Characterising noise signals in 2-phase solid gas flows

Pneumatic conveying of powder and granular material involve the mixed flow of solid particles in air. Characterisation of solid/gas flow regimes is important for the design, operation and control of plants involving such two-phase processes. This paper describes preliminary studies directed at identifying flow regimes in solid/gas flows by analysis of the process `noise' signals from a flow transmitter which has a relatively wide frequency response.

Effective discrimination of acoustic emission source signals for structural health monitoring

Acoustic emission (AE) is the phenomenon where stress waves are generated due to rapid release of energy within a material caused by sources such as crack initiation or growth. AE technique involves recording the stress waves by means of sensors and subsequent analysis of the recorded signals to gather information about the nature of the source. Though AE technique is one of the popular non destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for structural health monitoring of mechanical, aerospace and civil structures; several challenges still exist in successful application of this technique. Presence of spurious noise signals can mask genuine damage‐related AE signals; hence a major challenge identified is finding ways to discriminate signals from different sources. Analysis of parameters of recorded AE signals, comparison of amplitudes of AE wave modes and investigation of uniqueness of recorded AE signals have been mentioned as possible criteria for source differentiation. This paper reviews common approaches currently in use for source discrimination, particularly focusing on structural health monitoring of civil engineering structural components such as beams; and further investigates the applications of some of these methods by analyzing AE data from laboratory tests.

Data acquisition and processing at ocean bottom for a Tsunami warning system

The design and development of a Bottom Pressure Recorder for a Tsunami Early Warning System is described here. The special requirements that it should satisfy for the specific application of deployment at ocean bed and pressure monitoring of the water column above are dealt with. A high-resolution data digitization and low circuit power consumption are typical ones. The implementation details of the data sensing and acquisition part to meet these are also brought out. The data processing part typically encompasses a Tsunami detection algorithm that should detect an event of significance in the background of a variety of periodic and aperiodic noise signals. Such an algorithm and its simulation are presented. Further, the results of sea trials carried out on the system off the Chennai coast are presented. The high quality and fidelity of the data prove that the system design is robust despite its low cost and with suitable augmentations, is ready for a full-fledged deployment at ocean bed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Um esquema de Fourier local para análise tempo-frequência de sinais não-estacionários aplicado a ruído eletroquímico

Sinais diversos estão presentes em nosso cotidiano, assim como nas medidas realizadas nas atividades de ciência e tecnologia. Dentre estes sinais, tem grande importância tecnológica aqueles associados à corrosão de estruturas metálicas. Assim, esta tese propõe o estudo de um esquema local de transformada de Fourier janelada, com a janela variando em função da curtose, aplicada a sinais de ruído eletroquímico. A curtose foi avaliada nos domínios do tempo e da frequência e processada pelo programa desenvolvido para esse fim. O esquema foi aplicado a sinais de ruído eletroquímico dos aços UNS S31600, UNS G10200 e UNS S32750 imersos em três soluções: FeCl3 0,1 mol=L (cloreto férrico), H2SO4 5%(ácido sulfúrico) e NaOH 0,1%(hidróxido de sódio). Para os aços inoxidáveis, estas soluções promovem corrosão localizada, uniforme e passivação, respectivamente. Visando testar o desempenho do esquema de Fourier desenvolvido, testes foram realizados utilizando-se inicialmente sinais sintéticos e em seguida sinais de ruído eletroquímico. Notou-se que os sinais têm características de não-estacionaridade e a maior parte da energia está presente em baixa frequência. Os intervalos de tempo e de frequência onde se concentra a maior parte da energia do sinal foram correlacionados. Para os picos máximos dos sinais de potencial e corrente obtidos de amperimetria de resistência nula, a correlação entre eles foi baixa, independente da forma de corrosão presente. Conclui-se que o método se adaptou bastante bem às características locais do sinal eletroquímico permitindo o monitoramento dos espectros tempo-frequência. O fato de ser sensível às características locais do sinal permite analisar aspectos dos sinais que do modo clássico não podem ser diretamente processados. O método da transformada de Fourier janelada variável (Variable Short-Time Fourier Transform - VSTFT) adaptou-se muito bem no monitoramento dos sinais originados de potencial de circuito aberto e amperimetria de resistência nula.

Determinação de cádmio e chumbo em peixes da espécie geophagus brasiliensis, no rio Paraíba do Sul, entre os municípios de Barra Mansa e Pinheiral

Sabendo que os peixes são bioacumuladores de contaminantes do ambiente aquático e com isso representam riscos para seus consumidores, podendo ampliar tal poluentes para a cadeia trófica, este estudo tem por objetivo determinar os níveis de cádmio e chumbo presentes na espécie de peixe Acará (Geophagus brasiliensis), tradicional do consumo da população ribeirinha, devido a grande quantidade de indivíduos na região industrial do Sul Fluminense, no rio Paraíba do Sul, do estado do Rio Janeiro, além de comparar as faixas de concentração destes elementos-traço com dados estabelecidos pela ANVISA, utilizando estes peixes como bioindicadores das regiões estudadas. Os peixes foram capturados ao longo do rio Paraíba do Sul, nos municípios de Pinheiral, Barra Mansa e Volta Redonda. A identificação e quantificação dos metaisforam realizados, por um sistema de pré-concentração, baseado na adsorção de metais por uma resina quelante (chelex100) acoplada em linhacom um espectrômetro de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS). O método de pré-concentração permitiu a detecção de cádmio em níveis maiores que ao limite de detecção do FAAS e quando comparados com os valores estabelecidos pela ANVISA, indicou que o peixe estaria impróprio para o consumo humano. Nas análises de pré-concentração para chumbo, não houve sinal expressivo a ser comparado, apresentando somente sinais de ruído do equipamento. O cádmio e o chumbo foram escolhidos para análise uma vez que são regulamentados como contaminantes inorgânicos pela ANVISA e não foi encontrado na literatura nenhum dado sobre esses metais em Geophagus brasiliensis

Análise de componentes principais aplicada a ruído eletroquímico

Neste trabalho foi utilizado um método matemático para classificar registros de potencial e corrente de ensaios de corrosão na técnica de amperimetria de resistência nula (ZRA). Foi aplicado o método estatístico de múltiplas variáveis simples chamado Análise dos Componentes Principais (PCA), cujo objetivo principal foi identificar padrões nestes dados de ruído eletroquímico. Foram testados o aço carbono UNS G10200, os aços inoxidáveis austenítico UNS S31600 e o superduplex UNS S32750 em meios de ácido sulfúrico (5% H2SO4), cloreto férrico (0,1 mol/L FeCl3) e hidróxido de sódio (0,1% NaOH). Os ensaios foram replicados com oito repetições para se ter reprodutibilidade e conhecimento dos aspectos estatísticos envolvidos. Os resultados mostraram que a análise de componentes principais pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta para analisar sinais de ruído eletroquímico, identificando os clusters dos comportamentos potencial-tempo, corrente-tempo e acessoriamente identificar os outliersdos registros temporais.

Adaptive modeling and high quality spectral estimation for speech enhancement

In this work an adaptive modeling and spectral estimation scheme based on a dual Discrete Kalman Filtering (DKF) is proposed for speech enhancement. Both speech and noise signals are modeled by an autoregressive structure which provides an underlying time frame dependency and improves time-frequency resolution. The model parameters are arranged to obtain a combined state-space model and are also used to calculate instantaneous power spectral density estimates. The speech enhancement is performed by a dual discrete Kalman filter that simultaneously gives estimates for the models and the signals. This approach is particularly useful as a pre-processing module for parametric based speech recognition systems that rely on spectral time dependent models. The system performance has been evaluated by a set of human listeners and by spectral distances. In both cases the use of this pre-processing module has led to improved results.

Nouvelles limites sur la détection directe de la matière sombre avec l’expérience PICASSO

Les observations astronomiques et cosmologiques suggèrent fortement la présence d’une matière exotique, non-relativiste et non-baryonique qui représenterait 26% du contenu de masse-énergie de l’Univers actuel. Cette matière dite sombre et froide serait compo- sée de particules neutres, massives et interagissant faiblement avec la matière ordinaire (WIMP : Weakly Interactive Massive Particles). Le projet PICASSO (Projet d’Identification des CAndidats Supersymétriques de la matière SOmbre) est une des expériences installées dans le site souterrain de SNOLAB à Sudbury en Ontario, qui tente de détecter directement un des candidats de la matière sombre, proposé dans le cadre des extensions supersymétriques du modèle standard : le neutralino. Pour cela, PICASSO utilise des détecteurs à gouttelettes surchauffées de C4F10, basés sur le principe de la chambre à bulles. Les transitions de phase dans les liquides surchauffés peuvent être déclenchées par le recul du 19 F, causé par une collision élastique avec les neutralinos. La nucléation de la gouttelette génère une onde sonore enregistrée par des senseurs piézo-électriques. Cette thèse présentera les récents progrès de l’expérience PICASSO qui ont conduit à une augmentation substantielle de sa sensibilité dans la recherche du neutralino. En effet, de nouvelles procédures de fabrication et de purification ont permis de réduire à un facteur de 10, la contamination majeure des détecteurs, causée par les émetteurs alpha. L’étude de cette contamination dans les détecteurs a permis de localiser la source de ces émetteurs. Les efforts effectués dans le cadre de l’analyse des données, ont permis d’améliorer l’effet de discrimination entre des évènements engendrés par les particules alpha et par les reculs nucléaires. De nouveaux outils d’analyse ont également été implémentés dans le but de discriminer les évènements générés par des particules de ceux générés par des bruits de fond électroniques ou acoustiques. De plus, un mécanisme important de suppression de bruit de fond indésirable à haute température, a permis à l’expérience PICASSO d’être maintenant sensible aux WIMPs de faibles masses.

The dynamic behaviour of a buried water pipe and its effect on leak location using acoustic methods

Leakage in buried pipes is one of the main concerns for water companies due to the scarcity of potable water sources. Older metallic pipelines have been replaced by plastic pipes in such systems, which makes it more difficult to locate leaks using acoustics and vibration. This is mainly because of the high attenuation of leak signals caused by the damping in the pipe wall. To investigate acoustic methods in leak location in controlled conditions, a bespoke test rig was constructed in the UK. In this paper, data from this test-rig is used to discuss some issues that arise when using two contemporary correlators. Of particular interest, is the way in which a resonance in the system can have a profound effect on the estimate of the position of the leak depending on the way in which the leak noise signals are processed. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications.

Measurement of Wave Attenuation in Buried Plastic Water Distribution Pipes

Leaks in pipes are a common issue encountered in the water industry. Acoustic methods are generally successful in finding and locating leaks in metallic pipes, however, they are less effective when applied to plastic pipes. This is because leak-noise signals are heavily attenuated due to high damping in the pipe-wall and sound radiation into the soil. As result, high frequency leak noise does not travel long distances. To determine how far leak noise may travel in a pipe at any frequency, the attenuation of the wave responsible for leak noise propagation should be known. In this paper a new method to estimate this is described. The method is then applied to some measurements made on a bespoke pipe-test rig in the UK, and the results are compared with theoretical predictions.

Fast detection of the magnetic easy axis on steel sheet using the continuous rotational Barkhausen method

The magnetic behaviour of most commercial ferromagnetic steels is usually anisotropic presenting a magnetic easy axis. Changes in the direction of this axis can be related to mechanical changes and anomalies that occur in the fabrication process. The present work describes a method that uses a device with permanent magnets to create a precise rotational magnetic field. The device measures continuous Magnetic Barkhausen Noise signals related to the angle of magnetization, in order to determine the direction of the macroscopic magnetic easy axis. It also offers the possibility of obtaining real time parameters that quantify the magnetic anisotropy of the sample. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Benefit of a Contralateral Routing of Signal Device for Unilateral Cochlear Implant Users.

Objective: To investigate objective and subjective effects of an adjunctive contralateral routing of signal (CROS) device at the untreated ear in patients with a unilateral cochlear implant (CI). Design: Prospective study of 10 adult experienced unilateral CI users with bilateral severe-to-profound hearing loss. Speech in noise reception (SNR) and sound localization were measured with and without the additional CROS device. SNR was measured by applying speech signals at the untreated/CROS side while noise signals came from the front (S90N0). For S0N90, signal sources were switched. Sound localization was measured in a 12-loudspeaker full circle setup. To evaluate the subjective benefit, patients tried the device for 2 weeks at home, then filled out the abbreviated Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale as well as the Bern benefit in single-sided deafness questionnaires. Results: In the setting S90N0, all patients showed a highly significant SNR improvement when wearing the additional CROS device (mean 6.4 dB, p < 0.001). In the unfavorable setting S0N90, only a minor deterioration of speech understanding was noted (mean -0.66 dB, p = 0.54). Sound localization did not improve substantially with CROS. In the two questionnaires, 12 of 14 items showed an improvement in mean values, but none of them was statistically significant. Conclusion: Patients with unilateral CI benefit from a contralateral CROS device, particularly in a noisy environment, when speech comes from the CROS ear side. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Implementación de instrumentación virtual con LaBVIEW

El objetivo del PFC es el diseño e implementación de una aplicación que funcione como osciloscopio, analizador de espectro y generador de funciones virtual, todo dentro de la misma aplicacion. Mediante una tarjeta de adquisición de datos tomaremos muestras de señales del mundo real (sistema analógico) para generar datos que puedan ser manipulados por un ordenador (sistema digital). Con esta misma tarjeta también se podrán generar señales básicas, tales como señales senoidales, cuadradas.... y además se ha añadido la funcionalidad de generar señales moduladas en frecuencia, señales tipo Chirp (usadas comúnmente tanto en aplicaciones sonar y radar, como en transmisión óptica) o PRN (ruido pseudo-aleatorio que consta de una secuencia determinista de pulsos que se repite cada periodo, usada comúnmente en receptores GPS), como también señales ampliamente conocidas como el ruido blanco Gaussiano o el ruido blanco uniforme. La aplicación mostrará con detalle las señales adquiridas y analizará de diversas maneras esas señales. Posee la función de enventanado de los tipos de ventana mas comunes, respuesta en frecuencia, transformada de Fourier, etc. La configuración es elegida por el usuario en un entorno amigable y de visualización atractiva. The objective of the PFC is the design and implementation of an application that works as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer and virtual signal generator, all within the same application. Through a data acquisition card, the user can take samples of real-world signals (analog system) to generate data that can be manipulated by a computer (digital system). This same card can also generate basic signals, such as sine waves, square waves, sawtooth waves.... and further has added other functionalities as frequency modulated signals generation, Chirp signals type generation (commonly used in both sonar and radar applications, such as optical transmission) or PRN (pseudo-random noise sequence comprising a deterministic pulse that repeats every period, commonly used in GPS receivers). It also can generate widely known as Gaussian white noise signals or white noise uniform signals. The application will show in detail the acquired signals and will analyze these signals in different ways selected by the user. Windowing function has the most common window types, frequency response, Fourier transform are examples of what kind of analyzing that can be processed. The configuration is chosen by the user throught friendly and attractive displays and panels.