Estrogen receptor subtype beta2 is involved in neuromast development in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

Estrogens are known to play a role in both reproductive and non-reproductive functions in mammals. Estrogens and their receptors are involved in the development of the central nervous system (brain development, neuronal survival and differentiation) as well as in the development of the peripheral nervous system (sensory-motor behaviors). In order to decipher possible functions of estrogens in early development of the zebrafish sensory system, we investigated the role of estrogen receptor beta(2) (ERbeta(2)) by using a morpholino (MO) approach blocking erbeta(2) RNA translation. We further investigated the development of lateral line organs by cell-specific labeling, which revealed a disrupted development of neuromasts in morphants. The supporting cells developed and migrated normally. Sensory hair cells, however, were absent in morphants' neuromasts. Microarray analysis and subsequent in situ hybridizations indicated an aberrant activation of the Notch signaling pathway in ERbeta(2) morphants. We conclude that signaling via ERbeta(2) is essential for hair cell development and may involve an interaction with the Notch signaling pathway during cell fate decision in the neuromast maturation process.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) neuromast: promising biological endpoint linking developmental and toxicological studies

Aquatic toxicology is facing the challenge to assess the impact of complex mixtures of compounds on diverse biological endpoints. So far, ecotoxicology focuses mainly on apical endpoints such as growth, lethality and reproduction, but does not consider sublethal toxic effects that may indirectly cause ecological effects. One such sublethal effect is toxicant-induced impairment of neurosensory functions which will affect important behavioural traits of exposed organisms. Here, we critically review the mechanosensory lateral line (LL) system of zebrafish as a model to screen for chemical effects on neurosensory function of fish in particular and vertebrates in general. The LL system consists of so-called neuromasts, composed of centrally located sensory hair cells, and surrounding supporting cells. The function of neuromasts is the detection of water movements that is essential for the fish's ability to detect prey, to escape predator, to socially interact or to show rheotactic behaviour. Recent advances in the study of these organs provided researchers with a broad area of molecular tools for easy and rapid detection of neuromasts dysfunction and/or disturbed development. Further, genes involved in neuromasts differentiation have been identified using auditory/mechanosensory mutants and morphants. A number of environmental toxicants including metals and pharmaceuticals have been shown to affect neuromasts development and/or function. The use of the LL organ for toxicological studies offers the advantage to integrate the available profound knowledge on developmental biology of the neuromasts with the study of chemical toxicity. This combination may provide a powerful tool in environmental risk assessment.

The pit organs of elasmobranchs: a review

Elasmobranchs have hundreds of tiny sensory organs, called pit organs, scattered over the skin surface. The pit organs were noted in many early studies of the lateral line, but their exact nature has long remained a mystery. Although pit organs were known to be innervated by the lateral line nerves, and light micrographs suggested that they were free neuromasts, speculation that they may be external taste buds or chemoreceptors has persisted until recently Electron micrographs have now revealed that the pit organs are indeed free neuromasts. Their functional and behavioural role(s), however, are yet to be investigated.

Study of inner ear and lateral line hair cell regeneration

Death of sensory hair cells in the inner ear results in two global health problems that millions of people around the world suffer: hearing loss and balance disorders. Hair cells convert sound vibrations and head movements into electrical signals that are conveyed to the brain, and as a result of aging, exposure to noise, modern drugs or genetic predisposition, hair cells die. In mammals, the great majority of hair cells are produced during embryogenesis, and hair cells that are lost after birth are not replaceable. However, in the last decades, researches have shown some model organisms that retain the ability to regenerate hair cells damaged after embryogenesis, such as Zebrafish and chicken, providing clues as to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that may block hair cell regeneration in mammals. This discovery initiated a search for methods to stimulate regeneration or replacement of hair cells in mammals, a search that, if fruitful, will revolutionize the treatment of hearing loss and balance disorders. One aim of my project is to study the role of retinoic acid in adult Zebrafish and in mice, which is a metabolite of vitamin A known as an essential molecule to activate hair cell regeneration after cells damaged in Zebrafish embryo. We want to study important genes involved in retinoic acid pathway, such as Aldh1a3 and RARs genes, to check what their role is in the inner ear of adult Zebrafish and compare result obtained in the inner ear of mice. On the other hand, Zebrafish lateral line contains neuromast, which are formed by the same structure than the inner ear: hair cells surrounded by supporting cells and neurons. The lateral line is a structure below the skin's surface that makes easier to damage hair cells to study their regeneration. For that reason, another aim of my project is to study how Sox2 and Atoh1, essential genes during the inner ear development, change their expression during hair cell regeneration in the lateral line. In my project, the most important concepts related to Zebrafish world are explained in order to understand why we have studied this animal and these essential genes. Then, techniques that we used are explained, with their protocol attached in the annexes. Finally, results of my project are shown, but many of them were not expected and they would be needed to follow studying.

Ontogenia do sistema sensorial de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characidae: Serrasalmidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ruolo del gene umano CYYR1: dallo studio funzionale dell'ortologo in Danio rerio alla potenziale implicazione in processi tumorigenici

Il locus CYYR1 identificato e clonato sul cromosoma 21 umano è stato caratterizzato dal punto di vista molecolare come un sistema multitrascritto, esclusivo dei vertebrati che ad oggi è orfano di una funzione specifica. Dati presenti in lettura e rintracciati mostrano una possibile relazione tra il gene CYYR1 e il pathway di Sonic Hedgehog (SHH). In questo progetto di tesi è stato utilizzato il modello animale Danio rerio per indagare il ruolo funzionale dell’ortologo (cyyr1), attraverso esperimenti di gain e loss of function che hanno permesso di dimostrare un suo coinvolgimento nello sviluppo del sistema nervoso centrale, del cuore e del tessuto muscolare. Lo studio dell’ortologo in zebrafish è stato associato all’utilizzo di linee cellulari di rabdomiosarcoma umano. I risultati ottenuti dall’induzione al differenziamento miogenico di queste linee, insieme ai dati ottenuti in Danio rerio, confermano il possibile coinvolgimento del gene CYYR1 nella miogenesi. Lo studio delle relazione tra il pathway di SHH e l’espressione del gene CYYR1 è stato condotto in entrambi i modelli con l’utilizzo di differenti inibitori della via di segnalazione. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che sistemi inibitori agenti direttamente sul recettore SMO riducono l’espressione del gene. Un dato inaspettato in Danio rerio ottenuto durante questi esperimenti di inibizione, ha aperto una nuova linea di ricerca in collaborazione con l’Università di Warwick tesa a verificare la relazione tra il gene cyyr1 e il gene lefty1. Gli esperimenti condotti presso il laboratorio della Prof.ssa Sampath hanno dimostrato la localizzazione del prodotto proteico cyyr1 in Danio rerio e indagato co-localizzazioni con la proteina lefty1. Infine, in collaborazione con Dr. Deflorian e della Prof.ssa Pistocchi, è stato generato un mutante di Danio rerio deleto per il gene cyyr1 con la tecnica CRISPR/Cas9. La caratterizzazione del mutante cyyr1 -/- ha confermato alcuni dei dati ottenuti attraverso esperimenti di loss of function.