method's capability. The repeatability of the method was assessed. Viscoelastic and inertial effects characterizing the dynamic response of arteries in vivo emerged from the comparison of the pressure waveform and the area variation curve over a period. For all the volunteers who took part in the study the elastic modulus was found to be in the range 50-250 kPa, to increase during the rising part of the cycle, and to decrease with decreasing pressure during the downstroke of systole and subsequent diastole.

Non-invasive MR imaging of inflammation in a patient with both asymptomatic carotid atheroma and an abdominal aortic aneurysm: A case report

Inflammation is a recognized risk factor for the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. USPIO-enhanced MRI imaging is a promising non-i nvasive method to identify high-risk atheromatous plaque inflammation in vivo in humans, in which areas of focal signal loss on MR images have been shown to correspond to the location of activated macrophages, typically at the shoulder regions of the plaque. This is the first report in humans describing simultaneous USPIO uptake within atheroma in two different arterial territories and again emphasises that atherosclerosis is a truly systemic disease. With further work, USPIO-enhanced MR imaging may be useful in identifying inflamed vulnerable atheromatous plaques in vivo, so refining patient selection for intervention and allowing appropriate early aggressive pharmacotherapy to prevent plaque rupture.

The essential and non-essential genes of Bovine herpesvirus 1

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an economically important pathogen of cattle associated with respiratory and reproductive disease. To further develop BoHV-1 as a vaccine vector, a study was conducted to identify the essential and non-essential genes required for in vitro viability. Randominsertion mutagenesis utilizing a Tn5 transposition system and targeted gene deletion were employed to construct gene disruption and gene deletion libraries, respectively, of an infectious clone of BoHV-1. Transposon insertion position and confirmation of gene deletion were determined by direct sequencing. The essential or non-essential requirement of either transposed or deleted open reading frames (ORFs) was assessed by transfection of respective BoHV-1 DNA into host cells. Of the 73 recognized ORFs encoded by the BoHV-1 genome, 33 were determined to be essential and 36 to be non-essential for virus viability in cell culture; determining the requirement of the two dual copy ORFs was inconclusive. The majority of ORFs were shown to conform to the in vitro requirements of BoHV-1 homologues encoded by human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1). However, ORFs encoding glycoprotein K (UL53), regulatory, membrane, tegument and capsid proteins (UL54, UL49.5, UL49, UL35, UL20, UL16 and UL7) were shown to differ in requirement when compared to HHV-1-encoded homologues.

Non-polio enteroviruses and their association with acute diarrhea in children in India

A causative agent in approximately 40% of diarrhea] cases. still remains unidentified. Though many enteroviruses (EVs) are transmitted through fecal-oral route and replicate in the intestinal cells, their association with acute diarrhea has not so far been recognized due to lack of detailed epidemiological investigations. This long-term, detailed molecular epidemiological study aims to conclusively determine the association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute diarrhea in comaparison with rotavirus (RV) in children. Diarrheal stool specimens from 2161 children aged 0-2 years and 169 children between 2 and 9 years, and 1800 normal stool samples from age-matched healthy children between 0 and 9 years were examined during 2008-2012 for enterovirus (oral polio vaccine strains (OPVs) and NPEVs). Enterovirus serotypes were identified by complete VP1 gene sequence analysis. Enterovirus and rotavirus were detected in 19.01% (380/2330) and 13.82% (322/2330) diarrheal stools. During the study period, annual prevalence of EV- and RV-associated diarrhea ranged between 8% and 22%, but with contrasting seasonal prevalence with RV predominating during winter months and NPEV prevailing in other seasons. NPEVs are associated with epidemics-like outbreaks during which they are detected in up to 50% of diarrheic children, and in non-epidemic seasons in 0-10% of the patients. After subtraction of OPV-positive diarrheal cases (1.81%), while NPEVs are associated with about 17% of acute diarrhea, about 6% of healthy children showed asymptomatic NPEV excretion. Of 37 NPEV serotypes detected in diarrheal children, seven echovirus types 1, 7, 11, 13, 14, 30 and 33 are frequently observed, with Ell being more prevalent followed by E30. In conclusion, NPEVs are significantly associated with acute diarrhea, and NPEVs and rotavirus exhibit contrasting seasonal predominance. This study signifies the need for a new direction of research on enteroviruses involving systematic analysis of their contribution to diarrheal burden. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impossibilità di pensare Dio non esistente : il Proslogion di Anselmo d'Aosta come applicazione implicita dei moderni procedimenti di logica aletica

Resumen: La vera intenzione teologica di Anselmo d’Aosta nello scrivere il Proslogion e il vero significato del suo celebre unum argumentum vanno visti nella funzione che la ragione svolge necessariamente all’interno della vita di fede del cristiano. Anselmo, come Tommaso d’Aquino, non sostiene che l’esistenza di Dio sia un “articulus fidei” ma piuttosto uno dei “praeambula fidei”. La ragione naturale ha la certezza che Dio esiste, ancora prima della dimostrazione metafisica, e questo non fa che confermare l’assurdità di pensare che non esista il fondamento reale di tutte le cose esistenti.