Causes of legume rotation induced yield increases in cereals grown on West African soils

This study was conducted to investigate soil biological and chemical factors that give rise to cereal yield enhancing effects of legume rotations on sandy, nutrient poor West African soils. The aim was not only to gain more information on the role of legume residues and microorganisms in the soil nutrient cycle. But the study aimed at evaluating if differences in substrate qualities (e.g. root residues) cause changes in the microbial community structure due to specific and highly complex microbe-root-soil interactions. Site and system specific reactions of microorganisms towards rewetting, simulating the onset of rainy season, were observed. Higher respiration rates, higher amounts of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and nitrogen (Nmic) as well as higher ergosterol, muramic acid, glucosamine and adenylate concentrations were measured in CL soils of Koukombo and in both soils from Fada. The immediate increase in ATP concentrations after rewetting was likely caused by rehydration of microbial cells where N was not immobilized and, thus, available for plants facilitating their rapid development. Legume root residues led only to slightly better plant performances compared to the control, while the application of cereal roots reduced seedling growth. In contrast to sorghum seedlings, the microbial community did not react to the mineral treatment. Thus the energy supply in form of organic amendments increased microbial indices compared to mineral P application and the control. The results of basal respiration rates, Cmic and Corg levels indicate that the microbial community in the soil from Koukombo is less efficient in substrate use compared to microorganisms in the soil from Fada. However, the continuous carbon input by legume root residues might have contributed to these differences in soil fertility. With the 33P isotopic exchange method a low buffering capacity was detected in both soils irrespective of treatments. Calculated E values (E1min to E1min-1d and E1d-3m) indicated a slowly release of P due to root turnover while applied mineral P is taken up by plants or fixed to the soil. Due to the fact that sorghum growth reacted mainly to the application of mineral P and the microorganisms solely to the organic inputs, the combination of both amendments seems to be the best approach to a sustainable increase of crop production on many nutrient-poor, sandy West African soils. In a pot experiment, were CC and CL soils from Fada and Koukombo were adjusted to the same level of P and N concentrations, crop growth was significantly higher on CL soils, compared to the respective treatments on CC soils. Mycorrhizal infection of roots was increased and the number of nematodes, predominantly free living nematodes, was almost halfed on rotation soils. In conclusion, increased nutrient availability (especially P and N) through the introduction of legumes is not the only reason for the observed yield increasing effects. Soil biological factors seem to also play an important role. In a root chamber experiment the pH gradient along the root-soil-interface was measured at three times using an antimony microelectrode. For Fada soils, pH values were higher on CL than CC soils while the opposite was true for the Koukombo soils. Site-specific differences between Fada and Koukombo soils in N content and microbial community structures might have created varying crop performances leading to the contrasting pH findings. However, the mechanisms involved in this highly complex microbe-root-soil interaction remain unclear.

Diversity of free-living marine nematodes (Enoplida) from Baja California assessed by integrative taxonomy

We used morphological and molecular approaches to evaluate the diversity of free-living marine nematodes (order Enoplida) at four coastal sites in the Gulf of California and three on the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. We identified 22 morphological species belonging to six families, of which Thoracostomopsidae and Oncholaimidae were the most diverse. The genus Mesacanthion (Thoracostomopsidae) was the most widespread and diverse. Five allopatric species, genetically and morphologically differentiated, were found in two localities in the Gulf of California (M. sp1 and M. sp2) and three in the Pacific coast (M. sp3, M. sp4 and M. sp5). Overall, we produced 19 and 20 sequences for the 18S and 28S genes, respectively. Neither gene displayed intraspecific polymorphisms, which allowed us to establish that some morphological variation was likely either ontogenetic or due to phenotypic plasticity. Although 18S and 28S phylogenies were topologically congruent (incongruence length difference test, P > 0.05), divergences between species were much higher in the 28S gene. Moreover, this gene possessed a stronger phylogenetic signal to resolve relationships involving Rhabdodemania and Bathylaimus. On the other hand, the close relationship of Pareurystomina (Enchilidiidae) with oncholaimids warrants further study. The 28S sequences (D2D3 domain) may be better suited for DNA barcoding of marine nematodes than those from the 18S rDNA, particularly for differentiating closely related or cryptic species. Finally, our results underline the relevance of adopting an integrative approach encompassing morphological and molecular analyses to improve the assessment of marine nematode diversity and advance their taxonomy.

Fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes in natural and cultivated areas of the Amazon forest, Mato Grosso State, Brazil

The aim of this work was to study the diversity of the fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes in preserved areas of the Amazon forest, Mato Grosso state (MT), and to assess the effect of agricultural land use on plant-parasitic nematode communities. Soil and root samples were collected in each location in the late spring during the rainy season of 2005, in two areas of primary vegetation in Nova Maringa (Northwest) and Guaranta do Norte (North) and two adjacent areas planted with teak trees (Tectona grandis) and pasture (Brachiaria brizantha). Four-teen taxa of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified at species level: Discocriconemella degrissei, D. limitanea, Dolichodorus minor, Helicotylenchus erythrinae, H. pseudorobustus, Meloidogyne exigua, M javanica, Mesocriconema ornata, Paratrichodorus minor, Pratylenchus loosi, P zeae, Rotylenchus caudaphasmidius, Xiphinema ensiculiferum and X luci (for the first report of this in Brazil) and five at genus level (Atalodera sp., Hemicriconemoides sp., Meloidogyne sp., Paratylenchus sp., and Trophotylenchulus sp). These taxa, mainly those from primary vegetation, belong to families with different parasitic behavior, probably due to great plant diversity in the Amazon forest. Comparison between the two preserved areas revealed low index of similarity, as a consequence of the endemic flora in the Amazon forest, and no similarity was observed between preserved native vegetation and adjacent cultivated areas, demonstrating the high influence of agricultural activity on the plant-parasitic nematode communities. There is evidence of recent introduction of plant-parasitic nematodes in these cultivated areas; therefore measures should be taken to prevent the loss of economic sustainability in Amazonian soils. Keywords: abundance, Amazonia, diversity, Brachiaria brizantha, plant-parasitic nematode fauna, Tectona grandis.

wsp Gene sequences from the Wolbachia of filarial nematodes

Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria are widespread in arthropods and are also present in filarial nematodes. Almost all filarial species so far examined have been found to harbor these endosymbionts. The sequences of only three genes have been published for nematode Wolbachia (i.e., the genes coding for the proteins FtsZ and catalase and for 16S rRNA). Here we present the sequences of the genes coding for the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) from the endosymbionts of eight species of filaria. Complete gene sequences were obtained from the endosymbionts of two different species, Dirofilaria immitis and Brugia malayi. These sequences allowed us to design general primers for amplification of the wsp gene from the Wolbachia of all filarial species examined. For these species, partial WSP sequences (about 600 base pairs) were obtained with these primers. Phylogenetic analysis groups these nematode wsp sequences into a coherent cluster. Within the nematode cluster, wsp-based Wolbachia phylogeny matches a previous phylogeny obtained with ftsZ gene sequences, with a good consistency of the phylogeny of hosts (nematodes) and symbionts (Wolbachia). In addition, different individuals of the same host species (Dirofilaria immitis and Wuchereria bancrofti) show identical wsp gene sequences.

Ascaris lumbricoides in neonate: evidence of congenital transmission of intestinal nematodes

Clinical and epidemiological study of a forty-days-old infant with a diarrheic condition and insufficient development led to the coprological diagnosis of ascariasis and possible congenital infection. Specific treatment with levamizole, resulted in clinical and parasitological cure, in addition to gain of weight up to normal levels. Maternal parasitism had been diagnosed two months before labor and proved beyond doubt during the ensuing epidemiological inquiry.

Cereals and children: A study of their lifetime relation

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Intestinal nematodes and pulmonary tuberculosis

We report a significantly higher prevalence of intestinal nematodes in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) compared to a matched control group: 33/57 (57.8%) in patients with TB and 18/86 (20.9%) in the control group; OR=5.19; 95% CI= 2.33-11.69; p=0.000). When TB patients eosinophilia was also significantly higher among those with intestinal parasites (69.8%) compared to those without this condition (45.6%). We hypothesized that the immune modulation induced by nematodes is a factor that enhances TB infection/progression and that eosinophilia seen in TB patients is a consequence of helminth infection.

Prevalence of intestinal nematodes in alcoholic patients

We report the results of a retrospective study on the frequency of intestinal nematodes among 198 alcoholic and 440 nonalcoholic patients at the University Hospital Cassiano Antonio Moraes in Vitória, ES, Brazil. The control sample included 194 nonalcoholic patients matched according to age, sex and neighborhood and a random sample of 296 adults admitted at the same hospital. Stool examination by sedimentation method (three samples) was performed in all patients. There was a significantly higher frequency of intestinal nematodes in alcoholics than in controls (35.3% and 19.2%, respectively), due to a higher frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis (21.7% and 4.1%, respectively). Disregarding this parasite, the frequency of the other nematodes was similar in both groups. The higher frequency of S. stercoralis infection in alcoholics could be explained by immune modulation and/or by some alteration in corticosteroid metabolism induced by chronic ethanol ingestion. Corticosteroid metabolites would mimic the worm ecdisteroids, that would in turn increase the fecundity of females in duodenum and survival of larvae. Consequently, the higher frequency of Strongyloides larvae in stool of alcoholics does not necessarily reflect an increased frequency of infection rate, but only an increased chance to present a positive stool examination using sedimentation methods.

In what extent can a segmented packaging make children choose healthier breakfast cereals?

Field lab in marketing: Children consumer behaviour

The effect of energy and traffic light labeling on parents purchasing decisions of cereals for their children

Objective: Nutritional labeling systems are considered a tool to fight obesity since they aim to contribute for more informed food choices as well as assist consumers to make healthier nutrition options and in this manner, contribute to a decrease in the obesity rate. This study intends to analyze the effect of different types of labeling systems on parents’ purchasing decisions for their children on a specific product: breakfast cereals. More precisely, how labels affect parents’ perception of healthiness regarding cereals and if the nutritional information has an effect on intended purchases for their children. Participants and methods: We conducted a study with 135 Portuguese parents of children aged 4 to12 years. Parents answered a questionnaire with one of three hypothetical cereals menus. Menus only differed in their nutritional labeling technique: no labels (control group), reference intake labels or traffic light labels. In addition, we conducted 20 face-to-face interviews to a different group of parents in order to perform a recall task. Findings: This paper provides no evidence to suggest that energy labeling or traffic light labeling systems alone were successful in helping parents making healthy purchases of cereals for their children. Therefore, there is the need to promote supplementary policies to encourage the consumption of healthier food and help fight obesity.

Nematodes gastrointestinales de los caprinos. Determinaciones sobre la resistencia antihelmíntica y evaluaciones sobre el impacto sanitario productivo durante la lactancia

Estudios prelimares iniciados en el 2007 (Proyecto Pictor Córdoba 877) están indicando que la resistencia a los antihelmínticos por los nematodes que parasitan a los caprinos es un fenómeno común en el centro-norte de Córdoba. En la región, el género parasitario de mayor prevalencia es Haemonchus spp el cual es considerado mundialmente y desde una perspectiva global, como el problema parasitario de mayor importancia económica para los pequeños rumiantes. Poblaciones de este parásito con resistencia a los antiparasitarios de mayor uso (avermectinas y benzimidazoles) están ampliamente difundidos en la región (incluidos aislamientos con resistencia hacia ambas drogas) y de acuerdo a la información preliminar que se está obteniendo, los productores no están advertidos sobre el problema y en muchos casos están utilizando antiparasitarios totalmente inefectivos. El corolario es que se están produciendo pérdidas productivas (potencialmente de magnitud) y la acumulación de genes resistentes en las majadas y superficies de pastoreo lo cual compromete la eficiencia y sustentabilidad de estos sistemas productivos caprinos. Las técnicas diagnósticas actualmente disponibles se basan en características fenotípicas de las poblaciones parasitarias resistentes las que se expresan cuando las fallas terapéuticas y productivas generalmente ya pueden haber ocurrido. Mientras no se encuentren disponibles técnicas diagnósticas para identificar características genotípicas de estas poblaciones que permitan anticiparnos a estas pérdidas, se hace necesario la implementación continua de evaluaciones para detectar los problemas de eficacia de los antihelmínticos tan pronto como sea posible. La menor capacidad económica relativa de los productores caprinos frente a otras actividades pecuarias exige métodos diagnósticos muy simples si es que se pretende la adopción de esta metodología diagnóstica. En este contexto, el proyecto contempla en este punto específico el estudio de técnicas y alternativas para simplificar y economizar los métodos actuales para el diagnóstico de la resistencia antihelmíntica bajo situaciones de campo. La dispersión de la resistencia surge como una consecuencia inevitable de las actuales prácticas de aplicación de antiparasitarios desarrolladas en la región y exige abandonar en forma urgente la lógica simplista y los tratamientos empíricos sin sustento epidemiológico que están comprometiendo seriamente la sustentabilidad del control de los nematodos gastrointestinales. Se hace necesario contar con información regional no solo sobre la epidemiología de estos parásitos si no también sobre sus efectos sobre los diferentes estados fisiológicos de los hospedadores caprinos. En una aproximación al problema, el proyecto propone el estudio sobre el impacto productivo y sanitario que ocasionan los nematodes en el periparto y lactación de las hembras caprinas y determinar los efectos de tratamientos estratégicos durante este período fisiológico específico.

Resistencia antihelmíntica (nematodes gastrointestinales) en herbívoros domésticos del área central de la Argentina

El desarrollo de resistencia de los antihelmínticos por los nematodes que parasitan a los herbívoros domésticos se está incrementando rápidamente en la Argentina. En el área centro- norte de Argentina se han registrado casos de resistencia a los antihelmínticos por nematodes que parasitan ovinos, caprinos, bovinos y equinos. Existen actualmente tres grupos químicos para el control de los nematodes de los herbívoros domésticos: levamisoles, benzimidazoles y lactonas macrocíclicas. En los ovinos la resistencia ya se ha expresado a los tres grupos químicos y en bovinos a dos (benziamiazoles y lactonas macrocrílicas) existiendo también aislamiento de nematodes con resistencia para ambos grupos. Con respecto a los caprinos, la información disponible en nuestro país es notoriamente escasa habiéndose informado sobre casos puntuales de resistencias a benzimidazoles y a las lactonas macrocrílicas. No obstante los ovinos y caprinos son parasitados por los mismos nematodes y por lo tanto los parásitos que desarrollan resistencia en las ovejas pueden transferirse a las cabras y viceversa. En este contexto es probable que el problema de la resistencia se encuentre también difundido en la especie caprina. Recientemente se ha informado también de los primeros casos de nematodes equinos con resistencia a los benzimidazoles en nuestro país. Actualmente, considerando las especies de herbívoros domésticos, es en los ovinos (por su prevalencia y grupos químicos involucrados) donde el problema tiene mayor magnitud. La prevalencia de este fenómeno en los bovinos parece ir asemejándose a la observada en los ovinos hace una década atrás. Debido a la importancia de la producción bovina y a la fuerte dependencia de estos químicos para el control de nematodes, se requiere de la implementación de diagnósticos continuos para identificar poblaciones resistentes en los diferentes sistemas ganaderos. Los objetivos del trabajo son: a. Evaluar el grado de susceptibilidad / resistencia en rodeos bovinos del área central de Argentina y determinar las posibles implicancias de la resistencias a los antihelmínticos sobre la productividad de los mismos; b. Transferir la información obtenida a productores, profesionales y estudiantes e informar a los organismos oficiales o privados de la salud animal intentando limitar la dispersión de la resistencia de los nematodes a los antihelmínticos.