Testing hypotheses about the function of repeated nest abandonment as a life history strategy in a passerine bird

Nest structures are essential for successful reproduction in most bird species. Nest construction costs time and energy, and most bird species typically build one nest per breeding attempt. Some species, however, build more than one nest, and the reason for this behaviour is often unclear. In the Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa, nest abandonment before egg-laying is very common. Fantails will build up to seven nests within a breeding season, and pairs abandon up to 71% of their nests before egg-laying. We describe multiple nest-building behaviour in the Grey Fantail and test four hypotheses explaining nest abandonment in this species: cryptic depredation, destruction of nests during storm events, and two anti-predatory responses (construction of decoy nests to confuse predators, and increasing concealment to 'hide' nests more effectively). We found support for only one hypothesis - that abandonment is related to nest concealment. Abandoned nests were significantly less concealed than nests that received eggs. Most abandoned nests were not completely built and none received eggs, thus ruling out cryptic predation. Nests were not more likely to be abandoned following storm events. The decoy nest hypothesis was refuted as abandoned nests were constructed at any point during the breeding season and some nests were dismantled and the material used to build the subsequent nest. Thus, Grey Fantails are flexible about nest-site locations during the nest-building phase and readily abandon nest locations if they are found to have deficient security.

Hierarchical analysis of avian re-nesting behavior: mean, across-individual, and intra-individual responses

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Anti-predator behavior is a key aspect of life history evolution, usually studied at the population (mean), or across-individual levels. However individuals can also differ in their intra-individual (residual) variation, but to our knowledge, this has only been studied once before in free-living animals. Here we studied the distances moved and changes in nest height and concealment between successive nesting attempts of marked pairs of grey fantails (Rhipidura albiscapa) in relation to nest fate, across the breeding season. We predicted that females (gender that decides where the nest is placed) should on average show adaptive behavioral responses to the experience of prior predation risk such that after an unsuccessful nesting attempt, replacement nests should be further away, higher from the ground, and more concealed compared with replacement nests after successful nesting attempts. We found that, on average, females moved greater distances to re-nest after unsuccessful nesting attempts (abandoned or depredated) in contrast to after a successful attempt, suggesting that re-nesting decisions are sensitive to risk. We found no consistent across-individual differences in distances moved, heights, or concealment. However, females differed by 53-fold (or more) in their intra-individual variability (i.e., predictability) with respect to distances moved and changes in nest height between nesting attempts, indicating that either some systematic variation went unexplained and/or females have inherently different predictability. Ignoring these individual differences in residual variance in our models obscured the effect of nest fate on re-nesting decisions that were evident at the mean level.

(Table 1) Breeding parameters for 60 male Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at station Dumont d'Urville (Antarctica) depending on treatment (control vs. CORT)

Corticosterone, the main stress hormone in birds, mediates resource allocation, allowing animals to adjust their physiology and behaviour to changes in the environment. Incubation is a time and energy-consuming phase of the avian reproductive cycle. It may be terminated prematurely, when the parents' energy stores are depleted or when environmental conditions are severe. In this study, the effects of experimentally elevated baseline corticosterone levels on the parental investment of incubating male Adelie penguins were investigated. Incubation duration and reproductive success of 60 penguins were recorded. The clutches of some birds were replaced by dummy eggs, which recorded egg temperatures and rotation rates, enabling a detailed investigation of incubation behaviour. Corticosterone levels of treated birds were 2.4-fold higher than those of controls 18 days post treatment. Exogenous corticosterone triggered nest desertion in 61% of the treated birds; consequently reducing reproductive success, indicating that corticosterone can reduce or disrupt parental investment. Regarding egg temperatures, hypothermic events became more frequent and more pronounced in treated birds, before these birds eventually abandoned their nest. The treatment also significantly decreased incubation temperatures by 1.3 °C and lengthened the incubation period by 2.1 days. However, the number of chicks at hatching was similar among successful nests, regardless of treatment. Weather conditions appeared to be particularly important in determining the extent to which corticosterone levels affected the behaviour of penguins, as treated penguins were more sensitive to severe weather conditions. This underlines the importance of considering the interactions of organisms with their environment in studies of animal behaviour and ecophysiology.

From Greek temple to bird's nest : mapping, assessing and understanding national integrity systems

In this paper, I would like to outline the approach we have taken to mapping and assessing integrity systems and how this has led us to see integrity systems in a new light. Indeed, it has led us to a new visual metaphor for integrity systems – a bird’s nest rather than a Greek temple. This was the result of a pair of major research projects completed in partnership with Transparency International (TI). One worked on refining and extending the measurement of corruption. This, the second, looked at what was then the emerging institutional means for reducing corruption – ‘national integrity systems’

The population dynamics of the Galapagos Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax harrisi in relation to sea temperature

The Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax harrisi is restricted to c. 400 km of the western coastline of the Galápagos archipelago coinciding with the local occurrence of seasonal upwelling of oceanic currents. Individuals frequently make more than one breeding attempt per year, usually change mates, and when juveniles are raised, females desert them to the further care of their mates who complete the rearing alone. Here we report data from a ten-year historical study of a colony stretching c.2 km along the coast-line and representing c. 12% of the total population of the species. The number of clutches laid and juveniles fledged were linked to the occurrence of cold water in off-shore foraging grounds. Most Flightless Cormorants have attachments to local stretches of coastline several hundred metres long. However, a few birds travelled many kilometres, including between colonies, sometimes over open sea. We show that males invest more in nest-building and feeding of the offspring than their mates, and we relate this to the (presumed) in-bred nature of the colony and to male and female reproductive strategies. Our data validate a published demographic model of the species (Valle 1995).

A can of worms in a hornets' nest : controversial issues on alcohol and pregnancy

Since the identification of the Foetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973, researchers have been attempting to discover how much alcohol is deleterious to the developing foetus. This article examines the research evidence of more than a decade suggesting that alcohol is teratogenic. The heated debate between experts in the field both in U.K and Australia is discussed. Implications and recommendations are included.

Bees at war: Interspecific battles and nest usurpation in stingless bees

We provide the first evidence for interspecific warfare in bees, a spectacular natural phenomenon that involves a series of aerial battles and leads to thousands of fatalities from both attacking and defending colonies. Molecular analysis of fights at a hive of the Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria revealed that the attack was launched by a related species, Tetragonula hockingsi, which has only recently extended its habitat into southeastern Queensland. Following a succession of attacks by the same T. hockingsi colony over a 4-month period, the defending T. carbonaria colony was defeated and the hive usurped, with the invading colony installing a new queen. We complemented our direct observations with a 5-year study of more than 260 Tetragonula hives and found interspecific hive changes, which were likely to be usurpation events, occurring in 46 hives over this period. We discuss how fighting swarms and hive usurpation fit with theoretical predictions on the evolution of fatal fighting and highlight the many unexplained features of these battles that warrant further study.

Behavior of the indian social wasp ropalidia-cyathiformis on a nest of separate combs (hymenoptera, vespidae)

Observations were made on a nest of Ropalidia cyathiformis consisting of three combs. The number of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were monitored at about 3-day intervals for a 2-month period. The behaviour of the adults was observed with special reference to the proportion of time spent on each of the three combs, the proportion of time spent away from the nest site and the frequencies of dominance interactions and egg laying. The adults moved freely between the three combs suggesting that all of them and all the three combs belonged to one nest. However, most of the adults preferred combs 2 and 3 over comb 1. Of the 10 animals chosen for a detailed analysis of behaviour, seven spent varying periods of time away from the nest site and oRen brought back food or building material. Five of the 10 animals laid at least one egg each but two adults monopolized most of the egg-laying. The animals showed a variety of dominance interactions on the basis of which they have been arranged in a dominance hierarchy. The dominant individuals laid most of the eggs and spent little or no time foraging, while the subordinate individuals spent more time foraging and laid few eggs or none. It is argued that R. cyathiformis is different from R. marginata, the only other Indian social wasp whose behaviour has been studied, in being at a more primitive stage of social organization.

Remote detection and distinction of ants using nest-site specific LISS-derived Normalised Difference Vegetation Index

This study in Western Ghats, India, investigates the relation between nesting sites of ants and a single remotely sensed variable: the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We carried out sampling in 60 plots each measuring 30 x 30 m and recorded nest sites of 13 ant species. We found that NDVI values at the nesting sites varied considerably between individual species and also between the six functional groups the ants belong to. The functional groups Cryptic Species, Tropical Climate Specialists and Specialist Predators were present in regions with high NDVI whereas Hot Climate Specialists and Opportunists were found in sites with low NDVI. As expected we found that low NDVI values were associated with scrub jungles and high NDVI values with evergreen forests. Interestingly, we found that Pachycondyla rufipes, an ant species found only in deciduous and evergreen forests, established nests only in sites with low NDVI (range = 0.015 - 0.1779). Our results show that these low NDVI values in deciduous and evergreen forests correspond to canopy gaps in otherwise closed deciduous and evergreen forests. Subsequent fieldwork confirmed the observed high prevalence of P. rufipes in these NDVI-constrained areas. We discuss the value of using NDVI for the remote detection and distinction of ant nest sites.

Nest site characterization of sympatric hornbills in a tropical dry forest

Hornbills, among the largest and most threatened tropical frugivores, provide important seed dispersal services. Hornbill nest site characteristics are known primarily from wet tropical forests. Nests of the Indian grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris and Oriental pied hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris were characterized in a tropical dry forest. Despite A. albirostris being twice the size of O. birostris, few of the nest cavity attributes were different. A. albirostris nests were surrounded by higher proportion of mixed forest and lower sal forest compared to O. birostris. In this landscape, the larger A. albirostris may prefer to nest in sites with more food plants compared to the smaller O. birostris.

The First Occurrence in the Fossil Record of an Aquatic Avian Twig-Nest with Phoenicopteriformes Eggs: Evolutionary Implication

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Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle). Nest Architecture.

Researchers compared nest architecture in loggerhead sea turtles at natural beaches in Florida, USA and Brazil to determine how similarities and differences in female morphology and reproductive output in these two populations are reflected in the structure of the nest.

Territorialidade e ecologia reprodutiva de Formicivora littoralis (Thamnophilidae) na Restinga da Massambaba, RJ

A distribuição espacial dos indivíduos é decorrente da presença e ausência de microhábitats adequados, sendo aqueles que se estabelecem nas melhores manchas favorecidos pela seleção natural. A aquisição de um território permite a manutenção do indivíduo e o sucesso reprodutivo. A reprodução é considerada de alto custo energético, pois há deslocamento dos recursos para a manutenção de uma prole em vez de serem incorporados no crescimento individual. Investir em uma prole não significa alcançar o sucesso reprodutivo. O sucesso reprodutivo pode ser afetado, por exemplo, por eventos de predação, disponibilidade de alimento e cuidado parental. Este último pode ser realizado por ambos os membros do par reprodutor ou por apenas um deles. A deserção do cuidado parental por um dos sexos pode ser uma resposta à cópulas extra-par. Formicivora littoralis tem distribuição muito restrita. É a única espécie de ave considerada endêmica de restinga e se encontra ameaçada de extinção, embora seja localmente abundante. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) estimar os tamanhos de territórios e compara-los entre estação reprodutiva e não reprodutiva; 2) testar a influência do tamanho dos indivíduos e quantidade de vizinhos no tamanho do território; 3) descrever ninhos, ovos, filhotes e determinar o sucesso reprodutivo; 4) quantificar o cuidado parental; 5) desenvolver marcadores moleculares de microssatélites para determinar paternidade. Para os indivíduos capturados e marcados individualmente, foram obtidas amostras de sangue e medidas morfométricas (tarso, asa, cauda, comprimento total), além do peso. Os tamanhos dos territórios foram estimados pelo método do mínimo polígono convexo (unindo pontos onde machos foram registrados vocalizando). A densidade foi estimada com base no tamanho dos territórios. Aspectos da reprodução foram acessados por meio de busca mensal por ninhos e acompanhamento destes por dois dias consecutivos. Foram obtidas as taxas de predação e a quantificação do cuidado parental. Para a paternidade foram utilizados sete marcadores de microssatélites, desenvolvidos para este fim. Formicivora littoralis possui território pequeno (0,008 a 0,32ha), que varia de acordo com a estação (menor na estação reprodutiva). O tamanho do território não foi relacionado com o tamanho do indivíduo, mas apresentou resultado significativo quando comparado com a quantidade de territórios vizinhos, mostrando ser menor quanto maior o número de vizinhos. A espécie apresentou elevada densidade (0,53 a 1,15 indivíduos/km2). Com relação à reprodução, ninhos tem o formato de cesto aberto onde foram postos no máximo dois ovos. Os filhotes nasceram sem penas. A razão sexual no ninho foi igual em ambos os sexos. A taxa de predação foi elevada na fase de incubação quando comparada à fase no ninho após a eclosão. O cuidado parental (durante a incubação e com os filhotes) foi realizado pelos dois sexos, sem diferenças na proporção do investimento realizado. Dos nove ninhos analisados, todos contiveram pelo menos um ninhego proveniente de fertilização extra-par. Um total de 81,2% dos ninhegos (13 em 16) não foram prole biológica do macho do par reprodutor que realizava o cuidado parental e que se encontrava pareado socialmente com a fêmea. Essa taxa foi a mais elevada entre os estudos já realizados nos neotrópicos